不经意间，副乳问题便开始困扰自己——甩掉副乳罩杯飙升级

即使你不胖，但从内衣边挤出来的赘肉,却很令人尴尬和烦恼! 衣服怎么穿都不对劲．在镜子前照来照去还是不满意：不仅腋下突出，上臂垂挂的、背上浮出的赘肉，都会让自己看起来大了一号,往往还会被人误认为“胖妹”。     

乳管内乳头状瘤病15例报告

目的探讨乳管内乳头状瘤病的诊断和治疗方法. 方法对15例乳管内乳头状瘤病的临床资料进行回顾性分析. 结果 15例中8例行乳管镜检查的患者术前均考虑为乳头状瘤病的可能,7例未行乳管镜检查的患者术前均误诊.术后病理2例伴有部分恶变,1例对侧为浸润性小叶癌.3例术后半年内复发,行二次手术,复发率为20%. 结论乳管内乳头状瘤病与乳管内乳头状瘤是两种完全不同的疾病,易恶变,局部切除后易复发;乳管镜能提高其诊断率.     

乳腺癌的保乳治疗

乳腺癌是女性最常见恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势.在中国,这种上升趋势更为明显,乳腺癌的发病率已升至女性恶性肿瘤的第一或第二位,严重危害广大妇女的身心健康.     

乳管内乳头状瘤的诊治体会

目的总结乳管内乳头状瘤的诊治体会。方法对乳头溢液(血)的患者先行病变乳管造影,明确诊断及乳头状瘤的部位。其中12例合并乳腺导管扩张症,对明确诊断的28例患者静脉麻醉下经钝头细针注入亚甲蓝染色,切除病变所在的乳管及周围着色的乳腺组织,并行快速病理检查。该文对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果术中快速病理检查及术后常规病理检查均证实为乳管内乳头状瘤。其中12例合并乳腺导管扩张症者中2例年龄>60岁且合并乳管上皮增生活跃,再次行患侧乳房单纯切除术。术后全部患者乳头溢液(血)停止,顺利康复出院。23例患者术后得到4～8 a随访,无1例复发。结论乳头溢液(血)是乳管内乳头状瘤的主要症状,病变乳管造影是基层医院简单而可靠的辅助检查,切除病变所在的乳管及周围着色的乳腺组织是有效的治疗措施并可预防发生癌变。     

不育症病人血清精浆抗乳铁蛋白抗体的测定

乳铁蛋白（lactoferrin，LF）是一种分子量为7500～8610，等电点为PH87的糖蛋白，单一的多肽链结构上有2个能可逆地与铁、锌、铜、镇离子结合的部位，其结构和氨基酸顺序等与肝合成的转铁蛋白（TF）十分类似，每个分子都能结合2个Fe’”，但其结合铁的能力要比TF强300倍。LF是由未成熟中性粒细胞和外分泌腺的上皮细胞产生，除乳汁外，还广泛存在于人的唾液、血液、鼻腔分泌物、泪滚、支气管粘液、胆汁、胰液、精液、宫颈粘液和尿中’‘’。本研究收集部分人初乳，参照Johansson“‘从人初乳中分离提取LF，并按Hau以方法’‘’，获得重…     

乳管镜下乳管内非隆起性病变的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨乳管镜对乳管内非隆起样病变的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2002年12月～2005年10月165例乳管内非隆起样病变的病变特点,形态特征及治疗效果。结果 165例乳管内非隆起性病变中,浆细胞性乳管炎135例,慢性囊性乳腺病18例,乳管炎12例。非手术治疗144例,症状完全缓解82例,好转62例;手术治疗21例浆细胞性乳管炎。结论 乳管镜是诊断乳管内非隆起样病变的重要手段,同时还可以借助乳管镜对此类病变进行有效的治疗,使大多数患者避免不必要的手术。     

经乳晕保乳手术联合常规腋窝淋巴结清扫治疗乳腺癌

目的探讨经乳晕或乳腔镜辅助保乳手术联合常规腋窝淋巴结清扫治疗乳腺癌的效果. 方法 2001年8月～2003年11月,对19例直径<2 cm、距离乳头>2 cm的乳腺癌经乳晕或乳腔镜辅助行保乳手术,腋窝脂肪溶解抽吸后常规开放性腋窝淋巴结清扫. 结果 1例术中冰冻病理报告一侧切缘镜下癌残留,经扩大切除后转阴.术后2例乳房创面皮下积液,抽洗加压包扎消失.保留的乳房形态良好,伤口小而隐蔽,所有患者对手术效果满意.术后随访2～19个月,平均10.6月,未见乳腺和腋窝肿瘤复发. 结论经乳晕或乳腔镜辅助下,借助乳腔镜器械可以方便地完成乳腺癌保乳手术,联合常规腋窝淋巴结清扫,手术效果肯定.     

乳头溢液的诊治进展

乳头溢液是乳腺疾病常见的症状之一,非妊娠期乳头溢液的发生率为3%～8%.[1],Gǘlay等[2]报道9312例乳腺疾病出现乳头溢液4.8%.     

乳管镜诊治乳头溢液290例分析

乳头溢液是乳腺疾病常见的三大症状之一,发生率约为3%～8%[1],多数乳头溢液是乳管内病变的早期表现,以往多采用乳管造影、溢液涂片细胞学检查,由于不能直接反映病变情况,因此确诊率低。自1988年首次进行乳管镜检查以来,技术不断发展完善,已经在临床得到广泛应用[2]。淄博市妇幼保健院乳腺外科2006年3月—2009年12月应用乳管镜检查乳头溢液患者290例,总结报道如下。     

乳管镜诊治乳头溢液206例报告

目的探讨乳管镜诊治乳头溢液的效果。方法2001年5月-2006年10月,对206例乳头溢液行乳管镜检查221次。结果乳管镜诊断为乳管内非隆起样病变58例,行冲洗治疗,随访3—18个月,平均12个月,无复发。隆起样病变148例,其中125例手术治疗,乳管镜诊断单发乳管内乳头状瘤115例、乳头状瘤病7例、导管内癌3例,术后病理证实乳管内乳头状瘤112例,乳头状瘤病10例,导管原位癌3例。其中120例行乳腺定位针下病变乳管切除术,1例行区段乳腺腺体切除术,1例行“腺体置换”手术,1例行保留乳头的象限切除术联合腋窝淋巴结清扫,2例行不保留乳头的象限切除联合腋窝淋巴结清扫。随访4—20个月,平均10个月,无复发。3例导管原位癌随访12—18个月,无瘤生存。结论乳管镜检查对乳头溢液乳管内肿瘤术前诊断准确,而且对手术方式的选择具有重要临床意义。利用乳腺定位针直视下对乳管内病变定位,指导手术治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.