胎儿生长受限的病因和治疗

胎儿生长受限是产科重要并发症之一,是围产儿死亡和发病的重要原因.该病的病因包括母体、胎儿、胎盘三方面的因素.B超可用于早期诊断.补充营养素,卧床休息,氧疗以及应用阿斯匹林、舒喘宁等药物可能会增加胎儿体重.孕晚期及时处理可以改善胎儿预后.     

胎儿生长受限病因研究进展

胎儿生长受限 (fetal growth restriction,FGR)是指胎儿体重低于其孕龄平均体重的第 10百分位数或低于其平均体重的 2个标准差 ,为产科常见疾病 ,发生率各家报道不一。据 1998年的资料估计 ,发展中国家每年约有 30 0 0万 FGR儿出生 ,占所有新生儿的 2 3.8%。瑞典等发达国家 FGR的发生率约为 2 %～ 3% ,全国出生缺陷协作组的调查表明 :我国 FGR发生率为 6 .39% ,围产儿死亡率占总围产儿死亡率的 4 2 .3% ,新生儿患病率升高 ,乃至以后的儿童期营养不良和成年后的糖尿病。FGR中约有 4 0 %属“原因不明”,现就感染、营养、遗传、免疫等几…     

胎儿生长受限的病因研究进展

胎儿生长受限（FGR）又称宫内生长受限（IUGR）,是指胎儿在母体、胎儿自身以及环境因素影响下未达到其生长潜能,是产科常见疾病之一,也是我国围生儿死亡的主要原因之一。FGR可以引起多种围生儿不良妊娠结局,包括胎儿窘迫、低出生体质量儿、早产等,且与多种远期或成年疾病相关,如代谢综合征、心血管疾病。预防FGR的发生对于提高人口素质有重要意义,但引起FGR的因素众多,主要包括母体因素、胎儿因素及胎盘、脐带因素,各种因素并不只以单一的形式存在,全面了解其发生因素有助于预防该疾病的发生。对FGR的病因进行综述,以期为该疾病的预防提供理论基础。。     

胎儿生长受限的病因研究进展

胎儿生长受限(FGR)又称宫内生长受限(IUGR),是指胎儿在母体、胎儿自身以及环境因素影响下未达到其生长潜能,是产科常见疾病之一,也是我国围生儿死亡的主要原因之一。FGR可以引起多种围生儿不良妊娠结局,包括胎儿窘迫、低出生体质量儿、早产等,且与多种远期或成年疾病相关,如代谢综合征、心血管疾病。预防FGR的发生对于提高人口素质有重要意义,但引起FGR的因素众多,主要包括母体因素、胎儿因素及胎盘、脐带因素,各种因素并不只以单一的形式存在,全面了解其发生因素有助于预防该疾病的发生。对FGR的病因进行综述,以期为该疾病的预防提供理论基础。     

胎儿生长受限的遗传学病因研究进展

胎儿生长受限（fetal growth restriction,FGR）是一种产科中常见的特发疾病,成因复杂,其疾病的转归与成因密切相关。目前研究发现遗传因素是胎儿生长受限的重要成因之一,评估诱发胎儿生长受限的遗传学病因可为胎儿生长受限的疾病预测提供关键依据。本文重点对胎儿生长受限的遗传学病因展开综述,为临床预防、诊治该疾病提供新方向。     

特发性胎儿生长受限的病因研究

目的 通过研究胎儿生长受限(FGR)的相关因素,探讨特发性FGR的可能病因。方法63例孕期拟诊为FGR的孕妇,按新生儿出生体重分组,小于该孕龄平均体重第10百分位数的29例为研究组A;大于该孕龄平均体重第10百分位数的34例为研究组B。另选择25例分娩正常体重新生儿的孕妇为对照组。3组孕妇于孕期检测50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(50 g GCT)、75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(75 g OGTT)、瘦素、血红蛋白水平及红细胞压积、感染系列、抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)、脐动脉收缩期与舒张期(S/D)比值。于分娩时检测脐血瘦素、C肽、胰岛素水平及病毒系列、染色体。结果 (1)研究组A孕妇的空腹血糖和餐后3 h血糖分别为(3.8±0.6)mmol/L和(4.5±1.1)mmol/L,脐血瘦素、C肽、胰岛素水平分别为(7.3±5.2)ng/ml、(0.5±0.3)nmol/L、(2.3±1.3)mU/L,脐动脉S/D比值、母、儿巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染率、ACA-IgM阳性率及无症状菌尿症发生率分别为3.06、20.7％、24.1％、44.8％和62.1％。(2)研究组B孕妇的空腹血糖和餐后3 h血糖分别为(4.4±0.7)mmol/L和(4.6±1.1)mmol/L,脐血瘦素、C肽、胰岛素水平分别为(13.2±11.3)ng/ml、(0.7±0.4)nmol/L、(4.3±3.3)mU/L,脐动脉S/D比值、母、儿CMV感染率、ACA-IgM阳性率及无症状菌尿症发生率分别为2.63、2.9％、0、5.9％和44.1     

胎儿生长受限的围分娩期监测

文章以国内外指南、临床研究及专家共识为基础,阐述胎儿生长受限是胎儿生长体重低、临床上伴有胎盘以及脐带血流异常,介绍了围产期采用彩色多普勒各项指标检测的意义,以及各指标的临床应用价值,探讨了降低胎儿生长受限的围分娩期不良结局相关措施。     

胎儿生长受限预测方法的研究进展

胎儿生长受限(FGR)是一种常见的妊娠并发症,其病因复杂,约40%的患者病因不明。妊娠期对FGR的诊断并不容易,往往需产后才能确诊,因此对其进行早期预测的方法一直是国内外研究的热点,尤其是孕期超声多普勒的异常及胎盘、血清中等多种生物分子的异常表达。现将对FGR早期预测的超声多普勒及生物学指标进行归纳综述。     

胎儿生长受限的预测和预警

胎儿生长受限(FGR)是导致围产儿死亡的第二大原因,但其治疗手段有限,故而胎儿生长受限的预测和风险评估一直都是临床及研究的热点.近年来一些高质量研究在胎儿生长受限的母体高危因素、超声多普勒血流、磁共振等影像学指标、血清学生物标志物以及多参数预测评估方面取得一定进展,文章结合中国2019版FGR专家共识对此总结分析,以期...     

胎儿生长受限的预防和治疗

在胎儿生长受限高风险妇女中,健康饮食、能量和蛋白质平衡减少了小于胎龄儿风险。可能营养不良的母亲补充多种微量营养素可降低低出生体重和小于胎龄儿的发病率。小剂量阿司匹林能够降低胎儿生长受限的风险。低分子肝素是否可以预防胎儿生长受限,还需要进一步研究,但也没有观察到低分子肝素的严重不良反应。一旦诊断胎儿生长受限,没有可以改善胎儿生长的治疗方法,没有证据表明卧床休息、营养治疗、氧疗和扩容对胎儿生长受限有治疗作用。目前尚无明确的证据证实低分子肝素在治疗胎儿生长受限方面起作用,但旨在改善子宫胎盘血流灌注不良的潜在疗法在不断研究中,如硝酸盐补充剂、β受体激动剂、西地那非、硫化氢、他汀类药物和褪黑激素等。     

Maternal snoring during pregnancy is not associated with fetal growth restriction

A small number of studies have, thus far, evaluated the association between maternal snoring and fetal growth revealing conflicting results. No study has compared fetal growth between women with habitual snoring who snored before pregnancy and women with habitual snoring that started to snore during pregnancy.

Objectives: To examine the effect of maternal snoring on fetal outcome and to investigate the differences between “chronic snorers” and “new-onset snorers”. Methods: Women of singleton, uncomplicated, full-term pregnancies completed a questionnaire. Obstetric and labor records were reviewed. Newborn records were reviewed for gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score and gender. Results: 246 low risk women were studied. Mean BMI at the beginning of pregnancy was 22.3?±?3.5?kg/m². 32% reported habitual snoring. Of those, 26% were chronic snorers and 74% were new-onset snorers. Neither significant difference in fetal growth was found between snorers and non-snorers nor between chronic snorers and new-onset snorers. Increased rate of nulliparous women was found in new-onset snorers compared with both chronic snorers and non-snorers (54 vs. 25 and 29% respectively; p?=?0.001). Conclusions: In pregnant women with no apparent risk factors, maternal snoring does not affect fetal growth. No differences in maternal characteristics or fetal outcome were found between chronic snorers and new-onset snorers.     

Association of smoking during pregnancy and fetal growth restriction: subgroups of higher susceptibility

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between maternal smoking and fetal growth restriction, defined as a failure to achieve the growth potential, and to define subgroups of higher susceptibility for this association. STUDY DESIGN: A definition of growth restriction by customized birthweight standards applied to 13,661 non-malformed singleton deliveries. Customization was performed by maternal ethnic origin, height, booking weight, parity, gestational age at delivery and fetal gender. The adjusted risk of smoking for customized smallness-for-gestational age and the identification of subgroups with higher susceptibility were assessed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, the adjusted odds ratio of smoking (all levels of exposure grouped) for the occurrence of growth restriction was 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.69-2.13). Smoking was etiologically responsible for 13.9% (95% confidence interval: 11.2-16.5) of the cases of growth restriction occurring in the population. Smoking resulted in an increasingly greater risk of growth restriction with progressive levels of cigarette consumption. The risk of smoking for fetal growth restriction was significantly greater in older women and those with a previous history of spontaneous preterm delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with a higher risk for growth restriction. In addition, older pregnant women and those with a previous history of preterm delivery have an increased susceptibility.     

Management of pregnancy complicated by intrauterine fetal growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as fetal growth below the expected genetic potential. The paper presents the principles of fetal surveillance in pregnancy complicated by IUGR in accordance with the guidelines of the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF). Fetal surveillance includes integrated monitoring by analyzing Doppler blood flow in selected vessels, fetal heart rate, biophysical profile and amniotic fluid volume. The aim of the integrated fetal monitoring is to prolong the pregnancy to minimize the consequences of prematurity and prevent a potentially lethal damage. The paper presents the symptoms preceding the intrauterine demise and proposes methods of determining the date of delivery according to the guidelines of FMF.     

Physical activity and fetal growth during pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the separate and combined relationships of aerobic physical activity during pregnancy, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, and height to the fetal growth ratio. METHODS: The aerobic physical activity of 51 healthy, nonsmoking pregnant women was assessed for 48 hours at both 20 and 32 weeks of pregnancy by accelerometry, heart rate monitoring, and physical activity recall. We analyzed the relationship between maternal physical activity and the fetal growth ratio. RESULTS: All women included in the analysis completed healthy, uncomplicated pregnancies and delivered infants with a weight range of 2,743-4,943 g. Aerobic physical activity assessed by accelerometry was strongly and inversely associated with fetal growth ratio (r=-0.42; P<.002). Infants born to women in the highest quartile of physical activity weighed 608 g less than infants born to women in the lowest quartile. The inverse relationship between physical activity and fetal growth ratio was moderated by maternal height; virtually all the effect was seen in mothers taller than the sample median (1.65 m). Similar relationships were found across methods of physical activity measurement. CONCLUSION: Aerobic physical activity in pregnancy may be an important determinant of birth weight within the normal range, especially in taller mothers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.     

Senescence of fetal endothelial progenitor cell in pregnancy with idiopathic fetal growth restriction

Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the change of count and the status of cellular senescence in fetal endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) obtained from the umbilical cord blood of women with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Methods: Fetal EPCs were obtained from thirty five normal and thirty pregnant women with FGR. Each EPC was characterized and counted. EPC differentiation time and outgrowth endothelial cell (OEC) colony formation assay, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity assay, and telomerase activity assay were performed. Results: Fetal EPC counts were significantly decreased in the FGR group compared with normal controls. In the FGR group, the EPC differentiation time was prolonged, OEC colonies were much less formed, the staining intensity of SA-β-gal was relatively increased and the telomerase activity of EPCs was significantly decreased, compared with normal pregnancy (p < 0.001 for all). Conclusions: The fetal EPCs in FGR pregnancies were decreased, functionally impaired and senescently altered.     

Hypertension, fetal growth restriction and obstructive sleep apnoea in pregnancy

Objective

To test the hypothesis that obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is more common in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disease and fetal growth restriction.

Study design

An observational study comparing pregnant women with these two complications with normal pregnant women and non-pregnant women in two UK maternity hospitals. Each participant completed a sleep apnoea questionnaire and underwent nocturnal oxygen saturation monitoring.

Results

Using a strict definition of obstructive sleep apnoea confirmed by oxygen saturation monitoring only two mild cases were seen, 0/50 non-pregnant women, 1/69 of normal pregnant women, 0/48 women with various types of hypertensive disease, and 1/33 women carrying fetuses affected with fetal growth restriction. Even using less strict definitions and self-reported sleepiness scores there was no relation between sleep apnoea and either fetal growth restriction or hypertensive diseases.

Conclusion

Obstructive sleep apnoea is at most a rare cause of either growth restriction or hypertensive disease in pregnancy.     

Idiopathic urinary findings and fetal growth restriction in low risk pregnancy

Objective

To determine whether maternal urinary findings in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with fetal growth restriction.

Study design

The prevalence of urinary findings in singleton pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction were compared with a low-risk control group of pregnancies who gave birth to normal weight babies, in the same condition.

Results

There were significant statistical differences in the mean gestational age (p < 0.001), isolated asymptomatic bacteriuria (p < 0.001), hematuria (p = 0.002, OR = 6.6, CI = 1.8–24.2) and proteinuria (p = 0.016, OR = 4.1, CI = 1.2–13.3). There was no recognizable relation between ketonuria and fetal growth restriction.

Conclusion

Our data showed a relation between the increase of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal growth restriction, and hematuria, proteinuria and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Appropriate monitoring of pregnant women using these findings may be helpful in the identification of more complications.     

子痫前期并发胎儿生长受限的临床特征及妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨子痫前期并发胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)的临床特征及母儿结局.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月1日至2019年12月31日在广州医科大学附属第三医院产科就诊并分娩的单胎子痫前期患者的病例资料,根据是否合并FGR,分为FGR组和对照组,分析两组的临床特征及母儿结局.结果...     

母体-胎盘-脐带因素导致双胎妊娠胎儿生长不一致和生长受限抗凝措施的选择

目前关于双胎妊娠胎儿生长不一致和生长受限,讨论更多地集中在对发病者的监测和分娩时机的选择上。发病者不论是双卵双胎还是单卵双胎,都有相当部分发病与母体-胎盘-脐带因素有关。文章就母体-胎盘-脐带因素的针对性监测和抗凝措施进行阐释,旨在展示除了对发病者的被动性监测之外的主动性预防和干预措施的可选择性。