腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术保留自主神经的解剖和技术要点

全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是目前国际公认的直肠癌标准术式,随着腹腔镜技术的推广和TME手术的普及,盆腔植物神经保护（PANP）的理念逐渐受到重视。本文根据作者经验和结合国内外文献,介绍保留PANP相关的新认识和技术进展。笔者认为,在开展直肠癌TME手术时,有六个部位容易发生盆腔植物神经损伤,需要识别和保护：肠系膜下动脉根部的肠系膜下丛,上腹下神经丛及腹下神经的近端,盆丛前丛的近端,盆丛后丛的主干,盆丛后丛的终末支,盆腔内脏神经以及血管神经束（NVB）。要完整保留PANP,需要熟悉盆腔筋膜解剖层次和神经走行在层次部位,在直肠固有筋膜和腹下神经输尿管前筋膜之间分离,可以完好地保留腹盆腔自主神经系统,以筋膜层膜为导向,进行筋膜之间分离,以神经为导向,实现精准直肠癌手术,对于提高手术质量,保护器官功能至关重要。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术中盆腔植物神经的易损区域及保护

全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是目前国际公认的直肠癌标准术式,随着TME手术的推广和认识,盆腔植物神经保护（PANP）的理念逐渐受到重视。笔者认为,在开展直肠癌TME手术时,有六个区域容易发生盆腔植物神经损伤,需要识别和保护：肠系膜下动脉根部的肠系膜下丛、上腹下神经丛及腹下神经的近端、盆丛前丛的近端、盆丛后丛的主干、盆丛后丛的终末支及盆腔内脏神经。熟悉盆腔筋膜、植物神经解剖,开展以TME手术层面为主导,盆腔植物神经为引导的精准直肠癌手术,对于提高手术质量,保护器官功能至关重要。     

3D腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中植物神经保护的研究

随着腹腔镜技术的迅速发展,腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术（TME）已成为直肠癌的标准手术。然而,低、中位直肠癌患者术后膀胱功能及性功能障碍的发生率仍较高。如何避免盆腔自主神经损伤尤为重要。与传统的二维腹腔镜手术相比,三维腹腔镜手术还原了真实的三维视野、出现了纵深感,能更清晰地显示直肠周围层,减少盆腔自主神经损伤。近两年来本中心开展了3D腹腔镜下TME手术千余例。本文将探讨三维腹腔镜手术中自主神经保护的经验和技巧,包括盆腔自主神经解剖、手术方法的选择和手术中的要点。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术的若干问题探讨

83例直肠癌患者在根治术中行全直肠系膜切除术（TME）和盆腔自主神经保留术（PANP），观察其疗效并了解术后泌尿和生殖功能情况。术后随访5～38个月。术后肿瘤发生盆腔内局部复发3例，肝转移2例。其中1例行肝转移瘤手术切除，1例行肝动脉介入栓塞。认为直肠癌术中行TME能有效预防和降低直肠癌术后的局部复发率；如同时行PANP，可以改善患者术后的排尿功能与性功能，提高患者的术后生存质量。TME有术后的吻合口瘘发生率增高和直肠、肛门丧失储便功能之弊。     

直肠癌TME和ELAPE手术质量控制

解剖层面明确、手术质量可控制是手术进步的重要体现。在直肠癌的手术的发展上,全直肠系膜切除术（TME）和肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术（ELAPE）属于手术质量控制的里程碑式手术。TME手术目前是中低位直肠癌的标准术式,要求直肠和直肠系膜作为一个解剖单位整体切除;ELAPE手术在减少传统腹会阴联合切除时存在"外科腰"方面（可能导致环周切缘阳性）可能具有一定价值。外科医师要做到手术质量控制,需要做好包括术前多学科专家组（MDT）评估、术中手术技术质控、术后标本质量病理学评估在内的一整套直肠癌手术质量控制体系。本文从上述三个方面对两种术式的手术质量控制进行论述。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后直肠阴道瘘的原因与防治

随着直肠癌保肛手术的推广尤其是直肠癌低位及超低位前切除术开展以及双吻合器的普遍使用，吻合口瘘的发生率略有增加趋势，尤其是女性患者术后直肠阴道瘘有所增加，且不易愈合，对女性病人的生活质量和心理造成严重影响。虽然目前国内针对直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（TME）后直肠阴道瘘采取了一些防治办法，但效果不甚理想，本文通过对我院行直肠癌TME保肛手术后发生的直肠阴道瘘患者资料进行分析，旨在探讨低位或超低位直肠癌行TME术后直肠阴道瘘发生的病因，需进一步提供切实可行的防治方法。     

老年腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术保肛治疗直肠癌15例

近年来。全直肠系膜切除术（TME）在临床上的成功应用，使低位直肠癌的保肛率明显提高，局部复发率显著下降。目前临床研究表明，采用腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术可取得与开放手术相同的疗效。我院应用腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术保肛治疗直肠癌取得了满意的临床效果。     

关于低位直肠手术的几点思考

结直肠癌是目前最常见的恶性肿瘤之一.随着现代医学发展,肿瘤早期筛查的普及,直肠癌得到了及时地发现和治疗.目前,功能性保肛手术在低位直肠癌患者中的应用越来越普及.低位直肠吻合瘘和盆腔自主神经丛损伤是最常见的并发症,如何提高肿瘤根治性同时减少并发症的发生一直是国内外学者关注的问题.本文从(1)肠系膜下动脉离断位置的选择;(2)盆腔自主神经丛的保护;(3)Denonvilliers筋膜解剖;(4)预防性造口的手术的策略;(5)低位引流的改进等低位直肠手术方面的问题作一阐述.     

低位前切除术与经腹会阴联合切除术治疗中低位直肠癌疗效比较

直肠癌外科治疗的主要肠道重建方式为低位前切除术（EAR）和腹会阴联合切除术（APR）,全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是中低位直肠癌治疗的标准手术。为探讨在TME前提下肠道重建方式对直肠癌预后的影响,本文回顾分析了中低位直肠癌患者用LAR、APR术式治疗的相关临床资料。现报告如下。     

保留盆腔自主神经对男性直肠癌术后患者排尿及性功能影响的临床分析

目的 探讨盆腔自主神经保留根治术(PANP)对男性直肠癌患者术后排尿和性功能的影响.方法 回顾性分析全直肠系膜切除术(TME)组和自主神经保留根治术组(TME + PANP)患者术后排尿和性功能指标及局部复发率.结果 TME + PANP组患者术后排尿和性功能部分指标优于TME组(P＜0.05),两组术后局部复发率比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 男性直肠癌患者施行TME + PANP,可以更好地保护患者的排尿和性功能,并且不增加局部复发率.     

Definition of total mesorectal excision, including the perineal phase: technical considerations

BACKGROUND: Total mesorectal excision (TME) has contributed to a decline in local recurrence. The operation is difficult because of the complicated anatomy of the pelvis and the narrow spaces in the pelvis. We review the anatomy related to TME and we present our surgical technique. ANATOMY: The pelvis can be divided into a parietal compartment and a visceral compartment. Both compartments are covered by a fascial layer: the parietal and the visceral fascia. A space between these fascial layers can be opened by dividing loose areolar tissue. The pelvic autonomic nerves consist of the sympathetic hypogastric nerve and the parasympathetic sacral splanchnic nerve. At the pelvic sidewall these nerves join in the inferior hypogastric plexus. SURGERY: We present our surgical technique based on careful dissection under direct vision and describe our approach to abdominoperineal resection in the knee-chest position. This position enables en bloc resection of the levator ani muscle with the mesorectum, preventing positive circumferential margins in distal rectal tumor. CONCLUSION: TME is a difficult and challenging operation. Continuous attention to surgical technique and anatomy is important to keep up the high standards of contemporary rectal surgery.     

Total mesorectal excision and preservation of autonomic nerves]

The procedure of total mesorectal excision (TME) becomes a gold standard for the treatment of rectal cancer. The reason is the marvelously low incidence of local recurrence after TME even without other adjuvant treatment, which has been reported by several independent groups. Although controversy still exists about the role of TME in upper rectal cancer, it is now widely accepted for cancers of the middle and lower third. There are number of histopathological evidences that cancer cells can spread distally several centimeters from the lower margin of cancer, and cancer bearing lymph nodes are found in the distal portion of the mesorectal tissues far from the cancer. Therefore, the distal clearance of mesorectum should be performed downwardly to the level of pelvic diaphragm (puborectalis) and the rectum is divided within a few centimeters from the pelvic floor musculature. TME defines an en-bloc procedure, along the plane between parietal and visceral pelvic fasciae. If the dissection plane is breached, the chance of visceral pelvic fascia tearing is raised and mesorectal tissue might reside in the pelvis. There are problems in auditing the procedure. As many surgeons agree, this procedure requires a learning curve. Theoretically, the autonomic nerves run between the visceral and parietal pelvic fasciae since the nerves must be preserved to make visceral fascial envelop. Any patient who become incontinent or impotent after the surgery should have received decorticating surgery other than TME. Thus, the high quality of TME should fulfill two clinical measurements: absence of impotence or incontinence and at least single digit, 5-year, cumulative recurrence rate regardless of adjuvant therapy.     

Autonomic Nerve-Preserving Total Mesorectal Excision in the Laparoscopic Era

Purpose  Although technically demanding, laparoscopy may be advantageous in magnifying the anatomy of the pelvic autonomic nervous system when performing total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. We present our method for laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for men. Methods  We performed laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for 36 men with middle or low rectal cancer. The rectum was mobilized through a medial approach down to the pelvic floor without minilaparotomy or hand assist. Anteriorly, the dissection plane was in front of Denonvilliers fascia. Anterolaterally, to preserve the pelvic plexus and neurovascular bundle, Denonvilliers fascia must be cut at its lateral continuity. We found that the most important factor in obtaining a good surgical view is keeping adequate tension in the dissection plane by coordination between the surgeon and assistant. Dissection was performed by using only electrocautery without an ultrasonic dissector or vessel sealing device. Results  No case was converted to open surgery. The short-term feasibility was acceptable. Conclusions  Our method of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision is a feasible approach and may be beneficial for the standardization and popularization of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision. Long-term results, including survival data and urogenital function, are needed to evaluate the true efficacy of this procedure. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

腹腔镜TME术中直肠前间隙的解剖分离技巧

直肠前间隙的解剖是腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除术（total mesorectal excision,TME）的一个难点。术中若解剖层面不当,容易造成直肠前壁固有筋膜破损或损伤邻近的神经血管束。对于直肠前壁的肿瘤,直肠固有筋膜破裂可能造成环周切缘阳性及局部复发;神经血管束损伤则可能导致术后性功能障碍,特别是在男性患者。掌握直肠前间隙的解剖技巧有利于提高TME手术的手术质量及患者的术后生存质量。