不同剂量舒芬太尼对气管插管应激反应的影响

目的探讨不同剂量舒芬太尼对气管插管应激反应的影响。方法 60例(ASAI—Ⅱ级)择期气管内插管全麻手术患者随机分为A、B、C3组,全麻诱导均采用地塞米松10mg,咪唑安定0.05mg/kg,异丙酚1.5mg/kg和维库溴铵0.15mg/kg,A组使用芬太尼3μg/kg,B组使用舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg,C组使用舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg。分别观察3组患者于T0、T1、T2、T3和T4各个时间点SBP、MAP、HR和RPP。并比较3组患者SBP、MAP、HR和RPP。结果气管插管后均出现不同程度心血管应激反应,T2、T3、T4各时点SBP、MAP、HR和RPP等应激反应指标均高于T1时点指标(P0.05);A组和B组T2、T3时点SBP、MAP、HR和RPP等应激反应指标高于C组(P0.05)。结论 0.5μg/kg舒芬太尼全麻诱导比传统芬太尼3μg/kg和舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg插管时血流动力学更稳定,可以获得较理想的抑制气管插管反应的效果。     

舒芬太尼对老年患者气管插管时血流动力学的影响

目的 观察舒芬太尼对老年患者气管插管时血流动力学的影响.方法 选择80例全麻手术的老年患者,年龄65～82岁.随机分为两组:舒芬太尼组(SF组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组40例.分别记录两组麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、3 min(T3)、5 min(T4)、7 min(T5)的SBP、DBP、HR.结果 与T0时比较,两组T1时SBP、DBP明显下降,HR明显减慢(P＜0.01).T2、T3时F组SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快(P＜0.01);T2～T5时SF组SBP、DBP均明显低于、HR明显慢于F组(P＜0.01).结论 舒芬太尼和芬太尼对老年患者气管插管时引起的血流动力学波动均有抑制作用,但舒芬太尼显示更强的优势,更好地维持循环系统稳定,用于老年患者是安全可靠的.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼在妇科腹腔镜手术麻醉中的应用比较

目的比较舒芬太尼、芬太尼在全凭静脉麻醉中的作用,探讨最佳给药方案。方法择期全凭静脉麻醉下行妇科腹腔镜手术患者80例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组,n=40),芬太尼组(F组,n=40),按等效镇痛剂量应用舒芬太尼(S组)或芬太尼(F组),于麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管即刻(T2)、气管插管后5 min(T3)、置入腹腔镜时(T4)、气腹后5 min(T5)、气腹后10 min(T6)、拔管前5 min(T7)、拔管即刻(T8)记录SP、DP和HR,并记录自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间以及舒芬太尼或芬太尼术中追加用药情况。结果麻醉诱导时,舒芬太尼和芬太尼对循环都存在有一定的抑制作用,术中、术后舒芬太尼组对循环的稳定作用均较芬太尼组明显;等效镇痛剂量下,舒芬太尼组术中药物追加发生率显著低于芬太尼组;舒芬太尼组术后自主呼吸恢复时、拔管时间明显短于芬太尼组。结论在等效剂量下,舒芬太尼对气管插管全麻患者心血管系统的稳定性及术后麻醉恢复均优于芬太尼。     

舒芬太尼在老年患者全麻诱导中对血液动力学的影响

目的 研究舒芬太尼在老年患者全麻诱导中对血液动力学的影响。方法 择期全麻下手术治疗的老年患者40例,随机分为两组,每组20例。观察组诱导时加用舒芬太尼,对照组则加用芬太尼。分别记录麻醉前（T0）、插管时（T1）、插管后2min（T2）、5min（T3）、10min（T4）各时点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、心输出量（CO）及心脏指数（CI）。结果 MAP、CO、CI在T2、T3、T4时点观察组较对照组低（P〈0．05）,HR在T3、T4时点观察组较对照组低（P〈0．05）,而观察组的MAP、CO、CI、HR在组内T0与T2、T3、T4时点比差异无显著意义。结论 舒芬太尼在老年患者全麻诱导过程中不但对MAP、CO、CI、HR等血液动力学指标无影响,而且能更好地保持循环系统的稳定。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的比较

目的观察舒芬太尼对小儿全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法 60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级拟行全身麻醉扁桃体、腺样体切除术的患儿随机均分为两组:舒芬太尼组(S组),诱导用舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg;芬太尼组(F组),诱导用芬太尼3μg/kg。分别记录并测定麻醉前5 min(T0)、气管插管时(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、5 min(T3)SBP、DBP、HR、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)的变化。结果 S组血流动力学较F组明显稳定,T1~T3组F组SBP、DBP明显高于、HR明显快于T0时和S组(P<0.05);T1~T3时F组NE、Cor、Glu明显高于T0时和S组(P<0.05),S组各时点NE、Cor、Glu无明显改变。结论舒芬太尼能有效抑制小儿全麻诱导期的应激反应,血流动力学更稳定。     

不同剂量喷他佐辛用于全麻诱导气管插管反应

目的 对比研究喷他佐辛不同剂量与舒芬太尼用于全麻诱导的气管插管反应.方法 选择腹腔镜手术患者100例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为四组:Ⅰ组喷他佐辛0.5 mg/kg,Ⅱ组喷他佐辛0.75 mg/kg,Ⅲ组喷他佐辛1.0 mg/kg,Ⅳ组为舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg,各组药物分别静注4min后行全麻诱导.诱导后四组BIS值降到60以下时行气管插管.观察记录诱导前(T1)、诱导后3min(T2)、插管即刻(T3)、插管后3 min(T4)的BIS值、MAP、HR、SpO2的变化.结果 四组患者T2～T4时BIS均明显低于T1时(P<0.05).T3时Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的MAP明显高于、HR明显快于T1时和Ⅳ组(P<0.05);T3时Ⅰ组MAP明显高于、HR明显快于Ⅲ组(P<0.05).结论 1.0 mg/kg喷他佐辛用于全麻气管插管诱导期间血流动力学较0.5 mg/kg稳定,但不如舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg稳定.     

雷米芬太尼静脉全麻诱导期血流动力学变化

目的 比较霄米芬太及芬太尼静脉全麻诱导对患者血流动力学的影响.方法 60例ASA.Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的择期手术患者,年龄18～65岁.随机均分成雷米芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),分别以雷米分太尼1 μg/kg或芬太尼3/μg/kg进行麻醉诱导,用胸阻抗法监测麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、5 min(T4)时的HR、SBP、DBP、心排血量(CO)、外周血管阻力(SVR)、加速度指数(ACI)、胸腔液体水平(TFC)和左心作功(LCW)的变化.结果 T1时两组HR、SBP、DBP、CO、SVR、LCW均低于T0时(P<0.05或P<0.01),T4时F组HR、SBP、DBP、CO、LCW显著低于T0时和R组(P<0.05或P<0.01).R组T2、T3时,F组T2～T4时SVR均高于T0时(P<0.05).结论 1μg/kg雷米芬太尼较3 μg/kg芬太尼更能有效维待全麻诱导期气管插管血流动力学平稳.     

舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导应激反应的影响

目的 观察舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导期应激反应的影响.方法 老年全麻患者62例,随机均分两组,舒芬太尼组(SF组)诱导用舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg;芬太尼组(F组)用芬太尼3μg/kg.比较麻醉诱导各时段的血流动力学及血浆儿茶酚胺浓度.结果 与麻醉诱导前比较,两组在插管前SBP、DBP、HR均明显下降(P<0.05),且F组DBP、HR显著低于SF组(P<0.05).F组插管后肾上腺素浓度升高(P<0.05),明显高于SF组(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导应激反应的抑制作用强于芬太尼.     

不同靶控浓度舒芬太尼在全麻诱导气管插管中对血流动力学的影响

目的 研究不同靶控浓度舒芬太尼在全麻诱导气管插管时对血流动力学稳定性的影响.方法 选择45例择期鼻内窥镜手术患者,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,根据舒芬太尼靶控浓度,随机均分为三组:Ⅰ组为0.4 ng/ml,Ⅱ组为0.5 ng/ml,Ⅲ组为0.6 ng/ml.分别记录麻醉前(T1)、意识消失时(T2)、插管时(T3)、插管后1 min(T4)、5 min(T5)各时点的MAP、HR、射血分数(SI)、心脏指数(CI)、全身血管阻力指数(SVRI)、加速指数(ACI)以及脑电双频指数(BIS)值.结果 MAP、HR、SI、CI、SVRI、ACI在T1、T2、T3、T5时点三组间的差异无统计学意义.在T4时点,MAP工组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),HR Ⅰ组较Ⅲ组上升幅度明显(P<0.05),SI、ACI Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组上升幅度明显(P<0.05),CI、SVRI三组间的差异无统计学意义.三组间各时点的BIS值差异无统计学意义.结论 三组靶控浓度的舒芬太尼在全麻诱导插管中均能保持稳定的血流动力学状态,但不同的靶控浓度对气管插管反应的抑制程度有差别.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼对肝移植术患者血流动力学及应激反应影响的比较

目的比较舒芬太尼与芬太尼对肝移植手术患者血流动力学及应激反应的影响。方法原位肝移植的终末期肝病患者50例,随机均分为两组,舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组)诱导用药分别为舒芬太尼0.5~0.6μg/kg和芬太尼4~6μg/kg,分别以舒芬太尼0.8~1.5μg/kg和芬太尼10~15μg/kg维持麻醉。记录入室后(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后5 min(T3)、无肝前期末(T4)、无肝期末(T5)、新肝期30 min(T6)、新肝期240 min或关腹时(T7)血流动力学指标及T1、T4~T7时的血清皮质醇(Cor)、血管紧张素I(AI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅡ)、内皮素(ET)和血糖(Glu)、血乳酸(Lac)浓度。结果 T3、T4时F组MAP显著低于S组(P<0.05)。与T4时比较,T5时两组MAP、CVP、CO均显著降低(P<0.01),HR显著增快(P<0.01)。与T5时比较,T6时两组MAP、CVP、CO均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与T1时比较,T5时两组Cor、AⅠ、AⅡ、ET和乳酸均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),T6时Cor、AⅠ、ET和乳酸仍明显升高(P<0.01...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.