伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤25例临床分析

目的 分析伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤的临床特点与诊断方法,以提高其诊断率.方法 回顾性分析2000-2007年北京大学第三医院确诊的有胸肺病变的淋巴瘤患者25例,收集患者确诊前的症状、体征、实验室检查结果、影像学资料、确诊方法和病理诊断.结果 25例患者中位年龄46岁,发热(13例)、6个月内体重减轻10%以上(11例)、咳嗽(10例)、气短(9例)、浅表淋巴结无痛性肿大(16例)是最常见的临床表现.72.7%的患者ESR增快;81%的患者血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)升高.25例患者中纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大者16例;影像学显示肺受累15例,包括斑片或实变表现、团块、多发结节、弥漫磨玻璃影、粟粒样病变;另外胸腔积液10例,心包积液4例,胸壁肿物2例;上述表现中有2种以上同时存在的患者18例.胸膜受累患者的胸腔积液外观呈黄色浑浊、血性或乳糜性,黏蛋白试验均阳性,比重1.031,白细胞6.72×10~9/L,淋巴细胞86%,中性粒细胞14%,蛋白31.4g/L,LDH 296 U/L,腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)67.4 U/L.外科手术活检确诊16例,其中浅表淋巴结活检确诊12例;超声或CT引导穿刺活检确诊5例;骨髓穿刺确诊1例;胸腔镜胸膜活检和纵隔镜纵隔肿物活检确诊各1例;经支气管镜黏膜活检确诊1例,而接受支气管镜气道黏膜活检和(或)经支气管肺活检(TBLB)确诊共8例.病理诊断除1例霍奇金淋巴瘤外,其余24例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤.结论 伴胸部受累的淋巴瘤患者临床表现缺乏特异性,同时存在浅表或纵隔淋巴结肿大较为多见,血清学检查、胸腔积液性质和影像学检查亦有一定特点.浅表淋巴结手术活检是确诊淋巴瘤简便易行的方法;微创活检方法如超声或CT引导下浅表肿物、胸膜、肺、肝、脾、深部淋巴结活检及胸腔镜和纵隔镜胸膜、肺、纵隔病变活检亦具有较好的诊断价值,而经支气管镜获取气道黏膜和肺组织确诊率低.     

Case of multiple intrapulmonary lymph nodes]

A 45-year-old man who had hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and bronchial asthma was admitted to our hospital because of a low-grade fever and chest pain. The physical findings and laboratory data were almost all within normal limits except for evidence of mild inflammation and liver dysfunction. The chest X-ray findings seemed normal, but a computed tomography (CT) scan showed multiple nodules in both lower lung fields. We suspected the cryptococcosis or lung cancer. Biopsy by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) yielded a diagnosis of multiple intrapulmonary lymph nodes. In cases with the above radiologic findings, careful attention should be paid to making the differential diagnosis between intrapulmonary lymph nodes and primary lung cancer. The promotion of diagnostic imaging and advances in techniques have made it easier to identify small peripheral nodules in the lungs, and we now know of their existence. Solitary intrapulmonary lymph nodes are encountered frequently, but multiple or increasing numbers of nodes, as in our case, are very rare. Moreover, because cases with elevated CEA levels have been reported, differentiation from lung cancer appears to be important.     

Five patients with intrapulmonary lymph nodes indistinguishable from small peripheral carcinoma of the lung]

We encountered 5 patients with subpleural intrapulmonary lymph nodes. In all 5 patients, computed tomographic (CT) scans demonstrated subpleural small nodules in the middle or lower lung lobes. Because lung cancer could not be ruled out, biopsies by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) were performed, yielding a diagnosis of intrapulmonary lymph nodes in all 5 cases. Two of the patients were women and nonsmokers. Sharply defined borders and subpleural locations were the characteristic CT findings for the intrapulmonary lymph nodes. However the borders of some of the nodules were irregular. Small peripheral lung cancer is also sometimes characterized by sharply defined borders and subpleural locations. For this reason, it is difficult to differentiate between intrapulmonary lymph nodes and small peripheral lung cancer on the basis of CT findings alone. VATS should be readily employed for diagnostic purposes in such cases.     

Three cases of small intrapulmonary lymph nodes coincidental with primary lung cancer]

We report three cases of intrapulmonary lymph nodes coincidental with primary lung cancers. In the first case, a 56-year-old man had a small subpleural nodule in the right lower lobe associated with adenocarcinoma of the right upper lobe. The small nodule was 10 mm in diameter and was difficult to differentiate radiologically from intrapulmonary metastasis. Wedge resection of this small nodule was performed. Histologic examination of the nodule revealed an intrapulmonary lymph node with anthracotic pigmentation. A right upper lobectomy for adenocarcinoma was performed, and was completely curative. The second patient, a 77-year-old woman, had adenocarcinoma in the right lower lobe diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a small nodule 5 mm in diameter in the right upper lobe. Histologic examination of the small wedge-resected nodule revealed a lymph node. Lower lobectomy was performed with completely curative results. In the third case, a 63-year-old man was admitted for investigation of a mass shadow in the right upper lobe. CT showed a small nodular shadow in the right middle lobe, confirmed histologically to be lymphoid tissue, in addition to the original mass, which was diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy as squamous cell carcinoma. Upper lobectomy was performed and proved to be curative. Small intrapulmonary lymph nodes are very difficult to diagnose by methods other than surgical resection. When a small intrapulmonary nodule is detected in a patient with primary lung cancer, the presence of an intrapulmonary lymph node must be considered. If radiological characters compatible with an intrapulmonary lymph node are found and there is no other metastasis indicating poor prognosis, it should be considered as a possible indication for surgical resection.     

A case with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma found on school medical check]

A 15-year-old man was incidentally found to have abnormal shadows in bilateral lungs on a chest X-ray film obtained at a school medical examination, and was referred to our hospital for a close investigation. Several lymph nodes were palpable in his cervical region. Chest X-ray and CT showed multiple and various sized nodules up to 20 mm in diameter in bilateral lung field. Abdominal CT showed multiple calcified lesions and low density areas in the liver. We performed video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy, and diagnosed this case histologically as pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. The tumor cells showed immunohistochemically positive staining for Factor VIII-related antigen that was one of endothelial cell marker. He has been followed up for 2 years and 11 months after the surgical lung biopsy without specific medication and remains asymptomatic at the time of writing this paper.     

A case of sarcoidosis with primary pulmonary cavitation]

A 30-year-old woman presented with multiple nodular shadows which enclosed a cavity on a chest radiograph. Chest computed tomographic (CT) images showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and multiple nodular opacities enclosing a cavity. Histopathological findings of biopsy specimens from the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes revealed noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas without any evidence of Mycobacterium or fungal growth. The lesion in the lung included granulomatous vasculitis. Even without corticosteroid or any other therapy, the lung lesions resolved and the cavity disappeared. We report a case of sarcoidosis with primary acute cavitation.     

A case of solitary nodular pulmonary amyloidosis]

A 64-year-old man without respiratory symptoms was introduced to our hospital because of a nodule of 20 mm in diameter found in the left lung in a periodic health examination. The chest radiograph and CT scan showed a well-defined nodule in the middle of the left lung field, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Lung cancer was suspected, and transbronchial and CT guided biopsies were performed, but did not lead to a definitive diagnosis. Since the patient refused further examinations, we carefully followed up the nodule in the chest radiograph. After a year and a half, the nodule and the lymph nodes became enlarged, and the patient was admitted to the hospital for a surgical biopsy. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery followed by thoracotomy was performed for both a biopsy and nodule resection. Histologically, the nodule tissue was rich in amorphous substances positively stained with Congo Red, which was consistent with amyloidosis. No findings of systemic amyloidosis or secondary amyloidosis were demonstrated.     

A randomized trial of CT fluoroscopic-guided bronchoscopy vs conventional bronchoscopy in patients with suspected lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Prior case series have shown promising diagnostic sensitivity for CT scan-guided bronchoscopy. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized trial comparing CT scan-guided bronchoscopy vs conventional bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of lung cancer in peripheral lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes. All procedures were performed using a protocolized number of passes for forceps, transbronchial needles, and brushes. Cytologists and pathologists were blinded as to bronchoscopy type. Patients with negative results underwent open surgical biopsy (for nodules or lymph nodes) or were observed for >/= 2 years if they had a nodule < 1 cm in size. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled into the study (CT scan-guided bronchoscopy, 26 patients; conventional bronchoscopy, 24 patients). Two patients, one from each arm, dropped out of the study. Ultimately, 36 patients were proven to have cancer, and 27 of these patients (75%) had their diagnosis made by bronchoscopy. The sensitivity for malignancy of CT scan-guided bronchoscopy vs conventional bronchoscopy for peripheral lesions was similar (71% vs 76%, respectively; p = 1.0). The sensitivity for malignancy of CT guided bronchoscopy vs conventional bronchoscopy for mediastinal lymph nodes was higher (100% vs 67%, respectively) but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.26). On a per-lymph-node basis, there was a trend toward higher diagnostic accuracy with CT scan guidance (p = 0.09). The diagnostic yield was higher in larger lesions (p = 0.004) and when CT scanning confirmed target entry (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: We failed to demonstrate a significant difference between CT scan-guided bronchoscopy and conventional bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of lung cancer in peripheral lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes. Further study of improved steering methods combined with CT scan guidance for the diagnosis of lung cancer in peripheral lesions is warranted.     

Intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features

The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic material from ten patients with intrapulmonary lymph nodes was analyzed, along with information from all previously reported cases. In our series the median age was 56 years, and 80 percent (eight) of the patients were men. All patients are or were cigarette smokers. Sixty percent (six) had a history of exposure to either asbestos, nonfibrous silicates, or both. There were no characteristic symptoms attributable to the intrapulmonary lymph nodes. Forty percent (four) had an unexplained pulmonary nodule or nodules on the chest roentgenogram, which prompted further diagnostic studies, including thoracotomy, to rule out a malignant neoplasm. Radiographically, in our cases and in the literature, almost all cases of intrapulmonary lymph nodes are subpleural, inferior to the level of the carina, and less than 2.0 cm in diameter. Thirty-five percent are multiple. Pathologically, in our cases, all intrapulmonary lymph nodes were markedly anthracotic, and 60 percent were additionally silicotic. Although their histogenesis is uncertain, intrapulmonary lymph nodes are probably hyperplastic lymphoid nodules related to inhalation of irritant dusts and attendant distortion of local lymphatic vessels. Precise clinical and radiographic analysis correlated carefully with cytologic and histologic material obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy should obviate exploratory thoracotomy in most instances.     

A case of metachronous multiple primary lung cancers coexistent with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia]

A seventy-year-old woman was admitted for an abnormal chest shadow on a routine radiograph. She had undergone left upper lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node resection (R2a) for lung cancer (stage I), eight years before. We diagnosed this cancer as well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma, and it coexisted with a focus of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) in the resected material. We had been following up this patient with chest radiography, CT scanning, and tumor marker tests, but eight years after her first operation, we found a small nodular lesion in the left upper field (S6). This nodule was not diagnosed with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Because we could not exclude primary lung cancer or intrapulmonary metastasis (eight years ago), we performed partial lung resection on the left S6 nodule. Histopathologically, the diagnosis was well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung, coexisting with a small hyperplastic focus in the resected material. It was very difficult to diagnose whether these two cancers were metachronous multiple primary lung cancers, or one primary and its intrapulmonary metastasis. In a retrospective study, an immunohistochemical examination employing Ki-67, PCNA, p 27 and p 53 was performed in order to differentiate between metachronous multiple primary lung cancer and intrapulmonary metastasis. But we found AAH in the same resected lung eight years ago, and suggested the possibility that another small, atypical focus had developed into a malignancy. We report a case of metachronous multiple primary lung cancers and review the relevant literature.     

Four cases of the tuberculous adenitis

We report four cases of tuberuculosis with the lymph nodes swelling in the porta hepatis. Case 1 is 52 years-old man, who was admitted to our hospital because of anorexia. The chest X-ray film showed abnormal shadow and he was diagnosed as tuberculosis by sputum examination. At the time of hospitalization, patient's conjunctiva is icteric on physical examination. The serum T-Bil was 3.21 mg/dL and D-Bil was 2.54 mg/dL. The enhanced CT showed compression of the extrahepatic common bile duct which was caused by enlarged lymph nodes secondary to tuberculous adenitis. Case 2 is 25 years-old man, who was admitted to our hospital because of low grade fever and lower abdominal pain. The chest X-ray film showed abnormal shadow and he was diagnosed as tuberculosis by sputum examination. An enhanced CT showed the swelling of the lymph nodes in the porta hepatis. Case 3 is 21 years-old woman, who visited the outpatient clinic bacause of neck lymph node swelling. And she was diagnosed as tuberculous adenitis of the cervical lymph-nodes by the neck lymph node biopsy. The patient complained of upper abdominal pain during the clinical course. The enhanced CT showed the swelling of the lymph nodes in the porta hepatis. A Case 4 is 31 years-old man, who visited to outpatient clinic bacause of fever. The chest X-ray film showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and he was diagnosed as tuberculosis by the thoracoscopic biopsy. The enhanced abdominal CT showed lymph nodes swelling in the porta hepatis. All of lymph nodes swelling found in our four cases markedly reduced in size on abdominal enhanced CT or ultrasonography after the initiation of anti-tuberculous standard chemotherapy. Symptom of all cases got better as well. In these clinical circumstances, it was clinically important to rule out malignant lymphoma and lymphadenopathy caused by cancer. The enhanced abdominal CT were useful for diagnosis and follow-up as tuberculous adenitis.     

A case of esophageal tuberculosis which developed during the treatment for tuberculous lymphadenitis

A 23-year-old man was admitted to the other hospital complaining of fever and lymph node swelling in the left neck. Computed tomography showed swollen mediastinal lymph nodes without intrapulmonary lesions. Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified by sputum culture and cervical lymph node biopsy and the case was diagnosed as tuberculous lymphadenitis. Three weeks after starting treatment with four anti-tuberculous drugs, he complained chest pain while eating and chest X-ray showed a new infiltrative shadow in the right cardiophrenic angle, then he was admitted to our hospital. Esophagoscopy revealed a deep ulceration with fistulas at 30 cm from the incisor and he was diagnosed as esophageal tuberculosis by histological examination of the biopsy specimen showing remarkable leukocytes infiltration and epithelioid cell granulomas with a few multinucleated giant cells. After antituberculous chemotherapy for six months, the mediastinal and cervical lymphadenopathy were reduced in size and the esophageal ulceration almost disappeared. Although esophageal tuberculosis is rare, the disease might develop during or after mediastinal or periesophageal tuberculous lymphadenitis.     

CT在肺结核诊断中的价值

目的　探讨CT对肺结核的诊断价值。方法 回顾性对比分析98例具有完整临床资料的肺结核患者的胸部正侧位片、病灶断层及CT表现。结果 (1)肺内病变主要分布于上叶尖后段及下叶背段,其次为上叶前段和下叶各基底段。(2)胸部CT对肺内隐蔽部位结核病变的显示率明显高于胸片及病灶断层(P<0.05)。(3)胸部CT对病灶内钙化、纵隔内淋巴结肿大、纵隔内淋巴结钙化及肺气肿、肺大泡、限局性气胸的显示率明显高于另两项检查(P<0.05)。(4)对各种形态阴影的显示无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论 胸部CT对肺结核具有较高的诊断价值。     

A case of pleural tuberculoma with intra-pulmonary invasion during anti-tuberculosis therapy

A 27-year-old woman who had been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis with anti-tuberculosis drugs for three months was admitted to our hospital because of pain in the chest and back. Chest CT showed improvement in the pulmonary tuberculosis lesions in the right middle lobe and S8, but there was a large pleural mass in the right lower lung field. Histopathological findings of the percutaneous biopsy showed epithelioid cell granulomas that were negative for acid-fast bacilli. We diagnosed the mass as pleural tuberculoma with intrapulmonary invasion. The pleural tuberculoma improved without any additional therapy.     

儿童胸内淋巴结结核CT诊断分析

目的分析胸内淋巴结结核CT表现。方法对我院诊治120例胸内淋巴结结核进行分析。结果胸CT表现：肺门区淋巴结肿大共76例,右侧52例,左侧6例,双侧18例,炎症型37例,结节型39例,可发生在肺门上、中、下部。右肺门上部淋巴结肿多在上叶支气管分叉附近,中部淋巴结多在右肺动脉分叉附近,下部淋巴结在右肺下动脉干周围,伴有肺内播散8例。气管旁淋巴结肿大共44例,右侧40例,左侧3例,双侧1例,炎症型16例,结节型28例。结论儿童胸内淋巴结结核CT表现复杂,需认真分析,密切结合临床及实验室检查,可做出正确诊断。     

Evaluation of intrathoracic extent of lung cancer by plain chest radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging

A comparison was made of the ability of plain chest radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and assess the intrathoracic extent of lung cancer in 46 patients. The chest radiographs (CXR) were obtained with a high kilovoltage phototimed technique. The CT scans were obtained with a GE 9800 machine and the MRI studies with a 0.3 Tesla permanent magnet imaging system. The primary tumor was well demonstrated by all 3 imaging techniques; however, the configuration of lesions was best demonstrated by CT. MRI was superior to CXR and CT for demonstrating hilar involvement in 4 cases. CT and MRI were generally comparable for demonstrating mediastinal involvement but were superior to CXR. In 2 cases, small normal size nodes seen on CT were considered to be a single large abnormal node on MRI. Because of the paucity of signal from flowing blood, compression and displacement of vessels were easier to identify with MRI. In 1 case, a small pleural effusion was better seen with CT than with CXR or with MRI. Direct chest wall involvement in 1 case was not seen by CXR. Vertebral body abnormality in another case was seen only by MRI and not by CXR or CT. At present, MRI, with its long scanning time, motion degradation of the image, and poor spatial resolution, is inferior to CT for imaging lung cancer. For evaluation of intrathoracic extent of lung cancer, CT remains the procedure of choice after performing plain chest radiography.     

A case of resected squamous cell carcinoma of the lung complicated with sarcoidosis]

A 64-year-old man with uveitis was admitted to our hospital for detailed investigation of an abnormal shadow on his chest X-ray. Chest radiography and computed tomography of the chest showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy and a tumor shadow in the left hilum. Transbronchial tumor biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Left upper lobectomy and drainage of bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes were performed. Histopathological examination revealed the coexistence of squamous cell carcinoma with many non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in all hilar and mediastinal drainage lymph nodes, but no metastasis. Non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas were also seen in the interstitium and alveolar spaces. Coexistence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer in the same patient is not common, and only 29 cases, including ours, have been reported. This case also provides the concept that surgical tumor resection should be considered even if bilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy is found in a case of lung cancer complicated with sarcoidosis.     

针型胸腔镜在晚期肺癌病理学诊断和分期中的价值

目的 探讨针型胸腔镜活检术在晚期肺癌病理学诊断和分期中的临床应用价值。方法 对经胸部螺旋CT和磁共振(MRI)检查临床诊断为Ⅲa～Ⅳ期肺癌，行痰、胸液细胞学和纤维支气管镜等检查，未能获得病理诊断的94例患，施行针型胸腔镜肺内原发病灶、纵隔淋巴结、肺内和胸壁转移病灶组织活检术。结果 94例患中89例经针型胸腔镜取得病理学标本，成功率为95％；术后病理均诊断为肺癌，其中腺癌47例，鳞癌23例，腺鳞癌12例，小细胞肺癌7例。经胸腔镜活检病理检查后，15例(17％)肺癌患病理分期得到更正；4例发生气胸，11例出现轻度皮下气肿，2例出现少量咯血；89例患术后8～18个月均获随访并行螺旋CT检查，无胸壁针道的肺癌种植性转移。结论 对常规检查方法不能明确病理诊断和病理分期的晚期肺癌患，针型胸腔镜活检术可作为一种有效的确诊手段。     

成人纵隔和肺部淋巴结结核破溃后的CT表现及其治疗转归分析

目的 探讨成人纵隔和肺部淋巴结结核破溃后的CT表现特点并对其治疗转归进行分析。 方法 搜集广州市胸科医院2009年1月至2017年12月收治的成人纵隔和肺部淋巴结结核并发破溃的52例患者进行回顾性分析。根据病变淋巴结破溃的位置而将其分成3组:只向气管支气管内破溃为气管支气管组39例;只向肺内破溃为肺组13例;同时向气管支气管和肺内破溃为气管支气管-肺组20例。分析各组患者的CT表现征象,总结破溃淋巴结的治疗转归情况。 结果 52例患者共有84个破溃淋巴结。气管支气管组共23个淋巴结,14个肿大淋巴结并相应支气管水肿增厚的黏膜、肉芽局部向支气管腔内呈结节状突出,CT增强扫描示13个淋巴结坏死区向气道内突出,1个为均匀强化表现,其余9个淋巴结相应瘘口侧的气道壁欠光滑但无结节征象。肺组共13个淋巴结,肿大淋巴结跨纵隔-肺、肺门-肺组织形成结节状或者肿块状,肺内病灶周围可见晕征或斑片状模糊影,CT增强扫描示12个淋巴结呈环形或分隔样强化,其内坏死区局部向肺组织内延伸,1个呈均匀强化。气管支气管-肺组患者共48个淋巴结,并发纵隔及肺门多区域多淋巴结明显肿大,其中11个向气道内、20个向肺组织内突出,CT增强扫描示后淋巴结内坏死区向瘘口侧突出,除了1个均匀强化,其余16个淋巴结相应瘘口侧的气道壁欠光滑但无结节征象。经抗结核药物、向气道内破溃的淋巴结同时经支气管镜钳取肉芽肿、抽吸坏死物等治疗,患者遗留瘘口处支气管狭窄33例,肺内遗留瘘口相关的纤维硬结灶18例。 结论 成人纵隔和肺部淋巴结结核发生破溃,以向气管支气管内、肺内破溃为主,CT平扫及增强有助于其早期诊断;破溃的纵隔和肺部淋巴结结核治疗后有一定效果,但部分患者遗留不同程度的支气管瘢痕性狭窄。     

Benign mediastinal lymphadenopathy in congestive heart failure

We report three cases of benign mediastinal lymphadenopathy revealed by chest radiography in patients ranging in age from 61 to 75 years. All three patients had severe coronary heart disease and a history of several episodes of acute cardiac decompensation. Chest CT scanning contributed to the diagnosis by revealing the existence of multiple enlarged lymph nodes, mostly 10 to 17 mm in short-axis diameter. CT scanning also confirmed the disappearance of the mediastinal lymph nodes in one patient on follow-up after treatment with diuretics and digitalis. Histopathology investigations of biopsy samples obtained by mediastinoscopy consistently revealed noninflammatory, benign lesions that did not affect the node structure. Our report draws attention to the particular nosology of left heart disease represented by benign enlarged lymph nodes of the mediastinum and pulmonary edema. The diagnostic approach to such lymphadenopathy should be guided by the radiologic regression seen on follow-up CT scanning while the patient was undergoing appropriate therapy for congestive heart failure, which constitutes a decisive argument for the congestive heart failure origin.