Cholesterol and bile acid balance in Macaca fascicularis. Effects of alfalfa saponins.

We determine the effects of alfalfa top saponins on cholesterol and bile acid balance in eight cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The monkeys ate semipurified food containing cholesterol with or without added saponins. The saponins decreased cholesterolemia without changing the levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hence, they reduced the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio. Furthermore, they decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol, increased fecal excretion of endogenous and exogenous neutral steroids and bile acids, and decreased the percent distribution of fecal deoxycholic and lithocholic acids. The fecal excretion of fat was also slightly increased, but steatorrhea did not occur. We saw no signs of toxicity in the monkeys after 6 or 8 wk of saponin ingestion. The data suggest that alfalfa top saponins may be of use in the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia, but long-term studies on possible toxicity are needed before this therapy can be recommended for humans.     

Variations in apolipoproteins B and A, during the course of myocardial infarction

The plasma apolipoproteins B and A1, and plasma lipids and lipoproteins, were studied in fifteen patients with acute myocardial infarction. In the days immediately after acute infarction there was a decrease in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total apolipoprotein-B, low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein-B and high density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A1. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged. In the same period the total triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein-protein, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein-B and very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A1 were increased. A reduction of the apolipoprotein ratio CII/CIII occurred after the acute phase. After 25--30 days all these values regained their baseline values.     

罗格列酮钠对2型糖尿病合并与不合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者疗效和安全性的比较

目的观察罗格列酮钠对血糖控制未达标的2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并与不合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)患者的降糖疗效和安全性。方法 2009年1月-2011年1月60例仅用磺脲类和二甲双胍治疗血糖控制未达标的T2DM患者,按合并和不合并NAFL分为观察组和对照组各30例,两组均在原口服降糖药基础上联合加用国产罗格列酮钠4 mg 1次/d,治疗共3个月,观察治疗前后的血糖、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、体质量指数(BMI)、血脂、肝功、血压水平以及药物不良反应,并比较治疗后的血糖达标率。结果两组患者治疗后的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、HbA1c、空腹胰岛素、甘油三酯和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均较治疗前下降,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇较治疗前升高(P<0.05),而丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及血压无明显变化(P>0.05),但观察组治疗后的FPG和2hPG均较对照组下降更明显(P<0.01),且血糖达标率为73.3%,显著高于对照组的46.7%(P<0.05),同时观察组餐后2 h胰岛素(2hINS)水平在治疗前后均明显高于对照组而且治疗后有显著下降(P<0.01),但对照组治疗后2hINS虽然也有下降但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组治疗前后BMI无明显变化,但对照组治疗后BMI有明显的升高(P<0.05)。结论国产罗格列酮钠片对血糖控制未达标的T2DM合并和不合并NAFL患者均有进一步降低血糖、HbA1c以及改善血脂的作用,但对T2DM合并NAFL的患者的降糖疗效更显著,未见加重肝功能损坏,不良反应小,可作为此类患者联合用药的一种选择。     

通脉降脂口服液对高胆固醇血症鹌鹑血脂及D-二聚体水平的影响

背景动脉粥样硬化症斑块的发生发展是由凝血或/和纤溶功能紊乱所致.血脂、D-二聚体浓度既可反映体内凝血活性,又可反映纤溶活性.目的探讨动脉硬化症模型鹌鹑血脂、D-二聚体水平变化及通脉降脂口服液的干预作用,并与洛伐他汀药物进行对照.设计随机对照实验.单位郑州铁路职业技术学院医学院基础部.材料实验于2001-01在郑州铁路职业技术学院医学院实验中心完成.选择体质量100～120 g鹌鹑125只,随机分为正常对照组、高脂组、洛伐他汀组、1.27 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组和2.54 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组,每组25只.通脉降酯口服液用中药川芎、当归、丹参、三七、泽泻、生大黄、草决明等进行组方.方法高脂组、洛伐他汀组、1.27,2.54 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组给予高脂饲料建立高胆固醇血症鹌鹑动物模型后,正常对照组和高脂组用1.5 mL蒸馏水灌胃;洛伐他汀组用0.53 g/mL洛伐他汀灌胃1 5 mL;1.27,2.54g/mL通脉降脂治疗组用1.27,2.54g/mL通脉降脂溶液灌胃1.5 mL.第50天颈动脉采血,检测血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及血浆D-二聚体浓度.主要观察指标血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及血浆D-二聚体浓度.结果正常对照组、高脂组各16只,洛伐他汀组、1.27 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组和2.54 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组各20只进入结果分析.①血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及血浆D-二聚体浓度高脂组明显高于正常对照组[(17.92±7.23),(6.54±1.25)mmol/L;(8.71±3.07),(5.26±0.64)mmol/L;(0.78±0.32),(0.16±0.07)mmol/L,P＜0.05～0.01].1.27,2.54 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组明显低于高脂组[(13.26±4.87),(13.91±3.27)mmol/L,(5 80±4.35),(5.03±4.35)mmol/L,(0.29±0.14),(0.54±0.28)mmol/L,P＜0.05～0.01].洛伐他汀组的血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度与高脂组基本一致(P＞0.05),而D-二聚体浓度明显低于高脂组[(0.31±0.19),(0.78±0.32)mmol/L,P＜0.01].②血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度高脂组明显低于正常对照组[(5.19±1.52),(6.00±0.86)mmol/L].1 27,2.54 g/mL通脉降脂治疗组明显高于高脂组[(6.30±0.96),(6.75±0.37)mmol/L],洛伐他汀组与高脂组基本一致(P＞0.05).结论通脉降脂口服液治疗后血脂及血浆D-二聚体浓度降低,说明通脉降脂可纠正动脉硬化症的凝血、纤溶功能紊乱,洛伐他汀也可以纠正凝血、纤溶功能紊乱,但改善血脂水平不明显,说明洛伐他汀对纠正动脉硬化症时的凝血功能紊乱的疗效是独立于降脂作用以外的.     

Ciprofibrate treatment decreases non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with Frederickson type IV dyslipidemia phenotype

OBJECTIVE: The combination of hypertriglyceridemia and low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is one of the most common lipid abnormalities. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of ciprofibrate on lipid profile in patients with Frederickson's type IV dyslipidemia phenotype. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-five patients with type IV dyslipidemia were assigned at random to 1 of 2 therapeutic options: group A (control), American Heart Association (AHA) Step II diet and physical activity; and group B, AHA diet, physical activity, and ciprofibrate 100 mg daily for 8 weeks. The lipid profile of all patients was determined at baseline and after therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: Patients in group B (treated with ciprofibrate) compared with group A (control) had significantly higher reductions in total cholesterol (downward arrow 14.2% vs. downward arrow 4.8%; P < 0.02), triglycerides (downward arrow 38.0% vs. downward arrow 21.6%; P < 0.007), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (downward arrow 38.0% vs. downward arrow 21.6%; P < 0.007), non-HDL cholesterol (downward arrow 20.5% vs. downward arrow 7.1%; P < 0.007), and total cholesterol/high density cholesterol ratio (downward arrow 25.6% vs. downward arrow 9.4%; P < 0.01). The ciprofibrate group had a significantly higher increase in HDL cholesterol levels compared with the other group (upward arrow 25.0% vs. upward arrow 9.6%, P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofibrate treatment effectively reduced triglyceride-rich particles and non-HDL cholesterol, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol, proving its effectiveness in patients with low HDL cholesterol and type IV Frederickson's hyperlipidemia.     

Bile acid metabolism in hypothyroid subjects: response to substitution therapy

Bile acid kinetics and biliary lipid composition were determined in ten hypothyroid patients before and after treatment with L-thyroxine. Hypothyroid patients had normal synthesis rates of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Hormone treatment, which lowered plasma cholesterol by about 35%, stimulated the formation of chenodeoxycholic acid by about 40% but did not significantly change the synthesis of cholic acid or total primary bile acids. The mean relative biliary concentration of deoxycholic acid was decreased from 30% to 19% and that of chenodeoxycholic acid was concomitantly increased. Cholesterol saturation of bile was decreased by treatment in six of the patients, but the mean value before treatment (135 +/- 13%) was not significantly different from that obtained after treatment (108 +/- 9%). It is suggested that the hypocholesterolaemic effect of thyroid hormones is not primarily due to an increased degradation of cholesterol to bile acids. Similar to what is observed in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, the defective receptor mediated degradation of plasma low density lipoproteins in hypothyroidism is thus apparently associated with a quantitatively normal catabolic rate of cholesterol to bile acids.     

血脂与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的了解血脂与脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法对344例脑梗死疑似患者进行三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A-I(apo A-I)、载脂蛋白B(apo B)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]检测,同时用计算机断层扫描(CT)、B超检测颈动脉病变。结果344例脑梗死疑似患者中有303例经临床及CT检查诊断为脑梗死,其余41例作为对照组。303例确诊患者中颈动脉管壁内膜-中层厚度(IMT)>0.9 mm或有斑块者206例,占68.0%;其余97例无病变,占32.0%。脑梗死患者LDL-C水平无论有无颈动脉病变均高于对照组(P<0.05)。无脑梗死的颈动脉粥样硬化患者apoA-I水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论LDL-C、apo A-I是发生脑梗死和颈动脉硬化病变重要的危险因素和诊疗的观察指标,B超检测颈动脉粥样硬化再结合血脂检查,对于脑血管疾病的预防、早期诊断、指导治疗以及观察疗效具有一定的临床价值。     

血管钙化的影响因素及预测指标

目的 分析血管钙化的预测因素,探究血管钙化的有效预测指标.方法 回顾性分析河北医科大学第一医院血管外科2018年8月至2020年7月收治的患者467例,依据有无血管钙化分为病例组及对照组,并收集其临床资料.通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析血管钙化的影响因素,绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operati...     

Statins and stroke

An important issue for stroke prevention is the identification and treatment of risk factors such as hypercholesterolaemia. The 4 reasons to test if the statins have a role in stroke prevention are: (i) a statistical link between elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol or decreased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and ischaemic stroke; (ii) a reduction in vascular risk with statins in randomised trials in patients with coronary heart disease; (iii) evidence of a decreased plaque progression under statins; and (iv) pooled analyses of primary and secondary prevention trials showing that reduction of total serum cholesterol reduces the incidence of stroke, especially with the highest rate of cholesterol reduction, and in patients with the highest risk of stroke (i.e. with statins in secondary prevention trials). The question of whether statins also have a neuroprotective effect in humans and reduce the risk of post-stroke dementia remains unsettled.     

艾塞那肽联合二甲双胍治疗口服降糖药控制不佳的2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的观察艾塞那肽联合二甲双胍治疗对口服降糖药(OAD)控制不佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的临床疗效。方法 31例既往使用OAD控制不佳的T2DM患者,改用艾塞那肽联合二甲双胍治疗3个月,观察治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、体重、体质指数(BMI)、C-肽(空腹及餐后2h)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的变化。结果治疗后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、体重、BMI、TC、TG、LDL-C均有明显下降(P均<0.01)。C-肽(空腹及餐后2h)未发现明显变化(P>0.05)。低血糖发生率为3.23%。结论艾塞那肽联合二甲双胍能有效地控制T2DM患者的血糖,减轻体重,且发生低血糖的风险低。     

Metabolic effects of telmisartan and irbesartan in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome treated with rosiglitazone

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin II receptor blockers represent a class of effective and well-tolerated orally active antihypertensive drugs in the general hypertensive population and in diabetic patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the metabolic effects of telmisartan and irbesartan in diabetic subjects treated with rosiglitazone. METHODS: We evaluated 188 type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. All patients took a fixed dose of 4 mg rosiglitazone/day. We administered 40 mg telmisartan/day or 150 mg irbesartan/day and evaluated their body mass index, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), homeostasis model assessment-index (Homa-IR), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, adiponectin and resistin during 12 months of this treatment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In addition to a comparable antihypertensive effect for telmisartan and irbesartan after 6 and 12 months, both treatments were associated with a significant reduction in TC and LDL-C plasma levels compared with baseline. After 6 months of treatment, only the telmisartan group experienced a significant improvement in (HbA(1c)), FPG, Homa-IR, adiponectin and resistin compared with the baseline values, whereas both drug regimens were associated with a significant improvement in these parameters after 12 months. However, the improvements observed in the telmisartan group were significantly larger than that noted in the irbesartan group after 12 months of treatment. FPI significantly decreased only after 12 months of treatment in both groups, but again, the reduction was significantly larger in the telmisartan-treated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Telmisartan seemed to improve glycaemic and lipid control and metabolic parameters of the metabolic syndrome better than irbesartan. These differences could be relevant in the choice of therapy for this condition and diabetes.     

Plasma triglyceride metabolism in thyroid disease

Plasma endogenous triglyceride transport kinetics were determined in 16 hyperthyroid and in 12 hypothyroid patients and the results compared with those of euthyroid control subjects. In addition, the removal of exogenous particulate fat (Intralipid; Vitrum, Sweden) from the circulation and the postheparin plasma lipolytic activity (PHLA) were studied in these patients for further characterization of the alterations of plasma triglyceride metabolism in thyroid disease.In thyrotoxicosis the average plasma triglyceride level was slightly but significantly increased above that of control subjects. This change was associated with augmented production of triglycerides whereas the mean fractional removal rate was not different from normal. There was a significant linear correlation between the concentration and turnover rate of plasma triglycerides in both hyperthyroid and euthyroid subjects but the concentration/turnover rate ratio was less in the former group suggesting that the efficiency of removal of triglycerides from the circulation was improved in thyroid hyperfunction. The elimination of intravenously administered particulate fat occurred more rapidly in untreated hyperthyroid patients than in euthyroid control subjects. The mean PHLA was also above normal in thyrotoxicosis. Upon adequate treatment of the hyperthyroid state the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration was further increased.Hypothyroid patients showed another pattern of alteration of triglyceride kinetics. The synthesis of plasma triglycerides was normal but the fractional removal of both endogenous and exogenous triglycerides was markedly reduced and this change seems to account for the hypertriglyceridemia associated with thyroid hypofunction. The plasma PHLA was also clearly decreased in the hypothyroid state.Plasma FFA and glycerol levels were increased in hyperthyroidism and plasma FFA was slightly decreased in hypothyroid patients, but these variables were not significantly correlated with any parameter of triglyceride metabolism.Endogenous triglyceride turnover rate was significantly correlated with serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) and T3 uptake in thyrotoxicosis but not in hypothyroidism. Removal of exogenous fat was not related to postheparin plasma lipolytic activity but the fractional endogenous triglyceride transport showed a highly significant relationship to this lipase activity in a mixed group of hyper- and hypothyroid patients.The results suggest that thyroid hormones control both production and removal of plasma triglycerides. Different mechanisms for these interactions are considered.     

Platelet function and lipoprotein levels after plasma-exchange in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia

1. Repeated plasma exchange was carried out on three young patients with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. There was a 3 week interval between each exchange. After a single exchange, plasma cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels decreased markedly, but pre-exchange levels were not achieved within 2 weeks. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels also fell but returned to the original concentration after only 5 days. 2. Platelet aggregation and [14C]serotonin release were increased in all three patients and dropped by 20% and 13% respectively after a single plasma exchange. Platelet function in vitro returned to pre-exchange levels with similar kinetics to that observed with the low density lipoprotein concentration. On removal of 100 g of plasma cholesterol, after repeated exchanges, low density lipoprotein concentration and platelet function were significantly decreased in comparison with values before initiation of plasma exchange. In addition there was a marked regression of xanthoma in all three patients. 3. Since this procedure is instrumental in achieving a negative cholesterol balance as well as inhibiting hypersensitive platelets, it may well result in a downgrading of the atherosclerotic risk.     

电针丰隆穴对高脂血症大鼠血脂及CGRP的影响

目的：观察电针丰隆穴对高脂血症大鼠血脂及降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的影响。方法：80只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组各20只,A组用普通饲料喂养;B组用高脂饲料喂养;C组用高脂饲料喂养并每天电针丰隆穴30min：D组高脂饲料喂养并每天普伐他汀钠灌胃。30d后检测各组大鼠的体重,血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）及CGRP含量的变化。结果：与A组比较,B组大鼠体重明显增加,TC、TG、LDL-C含量显著升高,HDL-C、CGRP含量显著降低（P〈0.01或0.05）;与B组比较,C、D组大鼠体重、TC、TG、LDL-C含量显著降低,CGRP含量升高。结论：电针丰隆穴或药物治疗均对高脂血症大鼠具有良性调节作用,其中普伐他汀钠升高HDL-C,电针丰隆穴则对HDL-C调节作用有限。     

氟伐他汀对代谢综合征患者骨密度的影响

目的探讨氟伐他汀对代谢综合征患者骨密度的影响。方法63例代谢综合征患者随机分为氟伐他汀组（n=32）及对照组（n=31），两组病例均予治疗性生活方式转变（therapeutic lifestyle changes，TLC）干预。治疗前及治疗36周后分别检测腰椎骨密度（BMD—LS）、股骨颈骨密度（BMD—Fn）、股骨近端骨密度（BMD-Ftot）及血脂谱。结果氟伐他汀组在治疗后36周BMD—LS、BMD—Fn、BMD—Ftot分别升高了3．1％、1．3％、1．0％，对照组分别下降了1．8％、1．6％、1．4％，两组各参数比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；氟伐他汀组总胆固醇（Tc）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）分别降低了25．7％、37．9％、23．4％，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）升高了8．0％，与对照组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论氟伐他汀能提高代谢综合征患者的骨密度。     

Short-term effects of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs with and without cardioselectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity on lipoprotein metabolism in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and in normal men

In six patients with hypertriglyceridaemia presenting whilst receiving treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs (mean serum triglycerides 31.2 mmol/l) the half-life (t1/2) of an intravenously administered triglyceride emulsion was 32.8 +/- 7.9 min (mean +/- SEM) on beta-blocker and 22.8 +/- 4.8 min after stopping beta-blocker treatment. In three of these patients subsequent administration of a beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity had no effect on t1/2. In a cross-over trial of placebo, atenolol (beta 1-blocker), propranolol (beta 1- and beta 2-blocker) and pindolol (beta 1- and beta 2-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) in 11 normal men t1/2 was 11.8 +/- 0.9, 12.6 +/- 1.1, 14.3 +/- 1.7 and 12.4 +/- 1.1 min respectively. None of the apparent differences achieved statistical significance, but in two men marked increases in t1/2 occurred on propranolol. The concentrations of serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the normal men were, however, increased by beta-blockade, most markedly by pindolol. Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration decreased in normal men on beta-blockers, most clearly on atenolol and propranolol. This decrease was due to a reduction in cholesterol in the HDL2 subfraction. No statistically significant effects on serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol or apolipoprotein B concentrations occurred in the normal men. The doses of atenolol and propranolol used in this study were equipotent as judged by the heart rate response to exercise.     

Plant sterol-enriched margarine lowers plasma LDL in hyperlipidemic subjects with low cholesterol intake: effect of fibrate treatment.

Phytosterols, found in fat-soluble fractions of plants, chemically resemble cholesterol and inhibit cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. Phytosterol consumption in human subjects reduces plasma total and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The primary aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a low-fat spread enriched with plant sterols in reducing total and LDL-C concentrations in primary hypercholesterolemia. The secondary objective was to evaluate whether patients receiving a lipid-lowering drug (fibrate) might differ in their response to plant sterols. The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-period cross-over trial with two treatments and three periods. Both treatment periods lasted 2 months, with a washout period (2 months) between them. Spread enriched with plant sterols was compared to non-enriched control spread. Fortified fat spread provided 1.6 g/day of plant sterols derived from edible vegetable oils and fatty acids from sunflower seed oil. The plant sterol content consisted of sitosterol esters (50%), campesterol esters (25%), stigmasterol esters (20%) and 10% of other esters. Data in 53 hypercholesterolemic patients (31 females and 22 males) who completed the study were as follows: patients were 58+/-12 years of age with mean body mass index 23.5+/-2.8 kg/m2 (mean+/-SD). No adverse side-effects of the diet were reported. Plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations were significantly reduced by 6.4% and 8.8%, respectively, after using the spread enriched in plant sterols, as compared to controls (0.0% and 1.3%, respectively). No effect on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipoprotein(a) concentrations was detected. When subjects were divided in two subgroups according to fibrate treatment, supplementation with phytosterols decreased plasma cholesterol and LDL-C by 8.5% and 11.1%, respectively in the subgroup of patients treated with fibrates. In the group of patients who did not receive fibrates, consumption of plant sterol margarine reduced plasma cholesterol and LDL-C by 5.5% and 7.7%, respectively. Spread enriched with plant sterol esters significantly lowers blood total and LDL-C levels without affecting HDL-C concentrations, in a hypercholesterolemic population following a strict low cholesterol diet (NCEP step1). In addition, a combination of fibrate treatment and plant sterol ester-supplemented spread offers a safe and effective measure to significantly decrease abnormally high cholesterol levels. We conclude that phytosterol-enriched spread is a useful adjunctive therapy for hypercholesterolemic patients.     

Serum lipoprotein profile in patients with cancer. A comparison with non-cancer subjects

The association of cancer with low serum total cholesterol is well established. Less clear is the relationship of cancer with the cholesterol distribution among the different lipoprotein classes. Conflicting results have been reported on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels in different types of tumor. Total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and serum triglycerides were analyzed in 530 patients with newly diagnosed cancer (97 with hematological malignancies, 92 with tumor of the lung, 108 of the upper digestive system, 103 of colon, 32 of breast, and 98 of the genitourinary system) and in 415 non-cancer subjects. Anthropometric (body mass index) and biochemical (serum albumin) indices of nutritional status were also determined in all subjects. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum albumin, and body mass index were significantly lower in cancer than in non cancer-subjects. The lowest values of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were recorded in patients with hematological malignancies and the highest in patients with breast tumor. All the cancer groups, with the exception of women with breast cancer, showed significantly lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than age- and sex-matched non-cancer subjects. Multiple regression analysis with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides as dependent variables and sex, age, body mass index, albumin, and cancer (dummy variable) as independent variables, showed that cancer was independently associated with low levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and with high values of serum triglycerides. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, body mass index and serum albumin were significantly lower in patients with metastatic than in patients with non-metastatic solid tumor. The significant difference in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and serum triglycerides between patients with metastatic and non-metastatic cancer was lost when lipoprotein cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels were adjusted for nutritional variables. The lipid profile in cancer patients is characterized by low low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and relatively high serum triglycerides. The abnormality is a common feature of both hematological and solid tumors and is not entirely explained by poor nutrition.     

三种高脂血症实验性大鼠模型的比较

目的:比较3种高脂血症大鼠的造模方法,为实验研究选择最佳高脂血症动物模型提供依据。方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为普通饲料喂养(A组)、植物油高脂饲料喂养(B组)、猪油高脂饲料喂养(C组)及脂肪乳剂灌胃喂养(D组)各10只。1个月后比较3组大鼠的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C)及肝脏形态学改变。结果:与A组比较,TC在B、C、D组均明显升高;TG在C组明显升高;HDL-C在C组明显下降,D组则明显上升;LDL-C在B、C、D组均明显升高(均P0.05,0.01)。结论:综合以上各组大鼠4个指标的升降情况,以猪油固体饲料喂养的大鼠最符合高脂血症诊断标准,且比较接近人类饮食成分及方式,造模效果理想。     

Thyroid status and adrenergic receptor subtypes in the rat: comparison of receptor density and responsiveness

The density and functional responsiveness of adrenergic receptor subtypes were determined in tissues from control, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. There was a decrease in sensitivity to isoproterenol in spontaneously beating right atria, electrically driven left atria and field-stimulated vas deferens associated with hypothyroidism, with no change in maximum response. Hyperthyroidism increased the potency of isoproterenol in right atria, but not in left atria or vas deferens. The maximal response to isoproterenol was greatly reduced in hyperthyroid left atria. The potency of procaterol, a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors in right atria, was unaltered in hyper- or hypothyroidism, although the maximum stimulation by procaterol was increased in hyperthyroidism. Scatchard analysis of specific [125I]pindolol binding showed that beta adrenergic receptor density was greater in hyperthyroidism than in hypothyroidism in left atria, right atria, ventricles, vas deferens and cerebral cortex, although the proportions of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes did not change. There was no change in the responsiveness of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors mediating contraction of caudal artery and vas deferens or mediating [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation in cerebral cortex in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid rats, although the maximal contraction of caudal artery was significantly reduced in hyperthyroidism. Scatchard analysis of specific [125I]BE 2254 binding showed that alpha-1 adrenergic receptor density was significantly decreased in the ventricles from hyperthyroid rats and increased in the ventricles of hypothyroid rats, but was unchanged in vas deferens, caudal artery and cerebral cortex. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor density in cerebral cortex, determined by Scatchard analysis of specific [3H] rauwolscine binding, was not altered in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)