肝衰竭诊治指南(2012年版)

肝衰竭是临床常见的严重肝病症候群,病死率极高.多年来,各国学者对肝衰竭的定义、病因、分类、分型、诊断和治疗、预后判断等问题不断进行探索.2005年,美国肝病学会(AASLD)发布了《急性肝衰竭处理》的意见书(position-paper)[1].2006年10月,中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组和中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组制订了我国第一部《肝衰竭诊疗指南》[2],从定义、诱因、分类、诊断和治疗等方面对肝衰竭进行了系统而精要的阐述,既与国际接轨,又具中国特色,诊断分型突出了实用性,指导和规范了我国肝衰竭的临床诊疗.2009年,亚太肝脏研究协会(APASL)推出了《慢加急性肝衰竭共识》[3].     

《2016年欧洲肝病学会、欧洲糖尿病学会和欧洲肥胖学会临床实践指南:非酒精性脂肪性肝病》摘译

本指南是由欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)、欧洲糖尿病学会(European Association for the Study of Diabetes,EASD)和欧洲肥胖学会(European Association for the Study of Obesity,EASO)共同推出的关于非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的诊断、治疗和随访的临床实践指南.推荐意见依据证据水平(A:高质量;B:中等质量;C:低或极低质量)和推荐强度(1:强烈推荐;2:较弱推荐)分级.     

肝硬化诊治指南

正一、前言肝硬化是各种慢性肝病进展至以肝脏弥漫性纤维化、假小叶形成、肝内外血管增殖为特征的病理阶段,代偿期无明显临床症状,失代偿期以门静脉高压和肝功能严重损伤为特征,患者常因并发腹水、消化道出血、脓毒症、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征和癌变等导致多脏器功能衰竭而死亡。美国肝病学会(American Association for the Study of Liver Disease,AASLD)、世界胃肠病学组织(World Gastroenterology Organization,WGO)、欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)、国际     

2014年与2015年欧洲肝病学会抗HCV治疗指南比较

<正>鉴于抗HCV药物研制进展非常迅速,针对抗HCV治疗的指南更新也非常及时。2014年美国感染病学会(Infectious Diseases Society of America,IDSA)及美国肝病学会(American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases,AASLD)联合发布了一部丙型肝炎诊治指南[1],同年世界卫生组织(WHO)发布了关于丙型肝炎管理及治疗的指南[2]。欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL)在2014年发布了关     

2011年EASL《丙型肝炎病毒感染管理指南》要点解读

2011年2月28日,欧洲肝脏研究学会（European Association for the Study of the Liver,EASL）发布了最新的《丙型肝炎病毒感染管理指南》。指南结合了最新的循证医学证据,就HCV感染引起的急性与慢性丙型肝炎的诊疗给出了最新推荐意见,为国内丙型肝炎诊疗提供了重要参考。指南的循证医学证据等级见表1。     

《实用肝脏病杂志》2006年总目录

诊疗指南慢性乙型肝炎防治指南……………………………………8肝衰竭诊疗指南……中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组321……专家论坛儿童非酒精性脂肪性肝病研究进展…………………………………………展玉涛101肝炎肝硬化门脉     

肝衰竭诊疗指南解读

2006年10月出台的《肝衰竭诊疗指南》（以下简称《指南》）是我国第一部有关肝衰竭的指南。国际上迄今为止仅见美国肝病联合会（AASLD）于2005年5月出台的有关《急性肝衰竭处理》的意见书,且范围局限。因此,可以说我国的《指南》最为全面和广泛地反映了肝衰竭的临床诊疗现状。该《指南》由中华医学会感染病学分会和中华医学会肝病学分会的肝衰竭与人工肝学组组织撰写,     

肝功能衰竭诊疗指南

肝功能衰竭（liver failure）是临床常见的严重肝病症候群，病死率极高。多年来，各国学者对肝功能衰竭的定义、分类、诊断和治疗等问题不断进行探索，但迄今尚无一致意见。2005年美国肝病学会发布了对急性肝功能衰竭处理的建议，国内迄今尚无肝功能衰竭的诊治指南。为了适应临床工作需要，规范我国肝功能衰竭的诊断和治疗，中华医学会感染病学分会肝功能衰竭与人工肝学组和中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组组织国内有关专家，制订了我国第一部《肝功能衰竭诊疗指南》（以下简称《指南》）。     

《2015年意大利肝病学会意见书:肝脏疾病与妊娠》摘译

肝脏疾病与妊娠临床上表现为相互影响的重要关系.妊娠相关性肝病是妊娠期肝损伤的最常见原因,并且对母亲和胎儿的生存构成严重威胁.本报告总结了意大利肝病学会(Italian Association for the Study of the Liver,AISF)专家小组对妊娠期肝病管理的意见,主要目的是为临床实践提供妊娠期肝脏疾病的最佳管理建议.报告分为3个部分:(1)妊娠期特发性肝脏疾病;(2)妊娠期发生的肝脏疾病;(3)妊娠合并慢性肝脏疾病.采纳建议的证据分级和推荐强度均采用美国心脏病学院和美国心脏学会实践指南的标准(表1).     

急性肝功能衰竭肝细胞损伤机制与治疗进展

肝功能衰竭(liver failure)是临床常见的严重肝病症候群,病死率极高.各国学者对肝功能衰竭的定义、分类、诊断和治疗等问题仍有很多不同意见.2005年美国肝病学会发布了对急性肝功能衰竭处理建议,我国中华医学会感染病学分会肝功能衰竭与人工肝学组和中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组借鉴国内外最新研究成果,2006年制订了我国第一部肝功能衰竭诊疗指南.     

活体肝移植的进展与展望

活体肝移植（LDLT）可扩大供肝来源,有效缓解供体紧缺局面,尤其是对儿童、急性肝功能衰竭患者和无,法长期等待的肝癌患者有着十分重要的意义。为尽可能减少LDLT潜在的手术风险,尤其是供者的风险,应由肝病内外科医师共同进行严格的供受体术前评估和准备,选择恰当的手术方案。中闰应稳步开展LDLT,并积极拓展尸体和脑死亡供体肝移植,进一步发展儿童LDLT和劈离式肝移植（SIX）以提高器官利用率。在第六届上海国际胃肠病学会议期间,国内外肝病专家就LDLT的现状作了相关报道,本文就此次会议的有关内容和最新进展作一简要介绍。     

Liver regeneration after liver resection: Clinical aspects and correlation with infective complications

AIM:To investigate whether early liver regeneration after resection in patients with hepatic tumors might be influenced by post-operative infective complications.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 27 liver resections for tumors performed in a single referral center from November 2004 to January 2010.Regeneration was evaluated by multidetector computed tomographyat a mean follow-up of 43.85 d.The Clavien-Dindo classification was used to evaluate postoperative events in the first 6 mo after transplantation,and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions were used for healthcare associated infections data.Generalized linear regression models with Gaussian family distribution and log link function were used to reveal the principal promoters of early liver regeneration.RESULTS:Ten of the 27 patients(37%)underwent chemotherapy prior to surgery,with a statistically significant prevalence of patients with metastasis(P=0.007).Eight patients(30%)underwent embolization,3 with primary tumors,and 5 with secondary tumors.Twenty patients(74%)experienced complications,with 12(60%)experiencing Clavien-Dindo Grade 3a to 5 complications.Regeneration≥100%occurred in 10(37%)patients.The predictors were smaller future remnant liver volume(-0.002;P<0.001),and a greater spleen volume/future remnant liver volume ratio(0.499;P=0.01).Patients with a resection of≥5 Couinaud segments experienced greater early regeneration(P=0.04).Nine patients experienced surgical site infections,and in 7 cases Clavien-Dindo Grade 3a to 4 complications were detected(P=0.016).There were no significant differences between patients with primary or secondary tumors,and either onset or infections or severity of surgical complications.CONCLUSION:Regardless of the onset of infective complications,future remnant liver and spleen volumes may be reliable predictors of early liver regeneration after hepatic resection on an otherwise healthy liver.     

Current management of liver diseases and the role of multidisciplinary approach

Liver is an organ having extremely diversified functions, ranging from metabolic and synthetic to detoxification of harmful chemicals. The multifunctionality of the liver in principle requires the multidisciplinary and pluralistic interventions for its management. Several studies have investigated liver function, dysfunction and clinic. This editorial work discusses new ideas, challenges and perspectives of current research regarding multidisciplinary and pluralistic management of liver diseases. In one hand the discussions have carried out on the involvement of extracellular vesicles, Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Epstein–Barr virus infections, Drug-induced liver injury, sepsis, pregnancy, and food supplements in hepatic disorders. In the other hand this study has discussed hepatocellular carcinoma algorithms and new biochemical and imaging experiments pertaining to liver diseases. Relevant articles with an impact index value "> 0" from reference citation analysis, which is an open multidisciplinary citation analysis database based on artificial intelligence technology, have served for the study’s argumentation. This work may be a useful tool for the clinical practice and research in managing and investigating liver disorders.     

人工肝在肝移植围手术期的应用

目的 探讨人工肝支持系统在肝移植围手术期的应用效果。方法采用非生物人工肝治疗9例等待供肝患者，3例肝移植术后患者(包括1例等待供肝成功过渡到肝移植患者)。9例等待供肝患者中4例成功过渡到肝移植。结果 人工肝支持后患者肝性脑病有所好转，血清胆红素明显下降。4例成功过渡到肝移植的启者中2例痊愈出院，已存活12和14个月。结论 术前使用人工肝支持系统能改善患者一般情况；原位肝移植加人工肝支持系统是治疗慢性肝衰竭的有效方法。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织病理研究

目的:探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者临床表现和病理诊断的相关性.方法:收集30例CHB患者的临床资料,分析临床表现与病理诊断的相关性.结果:肝组织的炎症和纤维化程度的相关性显著(r=0.659,P＜0.01),白蛋白/球蛋白比值(A/G)与肝脏炎症和纤维化分级显著负相关(r=-0.368,P＜0.05;r=-0.401,P＜0.05).年龄、性别及其他化验指标如ALT、AST、TP、ALB、GLO、TBil、PLT、PT、PTA、门静脉宽度、脾脏厚度等与肝组织炎症和纤维化分级无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论:慢性乙型肝炎肝脏炎症和纤维化的严重程度密切相关,仅根据肝功能判断轻中度的CHB患者的肝脏炎症及纤维化程度有相当的局限性.     

Metrically measuring liver biopsy： A chronic hepatitis B and C computer-aided morphologic description

AIM： To describe a quantitative analysis method for liver biopsy sections with a machine that we have named ＂Dioguardi Histological Metriser＂ which automatically measures the residual hepatocyte mass （including hepatocytes vacuolization）, inflammation, fibrosis and the loss of liver tissue tectonics.METHODS： We analysed digitised images of liver biopsy sections taken from 398 patients, The analysis with Dioguardi Histological Metriser was validated by comparison with semi-quantitative scoring system.RESULTS： The method provides： （1） the metrical extension in two-dimensions （the plane） of the residual hepatocellular set, including the area of vacuoles pertinent to abnormal lipid accumulation; （2） the geo- metric measure of the inflammation basin, which distinguishes intra-basin space and extra-basin dispersed parenchymal leukoo/tes; （3） the magnitude of collagen islets, （which were considered truncated fractals and classified into three degrees of magnitude）; and （4） the tectonic index that quantifies alterations （disorders） in the organization of liver tissue. Dioguardi Histological Metriser machine allows to work at a speed of 0.1 mm^2/s, scanning a whole section in 6-8 min.CONCLUSION： The results are the first standardized metrical evaluation of the geometric properties of the parenchyma, inflammation, fibrosis, and alterations in liver tissue tectonics of the biopsy sections. The present study confirms that biopsies are still valuable, not only for diagnosing chronic hepatitis, but also for quantifying changes in the organization and order of liver tissue structure.     

Introducing an Optimal Liver Allocation System for Liver Cirrhosis Patients

Background

Liver transplantation (LT) is the only treatment option for patients with advanced liver disease. Currently, liver donation to these patients, considering priorities, is based on the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD). MELD score is a tool for predicting the risk of mortality in patients with advanced liver disease. However, few studies have so far been conducted in Iran on the efficacy of MELD score of these patients.

Objectives

This study reviews the present status of the MELD score and introduces a new model for optimal prediction of the risk of mortality in Iranian patients with advanced liver disease.

Patients and Methods

Data required were collected from 305 patients with advanced liver disease who enrolled in a waiting list (WL) in Imam Khomeini Hospital from May 2008 to May 2009. All of the patients were followed up for at least 3 years until they died or underwent LT. Cox regression analysis was applied to select the factors affecting their mortality. Survival curves were plotted. Wilcoxson test and receiver operating characteristics curves for survival predictive model were used to compare the scores. All calculations were performed with the SPSS (version 13.0) and R softwares.

Results

During the study, 71 (23.3%) patients died due to liver cirrhosis and 43 (14.1%) underwent LT. Viral Hepatitis (43.7%) is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease among Iranian patients. A new model (NMELD) was proposed with the use of the natural logarithms of two blood serum variables (total bilirubin and albumin) and the patients'' age (year) by applying the Cox model:NMELD = 10 × (0.736 × ln (bilirubin) – 1.312 × ln (albumin) + 0.025 × age + 1.776)

Conclusions

The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that there is a significant difference between the usual MELD and our proposed NMELD scores (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristics curve for survival predictive model indicated that the NMELD score is more efficient compared with the MELD score in predicting the risk of mortality. Since serum creatinine was not significant in NMELD score, further studies to clarify this issue are suggested.     

肝窦内皮细胞在肝损伤中的功能研究进展

肝窦内皮细胞（liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, LSECs）位于肝血窦表面，是肝脏与血液接触的第一道防线，也是肝脏中含量最多的非实质细胞。在生理情况下，LSECs通过参与物质运输、代谢废物清除而诱导肝脏免疫耐受，从而维持肝脏稳态；在病理情况下，LSECs通过抗原递呈促进肝脏炎症反应。LSECs在维持肝再生和肝纤维化平衡中发挥了重要的调节作用。本文对LSECs功能、LSECs在肝损伤中的变化、调节LSECs功能相关的信号通路以及LSECs与肝内其他细胞的相互作用等四方面研究进展进行综述，从而进一步明确LSECs的功能及在肝损伤中的作用。     

Right hepatic lobe living donation: A 12 years single Italian center experience

Mini invasive techniques are taking over conventional open liver resections in the setting of left lateral segmentectomy for living liver donation,and hydride procedure are being implemented for the living related right hepatectomy.Our center routinely performs laparoscopic left lateral segmentectomy for pediatric recipient and has been the first in the Europe performing an entirely robotic right hepatectomy.Great emphasis is posed on living donor safety which is the first priority during the entire operation,then the most majority of our procedures are still conventional open right hepatectomy(RHLD),defined as removal of a portion of liver corresponding to Couinaud segments 5-8,in order to obtain a graft for adult to adult living related liver transplant.During this 10 years period some changes,herein highlighted,have occurred to our surgical techniques.This study reports the largest Italian experience with RHLD,focused on surgical technique evolution over a 10 years period.Donor safety must be the first priority in right-lobe living-related donation:the categorization of complications of living donors,specially,after this"highly sensitive"procedure,reflects the need for prompt and detailed reports.     

Isolated Tuberculosis of Transplanted Liver,A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introduction

Recipients of liver transplantation are prone to different types of infections such as tuberculosis (TB).

Case Presentation

Herein we report a 59-year-old man with liver transplantation due to HBV cirrhosis who developed isolated hepatic TB, 18 months after OLT (orthotropic liver transplantation). He has been successfully treated with anti-TB regimen and now after 12 months he is completely symptom-free.

Conclusions

Organ transplantation and treatment of transplanted patients with immunosuppressive drugs would prone them to various unusual infections. One of these is unusual primary involvement of liver by tuberculosis which has been extremely rare in the previous reports.