重型病毒性肝炎的治疗问题

重型病毒性肝炎的治疗问题第三军医大学西南医院（重庆，６３００３８）顾长海发生急性肝衰竭的病毒性肝炎称为重型病毒性肝炎。急性肝衰竭是指急性肝炎起病或慢性肝炎急性发作半年内迅速发生的严重肝功能障碍［１～４］，基本特征是肝炎症状严重、黄应急剧加深或达重度、...     

肝衰竭诊疗:进展与展望

肝衰竭( liver failure)是各种肝病中发展最快、病情危重、病死率很高的疾病类型.本文就其近年主要的诊疗进展做一回顾和展望. 1 肝衰竭命名与分类的发展 在2000年全国病毒性肝炎会议制定的《病毒性肝炎防治方案》中,把"重型肝炎"分为三型,即急性重型肝炎、亚急性重型肝炎、慢性重型肝炎[1].     

慢性重型肝炎/肝衰竭的中医病因病机特点研究进展

我国现有慢性HBV感染者约9 300万人,其中慢性乙型肝炎患者约2000万例[1]。慢性乙型重型肝炎/肝衰竭是在慢性乙肝病毒携带、慢性乙型肝炎或肝硬化的基础上发生的重型肝炎/肝衰竭,是我国重型肝炎的主要类型[2],是病毒性肝炎的急危重症,临床证候复杂,变证、兼证、夹证多,治疗难度大,病死率高,预后不良,病死率50％～70％,最高可达80％以上,存活者病情又多次反复。     

激素对重型肝炎患者血清TNFα和sIL-2R的影响

目前国内外对肾上腺皮质激素治疗重型肝炎的利弊存在一定的争议.但Muto et al报告,1993年从日本各大中心收集的数百例暴发性病毒性肝炎(相当于我国的急性重型肝炎),用激素疗法者占52.7%～61.2%[1,2].我们应用激素短程疗法治疗病毒性重型肝炎亦取得了一定的疗效,为进一步探讨其疗效机制,我们于1998-03/1999-06,对13例激素治疗的病毒性重型肝炎患者血清TNFα和sIL-2R水平进行了观察.     

53例重型病毒性肝炎并发症及死因分析

重型病毒性肝炎是目前肝炎诊治的难点,也是引起肝炎死亡的主要原因.及时发现重型病毒性肝炎的各种并发症并对其作相应治疗,可降低病毒性肝炎的死亡率.我们对我院53例重型病毒性肝炎患者的死因进行分析,以期对临床上重型病毒性肝炎的诊治提供帮助.     

肝功能衰竭的现代定义--修改重型肝炎命名和分类的建议

重型肝炎是病毒性肝炎中病情危重、并发症复杂、预后不良的一个临床类型。以前称为重症肝炎,1990年第6次全国病毒性肝炎学术会议正式确定为重型肝炎,并分为急性、亚急性和慢性3型。国外没有把重型肝炎单独列为病毒性肝炎的一个临床类型,而是将其归于肝功能衰竭范畴,病毒性肝炎所致的肝衰竭只是其中的一种。国外病毒性肝炎不是引起肝功能衰竭的常见病因,没有重型肝炎这个分型可能与此有关。 1 肝功能衰竭的命名和分类(表1)     

重型肝炎的治疗进展

重型肝炎是病毒性肝炎中最严重的一型,治疗难度大,是病毒性肝炎领域中亟待解决的难题. 1重型肝炎的治疗原则 ①早期诊断,早期治疗.     

重型病毒性肝炎的治疗

国内相关专业将病情严重、预后不良的病毒性肝炎均划为重型肝炎。这一诊断标准至今仍未达到共识 ,也未与国外的暴发型肝衰竭的概念统一 ,特别是对慢性重型肝炎的归类 (归属 )分歧更大。因此在“重型肝炎”的病情程度和评价上难以进行比较 ,临床医生难以掌握 ,治疗效果也不易重复。尽管如此 ,通过国内外学者的努力 ,仍然取得了一些效果 ,在治疗原则上仍强调早期诊断 ,早期治疗 ,并须综合治疗。强调人体的白蛋白和新鲜血浆的补充[1,2 ] 。现将重型病毒性肝炎的治疗简要介绍如下。1　对特异性抗病毒治疗急性、亚急性重型肝炎的评价根据国内重型…     

还原型谷胱甘肽治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎及中毒性肝炎的疗效

我国是慢性乙型病毒性肝炎高发区,在其漫长病程中,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染使肝脏炎症反复发生,对肝细胞造成长期慢性损害,如不能得到正规有效地治疗,会逐渐发展为肝硬化、肝衰竭或肝癌[1].中毒性肝炎是由化学毒物(如磷、砷、四氯化碳等)、药物或生物毒素引起的肝炎或所致的肝脏病变,以慢性多见,起病隐匿,症状不明显,表现类似慢性病毒性肝炎,严重者短期内死于肝衰竭[2].本文采用还原型谷胱甘肽治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎及中毒性肝炎,疗效满意.     

干细胞移植在肝衰竭治疗的现况及前景

肝衰竭是在多种致病因素作用下的一种免疫炎症性疾病,西欧国家主要是酒精性和药物性肝病;肝衰竭根据发病缓急分为急性肝衰竭（ALF）和慢性肝衰竭（CLF）.在亚洲以常见的重型病毒性肝炎为典型代表,病情凶险,预后极差,死亡率达到80％[1].在中国,引起肝脏功能损伤的常见疾病是病毒性肝炎,其中以乙型肝炎最为常见;我国是乙型肝炎大国,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阳性率占人群总数的10％ ～ 19％[2],在我国慢性乙型重型肝炎（CSHB）严重危害人民身体健康.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.