慢性乙型病毒性肝炎抗病毒治疗指南的比较和解读

亚太肝脏学会（APASL）、欧洲肝脏学会（EASL）及美国肝脏病学会（AASLD）先后制定和更新了慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的共识和指南。我国也于2005年12月发布了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》,慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗专家委员会于2010年制定了《慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗专家共识》。其中大多数认识基本一致,治疗建议略有不同。亚太肝脏学会的指南和我国的指南更切合我国国情。现仅就当前主要的慢性乙型肝炎临床指南以及我国《慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗专家共识》的治疗建议进行比较和解读。     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒应提倡分级治疗

我国对于慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗,在上个世纪开展较少,缺乏疗效总结和循证医学的结论[1].真正的抗病毒治疗始于本世纪初,即从拉米夫定1999年在我国上市以后[2].至2005年12月,中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会联合制定的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》,对抗病毒治疗的推广起到了里程碑的作用.在《指南》中,我国的肝病专家达成一个共识,即只要具备抗病毒治疗的适应证,有条件的均应进行抗病毒治疗[3].2010年新版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》对于抗病毒治疗的意见也基本一致.     

慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015年版)

<正>本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制定,涉及CHB其他治疗策略和方法请参阅相关的指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制定《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第一版),并于2010年第一次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础     

2010年版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》读后感

2010年12月10日,中华医学会肝病学分会、中华医学会感染病学分会和中国肝炎防治基金会在人民大会堂联合发布了2010版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》（以下简称新版《指南》）。新版《指南》体现了过去5年国内外慢性乙型肝炎基础研究以及临床实践方面取得的实质性进展,在既往基础上,进一步优化慢性乙型肝炎治疗策略,帮助临床医师在乙型肝炎诊疗和预防工作中作出合理决策。     

慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)

<正>本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制订,涉及CHB其他治疗方法和策略请参阅相关的指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制订了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第1版),并于2010年第1次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础和临床研究取得很大进展,为此我们对本指南再次修订。     

《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(2015更新版)

<正>本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制订,涉及CHB其他治疗方法和策略请参阅相关的指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制订了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第1版),并于2010年第1次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础和临床研究取得很大进展,为此我们对本指南再次修订。本指南旨在帮助临床医生在CHB诊断、预防     

慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)

正本指南为规范慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗而制订,涉及CHB其他治疗方法和策略请参阅相关指南和共识。中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会于2005年组织国内有关专家制订了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》(第1版),并于2010年第1次修订。近5年来,国内外有关CHB的基础和临床研究取得很大进展,为此我们对本指南再次修订。本指南旨在帮助临床医师在CHB的预防、诊断和抗病     

《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南（2010年版）》解读

2010年12月,中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会联合发布了《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南（2010年版）》[《指南（2010年版）》]。《指南（2010年版）》总结了近年来国内外慢性乙型肝炎预防和治疗的最新证据,结合我国慢性乙型肝炎流行和诊疗状况,对慢性乙型肝炎防治的实际问题进行系统阐述。     

HBV/HCV相关性肝细胞癌抗病毒治疗专家建议

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染在肝细胞癌(HCC)的发生发展中起重要作用.我国近年发布的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2010版)》和《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011版)》都强调了肝癌患者抗病毒治疗的重要性,但未作深入具体阐述.《丙型肝炎防治指南(2004版)》也注意到抗病毒治疗延缓HCC的发生.有鉴于此,中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组召开了三次专题讨论会,系统收集分析了现有HCC综合治疗中抗病毒治疗的临床研究文献,回顾了HCC治疗中抗病毒药物临床应用进展,依据现有病毒相关性HCC抗病毒治疗的循证医学临床资料,综合部分专家的意见,按照循证医学证据分级的GRADE系统(表1)进行细化和补充,针对这些患者抗病毒治疗的应用达成共识,提出如下具体建议,供国内同道参考,以期在临床实践过程中依据新的临床医学证据进行修改和更新,进一步完善《原发性肝癌诊疗规范》、《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》和《丙型肝炎防治指南》的实施.     

2010年《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》更新要点

近年来,我国慢性乙型肝炎流行病学发生了重大变化,其诊断和治疗也取得了重要进展,为此中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会组织有关专家经过认真修改和反复讨论,于2010年发布了更新版《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》。本文就慢性乙型肝炎的流行病学、自然史和预防,抗病毒治疗的目标和适应证,抗病毒药物的选择,疗程和停药标准以及新指南增加的内容作一重点阐述。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.