肝衰竭预后评估研究现状

肝衰竭是临床常见的严重肝病症候群,表现为短期内肝功能急剧恶化,出现肝性脑病和凝血功能障碍,凝血酶原活动度(PTA)＜40%,病死率极高,肝移植是治疗晚期肝衰竭最有效的治疗手段.     

肝功能衰竭研究进展

<正>一、概述肝功能衰竭(又称肝衰竭)是由多种因索引起的严重肝脏损害,导致其合成、解毒、排泄和生物转化等功能发生严重障碍或失代偿,出现以凝血机制障碍和黄疸、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床症候群。肝衰竭是临床常见的严重肝病症候群,以病情重、进展快、治疗难、治疗费用高、病死率高为特征,是严重危害我国国民身体健康的疾病之一。引起肝衰竭的病因很多,包括肝炎及非肝炎病毒、药物及有毒物质、急性妊娠脂肪肝、HELLP综合征、自身免疫性肝炎、肿瘤细胞广泛浸润和细菌感染等均可引起肝功能衰竭。在我国,病毒性肝炎尤其是乙型肝炎为其主要致病原因,其次为肝毒性药物绣发的肝损伤、自身免疫性肝炎、Budd-Chiari综合征及     

肝衰竭的三重打击及治疗策略

<正>肝衰竭是由多种病因引起的严重肝损害,导致其合成、解毒、排泄和生物转化等功能发生严重障碍或失代偿,出现以凝血机制障碍、黄疸、肝性脑病和腹水等为主要表现的一种临床症候群,病死率高。免疫损伤、缺血缺氧和内毒素血症"三重打击"是肝衰竭发生发展过程中的主要推动机制,肝衰竭的发生发展过程在临床上存在上升前期、上升期、平台期、恢复期4个时相,肝衰竭应该根据不同的时相给予不同的治疗,现详述如下。     

大黄、乌梅在肝衰竭治疗中作用机制的研究

肝衰竭是多种因素引起的严重肝脏损害,导致肝脏合成、解毒、排泄和生物转化等功能发生严重障碍或失代偿,出现以凝血机制障碍、黄疸、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床症候群[1].据报道,未出现肝移植之前,肝衰竭的病死率为50％～80％[2].虽然肝移植给本病带来了曙光,但肝源匮乏、手术费用高、术后排斥反应等不足大大限制了其应用.     

乙型肝炎相关肝衰竭中西医结合治疗临床研究

肝功能衰竭是多种因素引起的严重脏损伤,以凝血机制障碍和黄疽、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床症候群,治疗难度大,病死率高.在我国,引起肝功能衰竭的主要病因是乙型肝炎病毒(HBV),其中发生在慢性肝病基础上的慢加急性肝衰竭及发生在肝硬化基础上的慢性肝衰竭尤为多见[1-2].本研究采用中西医结合治疗乙型肝炎相关肝衰竭取得较好疗效,现报道如下.     

全程门冬氨酸鸟氨酸治疗延缓乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭的进展

肝衰竭是多种因素引起的严重肝脏损害,导致其合成、解毒、排泄和生物转化等功能发生严重障碍或失代偿,出现以凝血机制障碍和黄疸、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床症候群[1].在我国引起肝衰竭的主要病因是HBV感染.目前,对肝衰竭的内科治疗尚缺乏特效药物和手段,多采取综合治疗措施,积极防治各种并发症.我们采用门冬氨酸鸟氨酸治疗H BV感染相关慢加急性肝衰竭来分析血氨在肝衰竭中的作用.     

肝衰竭预后模型及中西医结合治疗进展

<正>肝衰竭是各种损伤因素多重打击下,导致肝功能严重障碍或失代偿,出现以黄疸、腹水、凝血功能不良等为主要表现的一组临床危重症候群。我国2018版指南将肝衰竭分为4类：急性肝衰竭(ALF)、亚急性肝衰竭(SALF)、慢加急性(亚急性)肝衰竭(ACLF)和慢性肝衰竭(CLF)^[1]。肝衰竭病情进展迅速,缺乏理想的治疗手段,病死率仍居高不下。近年来,中西医结合综合治疗方案在降低本病病死率方面取得了一定成效。     

进一步加强肝衰竭的临床与基础研究

肝衰竭是临床常见的严重肝病临床症候群,病死率高。近些年来肝衰竭的研究虽然已经取得了很大进展,但仍然有不少问题尚存在一些分歧,如肝衰竭的分类、诊断标准及治疗等,发病机制需要进一步阐明,新的诊治策略需要进一步探索。因此,需要进一步加强肝衰竭的临床与基础研究,从而提升肝衰竭的综合诊治水平,不断降低肝衰竭病死率。     

肝衰竭内科治疗的思路

肝衰竭是由多种因素引起的严重肝脏损害,导致合成、解毒、排泄和生物转化等功能发生严重障碍或失代偿,出现以凝血功能障碍、黄疸、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床症候群[1].我国肝衰竭的首要病因为肝炎病毒（主要是乙型肝炎病毒）,其次是药物及肝毒性物质（如乙醇、化学制剂等）.在西方国家,药物是引起急性、亚急性肝衰竭的主要因素[2];酒精性肝损害常导致慢性或慢加急性肝衰竭.肝衰竭在儿童中多可见于遗传代谢性疾病.肝衰竭的治疗手段主要包括内科综合治疗、人工肝支持系统辅助治疗及肝移植术治疗等,其中内科综合治疗是基础,但内科综合治疗仍未取得实质性的突破,缺乏特效药物及方法,病死率仍然较高[34].因此,肝衰竭内科治疗过程中,正确的思路非常重要.     

糖皮质激素应用于肝衰竭治疗机制及其临床时机的把握

肝衰竭是多种因素所引起的严重肝脏损伤,导致合成、解毒、代谢和生物转化功能严重障碍或失代偿,出现以黄疸、凝血功能障碍、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床症候群[1]。由于肝衰竭发病急、进展快、病死率高,大大增加了临床治疗的难度。目前,对于肝衰竭的治疗仍没有显著的突破,主要仍以内科综合治疗、人工肝治疗和肝移植为主。人工肝是借助体外机械、化学或生物性装置,可暂时或部分替代肝脏功能。肝移植因供体相对缺乏、费用较高和各种手术禁忌证等因素,仍有一定的局限性。糖皮质激素作为肾上腺皮质束状带分泌的一类甾体激素,自20世纪80年代以来,已开始应用于各种原因导致的肝炎和肝衰竭的治疗。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.