共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Shuang-jie Zhu Jian Pan Bin Zhao Juan Liang Wu Ze-yu Jun-jie Yang 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2013
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The immunomodulatory capacities of fresh Cordyceps militaris (FCM) and dry Cordyceps militaris (DCM) were compared.Materials and methods
In vivo immunomodulatory assay, different doses of FCM and DCM were orally administrated over a period of 15 days in a cyclophosphamide (CY) induced immunosuppression mice; in vitro testing, the spleen cells were extracted from healthy mice and treaded with CY, then cultured with different dose of FCM or DCM; the contents of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide (CMP), cordycepin, adenosine, total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) in FCM and DCM were measured.Results
Our studys indicated that, FCM was significantly stronger than DCM on increasing the spleen and thymus indexes, spleen lymphocyte activity, macrophage function, and promoting the levels of IL-2, IFN-γ in vivo and in vitro. The contents of immunomodulatory CMP and TF in FCM were markedly higher than in DCM.Conclusion
All these results suggested that FCM was superior to DCM on enhancing immunity. 相似文献2.
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Shirley Boller Cristian Soldi Maria C.A. Marques Elide P. Santos Daniela A. Cabrini Moacir G. Pizzolatti Aleksander R. Zampronio Michel F. Otuki 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2010
Ethnopharmacologycal relevance
The tea from the leaves of Baccharis illinita DC (Asteraceae family) is commonly used by the population as anti-inflammatory (including topically), protective gastric and anti-infectious. However, no studies have been done with this species to confirm its topical anti-inflammatory action.Aim
This study evaluated he topical effects of crude extract of leaves (CE) and its active constituents in 12-O-tetradecanoilforbol acetate (TPA)-induced ear oedema.Methodology
CE and compounds effects were tested in commonly used models of TPA-, arachidonic acid (AA)- and capsaicin-ear oedema. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell migration was evaluated by mieloperoxidase and analyzed histologically.Results
CE (0.1–1 mg/ear) caused a dose-related inhibition of TPA-induced ear oedema and PMN influx similarly to that produced by topical application of the steroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. The active constituents of the AcOEt fraction kaurenoic acid, α-spinasterol, oleanolic acid and baurenol also inhibited TPA-induced ear edema. Histological analysis of the ear of CE-treated animals confirmed the reduction of edema and of PMN infiltration. Both CE and the nosteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin inhibited the AA-induced ear oedema, but did not change capsaicin-induced oedema.Conclusion
These results indicate that the CE and the active constituents have a topical anti-inflammatory effect and the possible mechanisms for the pharmacological effects are discussed. 相似文献6.
Clarice de Carvalho Veloso Marina Chaves de Oliveira Cristina da Costa Oliveira Vanessa Gregório Rodrigues Alexandre Giusti-Paiva Mauro Martins Teixeira Igor Dimitri Duarte Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira Andrea de Castro Perez 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2014
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Pyrostegia venusta is used in traditional Brazilian medicine as a general tonic to treat any inflammatory disease. Several studies have demonstrated that medicinal plants constitute a therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic and inflammatory disarrangement. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of hydroethanolic extract of Pyrostegia venusta flowers (PvHE) supplementation for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction induced by high-refined-carbohydrate (HC) diet.Material and methods
The BALB/c mice were fed chow or HC diet for 8 weeks. Part of these animals was fed with HC diet supplemented with PvHE on the 9th week until the 12th week. At the end of the dietary intervention, animals were sacrificed.Results
We observed that PvHE decreased adiposity and adipocyte area; improved glucose intolerance; reduced serum triacylglycerol levels and systemic inflammatory cells; and also reduced some inflammatory mediators levels in adipose tissue and liver.Conclusion
The results showed that PvHE has beneficial effects and may treat inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction induced by HC diet, that are associated to a negative modulation of the inflammatory process at systemic and local levels. 相似文献7.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Craniotome furcata (Link.) O. Kuntze (Lamiaceae) is used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of cuts and wounds indicating antimicrobial activity.Aim of the study
To validate the traditional medicinal claim, in vitro antimicrobial activity of the extracts was screened against eleven human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.Materials and methods
The ethyl acetate (CE) and n-butanol (CB) extracts of the aerial parts of Craniotome furcata were tested against four Gram-positive bacteria, four Gram-negative bacteria and three fungi species. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the tube-dilution method.Results
The CE and CB extracts showed antimicrobial activity against all of the tested microorganisms, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 0.41–4.58 mg/ml.Conclusions
The tested microbes Micrococcus flavus and Escherichia coli were highly susceptible to extract CE and antimicrobial activity of CB is comparable to that of extract CE against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus faecalis while it is better than that of extract CE, against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Both the extracts were found less susceptible against tested fungi. 相似文献8.
Seon Beom Kim Bo Yoon Chang Yang Hee Jo Sang Hoon Lee Sang-Bae Han Bang Yeon Hwang Sung Yeon Kim Mi Kyeong Lee 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2013
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The fruits of Morus alba have been traditionally used as a tonic to enhance immune responses.Materials and methods
The macrophage activating constituents of Morus alba fruits were purified using various column chromatography techniques. The structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation such as 1D and 2D NMR analysis. The macrophage activating activities of isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-12 in RAW 264.7 cells. The phagocytic activity was also evaluated.Results
Five pyrrole alkaloids, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (1), 2-formyl-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid (2), 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid (3), 2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid (4) and Morrole A (5) were isolated from the fruits of Morus alba. Morrole A (5) is first reported in nature and other pyrrole alkaloids (1–4) are first reported from Morus species. Among the isolated compounds, compounds 3 and 4 significantly activated macrophage activity by the enhancement of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-12 production, and the stimulation of phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells.Conclusion
Pyrrole alkaloids, including a new compound, were isolated from Morus alba fruits. These compounds activated macrophage activity in RAW 264.7 cells. 相似文献9.
Nawel Hamza Bénédicte Berke Catherine Cheze Abdel-Nacer Agli Philip Robinson Henri Gin Nicholas Moore 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2010
Aim of the study
The preventive effect of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of Artemisia herba-alba Asso (AHA), and Centaurium erythraea Rafn (CE), two medicinal plants used in traditional treatment of diabetes in the north-eastern Algeria, were evaluated in animal models of type 2 diabetic induced with a standardised high fat diet (HFD).Materials and methods
Plant extracts were administered orally by gavage at a dose of 2 g/kg bodyweight daily for 20 weeks to male C57BL/6J mice fed HFD. Animals were weighed and plasma glucose measured weekly and insulin at the end of study using standard ELISA methods.Results
After 6 weeks, blood glucose levels increased in HFD control mice. At end of study (20 weeks) in groups treated with AHA or CE extracts vs. HFD control group there was a significant reduction in mean (±SD) fasting blood glucose (respectively 108.0 ± 42.0 and 120.4 ± 45.1 vs. 183.1 ± 19.1 mg/dl, p < 0.05), triglyceride concentrations (26.9 ± 6.7 and 27.9 ± 17.8 vs. 48.9 ± 12.1 mg/dl, p < 0.05) and serum insulin levels (1.1 ± 1.0 and 0.6 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 1.8 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Plant extracts also markedly reduced insulin resistance as measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) compared to HFD controls (AHA: 4.4 ± 5.3, CE: 3.0 ± 3.3 vs. HFD control 38.3 ± 26.6, p < 0.05). The plant extracts had no effect on calorie intake or body weight.Conclusion
AHA had been shown to have a hypoglycaemic effect in diabetes but this is the first demonstration of a preventive effect of AHA and CE on HFD-induced diabetes. 相似文献10.
Esra Küpeli Akkol Gülcan Avcı Ismail Küçükkurt Hikmet Keleş Uğur Tamer Sinan Ince Erdem Yesilada 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2009
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Thymbra spicata is a member of the Lamiaceae family; leaves of this plant have recently gained much popularity as a remedy to combat hypercholesterolaemia.Aim of the study
To evaluate the antihypercholesterolaemic, antioxidant and anti-steatohepatitic activities of the diethyl ether (DEE), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and remaining aqueous (RA) extracts from Thymbra spicata var. spicata in mice.Materials and methods
In this study, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and remaining aqueous extracts of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata P.H.Davis (Lamiaceae) were evaluated for the effects on the plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) and glucose; blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH); erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD).Results
The HFD induced an increase in plasma TC, TG, LDL, MDA concentrations compared to control group. However, administration of DEE with HFD reduced TC, LDL, TG and MDA concentrations, while increased HDL concentration, as well as GSH, SOD and CAT activities compared to HFD. The other extract from the plant was RA, which also showed a similar activity profile with DEE except CAT. On the other hand, administration of EtOAc extract with HFD decreased plasma TC, TG and MDA, while GSH concentration was increased. Histopathologically, best liver conditions were observed in DEE and lesser in RA extracts. Based on the results obtained in this investigation it is suggested that the DEE and partially RA extracts of Thymbra spicata var. spicata displayed significant antihypercholesterolaemic, antioxidant and anti-steatohepatitic activities. HPLC analysis of the DEE extract of Thymbra spicata var. spicata revealed the presence of carvacrol (44.13%).Conclusion
The observed cholesterol-reducer, antioxidant and liver protective effects of the DEE and partially of RA extracts of Thymbra spicata which contain mainly carvacrol indicates that these extracts possess some potential medicinal value and explain their ethnomedical use. 相似文献11.
Aim of the study
The purpose of this study is to isolate the pure compounds from the extracts of Cordyceps militaris obtained through solid-state cultivation process, and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.Materials and methods
Silica gel column chromatographic purification of Cordyceps militaris extracts resulted in the isolation of 10 pure compounds (1-10). The compounds 1-10 were examined for their growth inhibitory properties against nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-12 enhanced production from LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the anti-proliferation effects of 1-10 on human cancer cell lines, colon (colon 205), prostate (PC-3), and hepatoma (HepG2) cells were also analyzed.Results
Compound 8 displayed potent growth inhibition on NO, TNF-α and IL-12 production with an IC50 value of 7.5, 6.3, and 7.6 μg/ml, respectively. A similar inhibitory trend on these inflammatory mediators was observed for 3, 7, 9 and 10 with an IC50 values ranging from 10.8 to 17.2 μg/ml. On the other hand, compounds 3 and 8 were potent anti-proliferative agents with an IC50 value of 35.6 and 32.6 μg/ml toward PC-3 and colon 205 cell lines, respectively. The compounds 1 and 2 showed potent anti-proliferation in PC-3 and colon 205 cells, while only 3 displayed such effect in HepG2 cells.Conclusion
The present study provides scientific supporting information for the ethnopharmacological use of Cordyceps militaris as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent. 相似文献12.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cordyceps militaris has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating allergy in East Asia.Aim of the study
We investigated the anti-allergic efficacy of Cordyceps militaris and its mechanism of action.Materials and methods
β-Hexosaminidase release of mast cells, a key parameter of degranulation, was evaluated. Anti-allergic potential of Cordyceps militaris was studied using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in vivo. The anti-allergic mechanism of Cordyceps militaris was investigated by immunoblotting analysis, RT-PCR and other biological approaches in mast cells.Results
GSCM EtOAc extract (GSCME) inhibited antigen-induced degranulation with a IC50 value (28.5 μg/ml) in RBL-2H3 cells and antigen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) response with a ED50 value (665 mg/kg) in vivo. The release of interleukin (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α were decreased by GSCME in RBL-2H3 cells. In order to elucidate the anti-allergic mechanisms of GSCME in mast cells, we examined the activated levels of signaling molecules. GSCME inhibited the phosphorylation Syk, ERK, p38 and JNK expression. Identified genistein, daidzein, genistein 7-O-β-d-glucoside 4″-O-methylate, genistein 4′-O-β-d-glucoside 4″-O-methylate, glycitein 7-O-β-d-glucoside 4″-O-methylate, daidzein 7-O-β-d-glucoside 4″-O-methylate and adenosine in GSCME, inhibited antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells.Conclusions
Our study suggests that GSCME might be used as a therapeutic agent for allergic diseases. 相似文献13.
Jadeja RN Thounaojam MC Ramani UV Devkar RV Ramachandran AV 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2011,135(2):338-343
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb leaf aqueous extract (CG) is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Previous study from our laboratory have documented anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties of CG extract but, till date there are no pharmacological studies available on its anti-obesity potential. This inventory investigates the underlining molecular mechanism/s of CG induced regulation of in vivo HFD induced obesity and in vitro adipocyte differentiation.Aim
To evaluate effects of CG extract on (i) expression of genes regulating visceral adiposity and (ii) in vitro adipocyte differentiation and LEP release.Materials and methods
Body weight, lee index, plasma lipids and LEP, mRNA expression of PPARγ-2, SREBP1c, FAS, CPT-1 and LEP in epididymal adipose tissue of control and experimental groups were evaluated. Also, potential of CG extract on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and LEP release was assessed.Results
Supplementation of CG extract to HFD fed mice significantly prevented HFD induced increment in bodyweight, lee index, plasma lipids and LEP, visceral adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy. Also, CG extract supplementation resulted in down regulation of PPARγ-2, SREBP1c, FAS and LEP expression along with up-regulation of CPT-1 in epididymal adipose tissue compared to HFD fed mice. In vitro study recorded significant anti-adipogenic effect of CG extract that resulted in decreased adipogenesis, TG accumulation, LEP release, G3PDH activity along with higher glycerol release without significantly altering viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes.Conclusions
Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb extract prevents adipocyte differentiation and visceral adiposity by down regulation of PPARγ-2 related genes and Lep expression thus validating its traditional therapeutic use in controlling obesity. 相似文献14.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Juniperus (Cupressaceae) species are widely used as folk medicine in spreading countries. Decoction of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus L. leaves is used internally to lower blood glucose levels in Turkey.Aim of the study
To determine hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activities of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus leaves and to identify active compounds through bioactivity guided isolation technique.Materials and methods
Ethanol and water extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus (Joso), leaves on oral administration were studied using in vivo models in normal, glucose-hyperglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Through in vivo bioactivity-guided fractionation processes, a nonpolar fraction was separated from the n-hexane subextract by silica gel column chromatography as the main active fraction. Subfractions of this fraction was found to possess antidiabetic activity and their chemical composition was investigated by GC-FID and GC–MS, simultaneously.Results
This is the first report on the antidiabetic constituents of Joso leaves. Fatty acids, such as palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid were found as the major compounds in subfractions.Conclusion
Results indicated that Joso leaf extract and its active constituents might be beneficial for diabetes mellitus. 相似文献15.
Hun Jai Lim Hong-Guang Jin Eun-Rhan Woo Sang Kook Lee Hyun Pyo Kim 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2013
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The root barks of Morus alba have been used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory drug, especially for treating lung inflammatory disorders.Aim of study
To find new alternative agents against airway inflammation and to establish the scientific rationale of the herbal medicine in clinical use, the root barks of Morus alba and its flavonoid constituents were examined for the first time for their pharmacological activity against lung inflammation.Materials and methods
For in vivo evaluation, an animal model of lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation in mice was used. An inhibitory action against the production of proinflammatory molecules in lung epithelial cells and lung macrophages was examined.Results
Against lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation, the ethanol extract of the root barks of Morus alba clearly inhibited bronchitis-like symptoms, as determined by TNF-α production, inflammatory cells infiltration and histological observation at 200–400 mg/kg/day by oral administration. In addition, Morus alba and their major flavonoid constituents including kuwanone E, kuwanone G and norartocarpanone significantly inhibited IL-6 production in lung epithelial cells (A549) and NO production in lung macrophages (MH-S).Conclusions
Taken together, it is concluded that Morus alba and the major prenylated flavonoid constituents have a potential for new agents to control lung inflammation including bronchitis. 相似文献16.
Ravi Alvala Mallika Alvala Venkatesh Sama Sriram Dharmarajan Jeankumar Variam Ullas Madhava Reddy B 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2013
Ethnopharmacological relevance
The bark of Tecomella undulata is traditionally claimed in the treatment of various disease ailments including obesity and cancer. Till now there are no studies about anti-obesity activity of Tecomella undulata bark.Aim of the study
The present study was aimed to establish a scientific evidence for anti-obesity efficiency of ethyl acetate extract of Tecomella undulata bark (EATUB). Further to standardize the active fractions of EATUB using different biomarkers.Materials and methods
We investigated activity of EATUB fractions (F1–F7) using 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Further, F1-mediated effects were characterized by determining mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1, one of the key targets for the treatment of obesity, using semi-quantitative RT-PCR (sqRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. The consequences of modulation of SIRT1 on mRNA and protein levels of various adipogenesis mediators like PPARγ, C/EBPα, E2F1, leptin, adiponectin and LPL were also studied. In vivo studies were performed using High Fat Diet (HFD) obese mice.Results
Our data showed that compared to controls, preadipocytes and adipocytes incubated with F1 exhibited a significant decrease in adipogenesis and lipogenesis. In addition, sqRT-PCR and western blot analysis showed significant increase in SIRT1 and adiponectin levels and decrease in PPARγ, C/EBPα, E2F1, leptin and LPL levels in preadipocytes and adipocytes. In vivo studies of F1 in HFD induced obese mice showed significant improvement in lipid profile and glucose levels. The bioactive fraction (F1) was determined to possess 4.95% of ferulic acid.Conclusion
Thus, our findings signified the beneficial effects of Tecomella undulata bark in pharmacologic interventions related to obesity and metabolic disorders. Ferulic acid and rutin are being reported and quantified for the first time from the bark of Tecomella undulata. 相似文献17.
L. Mannerås M. Fazliana W.M. Wan Nazaimoon M. Lönn H.F. Gu C.G. Östenson E. Stener-Victorin 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2010
Aim of the study
New options are needed to prevent and treat metabolic disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Labisia pumila var. alata (LPva)—a Malaysian herb thought to have phytoestrogenic effects—has shown promise in reducing body weight gain in ovariectomized rats. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPva on body composition and metabolic features in female rats treated continuously with dihydrotestosterone, starting before puberty, to induce PCOS.Material and methods
At 9 weeks of age, the PCOS rats were randomly subdivided into two groups; PCOS LPva and PCOS control. PCOS LPva rats received a daily oral dose of LPva (50 mg/kg body weight), dissolved in 1 ml of deionised water, for 4–5 weeks. PCOS controls received 1 ml of deionised water on the same schedule.Results
LPva increased uterine weight (27%) and insulin sensitivity (36%) measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma resistin levels were increased and lipid profile was improved in LPva rats. In adipose tissue, LPva decreased leptin mRNA expression but did not affect expression of resistin and adiponectin. No effects on body composition, adipocyte size, or plasma leptin levels were observed.Conclusion
LPva increases uterine weight, indicating estrogenic effects, and improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in PCOS rats without affecting body composition. 相似文献18.
Harbilas D Brault A Vallerand D Martineau LC Saleem A Arnason JT Musallam L Haddad PS 《Journal of ethnopharmacology》2012,141(3):1012-1020
Ethnobotanical relevance
: In previous in vitro bioassay studies, Populus balsamifera L. (Salicaceae), a medicinal plant ethnobotanically identified from the traditional pharmacopoeia of the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (Eastern James Bay area of Canada), exhibited a strong anti-obesity potential by potently inhibiting adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this plant extract in mitigating the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mice.Materials and methods
Mice were subjected for eight weeks to a standard diet (CHOW), a high fat diet (HFD; DIO group), or HFD to which Populus balsamifera was incorporated at 125 and 250 mg/kg.Results
The results showed that Populus balsamifera decreased in a dose-dependent manner the weight gain of whole body, retroperitoneal fat pad and liver as compared to DIO controls and reduced the severity of hepatic macrovesicular steatosis and triglyceride accumulation. This plant extract also decreased glycemia in the second half of the feeding period and improved insulin sensitivity by diminishing insulin levels and the leptin/adiponectin ratio, as well as augmenting adiponectin levels. These effects were associated with slightly but significantly reduced food intake with 250 mg/kg Populus balsamifera as well as with an increase in energy expenditure (increase in skin temperature and increased expression of uncoupling protein-1; UCP-1). Data also suggest other mechanisms, such as inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, decrease of hepatic inflammatory state and potential increase in hepatic fatty acid oxidation.Conclusion
Taken together, these results confirm the potential of Populus balsamifera as a culturally adapted therapeutic approach for the care and treatment of obesity and diabetes among the Cree. 相似文献19.
Hong Wu Niels Høiby Liang Yang Michael Givskov Zhijun Song 《Journal of traditional Chinese medicine》2014
Objective
To summarized the antimicrobial-like effects of Radix Ginseng, which provide important information to the relevant researchers and clinicians, and will benefit the clinical treatment of infectious diseases.Methods
PubMed and Google were used to search for and collect scientific publications related to Radix Ginseng and microbial infections. The authors read, classified, and discussed the associated scientific results or evidences, and summarized the corresponding results.Results
In this review, recent studies on the beneficial effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on microbial and biofilm infections were reviewed. The importance and significance of Radix Ginseng's beneficial effects are discussed. Evidence for the favorable effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and the possible underlying mechanisms are summarized.Conclusion
Radix Ginseng might be a promising supplemental remedy for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. 相似文献20.