Mumps in Poland in 2000

A total of 17,548 mumps cases were reported in Poland in 2000. A 5-fold decrease in incidence of the disease (from 233.4 to 45.4 per 100,000 population) was noted, when compared with 1999. Approximately 4.8% of mumps cases were hospitalized (849 cases). The majority of the reported cases were children aged 5-9 (51.4% of all cases). In all voivodships the incidence was lower than in previous years. The probable cause of the decline of mumps cases was a marked amelioration of MMR vaccination coverage among 3-year old children. The MMR vaccine is not included into the national program of immunization, the vaccination is recommended for 2-year and 7-year old children.     

The epidemiology of measles in Poland: prevalence of measles virus antibodies in the population

WHO has adopted a goal of eliminating indigenous measles from the European Region by the year 2007. The strategy focuses on reducing the proportion of susceptible individuals in the population to low levels and maintaining these low levels of susceptibility. Routine vaccination against measles for children aged 13-15 months was introduced in Poland in 1975, and a second dose added in 1991. High coverage (> 95%) is achieved with both doses. In order to assess progress towards measles elimination in Poland, a serological survey was performed to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the susceptibility profile of population. Three thousand residual serum samples from individuals aged 1-30 years were collected from hospitals in six selected voivodeships (administration units) in Poland. These were tested for measles-specific IgG using a commercial ELISA. Overall 4% (120/3000) were negative for measles virus antibody. The highest proportion of negatives (8.2%) occurred among cohorts born 1977-81--the only cohorts in which susceptibility exceeded the WHO targets. 'Catch-up' vaccination strategies should target these cohorts.     

Immunogenicity and efficacy of Hoshino strain of mumps vaccine in Iran; two years study

This report describes the immunogenicity and efficacy and long term immunity of Hoshino strain of Mumps (included in MMR Vaccine) in shahr-e-kord, Islamic Republic of Iran (I.R.Iran). A total of 338 Children aged 3-18 years were tested for Mumps IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proportion of susceptible, mumps IgG negative, children was 19.8% (67 subjects). Of the 67 susceptible children, 36 received the MMR vaccination and successfully completed the study. Blood was collected by venipuncture 3, 12, and 24 months after vaccination and serum samples were tested by ELISA for detection of Mumps IgM and IgG. The overall seroconversion rate was 86.1%, 77.7% and 75% at 3, 12, and 24 months after vaccination respectively.     

Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella among Thai Population: Evaluation of Measles/MMR Immunization Programme

Stored serum specimens, from four regions of Thailand, of healthy children attending well baby clinics and of healthy people with acute illnesses visiting outpatient clinics were randomly sampled and tested for IgG antibody to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). The immunity patterns of rubella and mumps fitted well with the history of rubella and MMR vaccination, seroprotective rates being over 85% among those aged over seven years. A high proportion of younger children acquired the infection before the age of vaccination. MMR vaccination should preferably be given to children at an earlier age. For measles, 73% seroprotective rates among children, aged 8-14 years, who should have received two doses of measles/MMR vaccine, were lower than expected. This finding was consistent with the age-group reported in outbreaks of measles in Thailand. The apparent ineffectiveness (in relation to measles) of MMR immunization of 1^st grade students warrants further studies.Key words: Antibodies, Immunization, Measles, Measles vaccine, Mumps, MMR vaccine, Rubella, Seroepidemiologic studies, Seroprevalence, Vaccination, Thailand     

2007-2008年绵阳市流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征分析

目的了解绵阳市2007-2008年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为制定预防控制策略提供依据。方法对2007-2008年绵阳市流行性腮腺炎疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2007-2008年绵阳市累计报告流行性腮腺炎2917例,占同期法定传染病报告数的6.99%。全年均有病例报告,4～7月份呈现发病高峰(46.49%),以学生(57.22%)、幼托儿童(20.05%)为主,5～9岁占42.48%。结论流行性腮腺炎好发于学生及幼托儿童,春季发病较多。     

Changes of the immunological patterns against measles, mumps and rubella. A vaccination programme studied 3 to 7 years after the introduction of a two-dose schedule

A two-dose vaccination programme using a combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR) and administration at the ages of 18 months and 12 years was introduced in 1982. The 12-year-old schoolchildren were tested yearly from 1985 to 1989 on serum samples obtained prior to and after vaccination. Each year between 420 and 756 children were tested. The method used for antibody testing was the haemolysis-in-gel (HIG) assay. For measles also the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the neutralization titre (NT) were applied. Only minor variations of the prevaccination immunity to measles were seen during the period 3-7 years after introduction of the programme. The age groups studied had partly been vaccinated against measles earlier. Between 12 and 16% lacked prevaccination immunity. In contrast the immunity to mumps and rubella of the 12-year-old children decreased considerably during the study period. No general vaccination against these diseases had been performed. Thus the susceptibility to mumps increased from 14% in 1985 to 39% in 1989 and to rubella from 41 to 57%. The seroconversion rate of children seronegative for measles was high, i.e. 100% in 1985 and later varied between 96 and 97%. For mumps, the seroconversion rate was lower and varied between 72 and 88%. All sera converted to rubella. During the follow-up period there was a declining incidence of measles, mumps and rubella. The relationship between the vaccination and reduction of disease and natural immunity strongly suggests that the association is causal and that this vaccination policy reduced the transmission of infection.     

2006-2010年双塔区流行性腮腺炎流行特征分析

目的 分析双塔区2006-2010年流行性腮腺炎的流行特征.方法 对2006-2010年双塔区流行性腮腺炎疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析.结果 双塔区2006-2010年共报告流行性腮腺炎665例,无死亡病例,年平均发病率34.43/10万;常年均有发病,呈现5～7月、11月至翌年1月2个发病高峰,占发病总数的70.97％;5～14岁组病例占发病总数的81.80％;学生、幼托儿童、散居儿童占发病总数的98.32％.结论 要加强学校托幼机构流行性腮腺炎的防控工作,倡导适龄儿童接种疫苗.     

石河子市儿童流行性腮腺炎疫苗免疫效果评价

目的评价儿童接种流行性腮腺炎疫苗的免疫效果。方法采用组群抽样的方法,抽取在12～18个月接种过流腮疫苗的1～8岁儿童共769名,用酶联免疫法原(ELLSA)定性测定流腮IgG抗体。结果 1岁～组的抗体阳性率最低(31.15%),2岁～组抗体阳性率最高(67.19%),2岁～组以后随年龄的增长抗体水平呈下降趋势,并进行趋势卡方检验差异有统计学意义(χ2=477.22,P﹤0.005),男女间腮腺炎抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.077,P﹥0.05),常住儿童抗体阳性率高于暂住人口(χ2=3.92,P﹤0.05)。结论石河子市儿童接种1剂次腮腺炎疫苗后,腮腺炎抗体水平处于较低水平,建议采取2剂次的接种方案。     

冻干流行性腮腺炎减毒活疫苗人体反应及免疫效果观察

冻干流行性腮腺炎减毒活疫苗（腮腺炎疫苗），在我国系新近问世的预防制剂。我们选用了能够更为真实反映疫苗免疫原性的血清中和试验（ＳＮ）方法，对Ｓ７９株腮腺炎疫苗的免疫效果及人体反应进行观察。检测了２３９份无腮腺炎显性感染史及接种史的１～４岁健康儿童的免疫前、后血清，结果显示，免疫前抗体阴性的１５８名儿童中，免疫后４５天其中和抗体阳转率为８５．４％，几何平均滴度倒数（ＧＭＲＴ）为５．５３：免疫前抗体阳性者其免疫后抗体亦显著升高，且４倍及以上增长者占５６．８％。由此可见，不论免疫的有无抗体该疫苗免疫后抗体均显著升高。接种该疫苗后全身及局部反应轻微，表明该疫苗可用作流行性腮腺炎自动免疫预防。     

2008--2012年开封市流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征

目的通过分析开封市2008--2012年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为实施扩大国家免疫规划控制流行性腮腺炎提供理论依据和科学指导。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统网络直报收集2008--2012年流行性腮腺炎病例资料,采用Excel2003软件对2008--2012年网络直报报告病例进行统计图表的制作及回顾性分析。结果开封市2008--2012年共报告流行性腮腺炎病例5221例,年平均发病率为22．1266／10万。全年均有发病,4—7月份发病最多,以男性患儿居多,4～10岁儿童发病率最高。结论流行性腮腺炎的控制重在预防,预防接种是控制流行性腮腺炎最为有效且简单易行的方法,因此,切实提高流行季节易患儿童疫苗接种率是十分必要的。     

日照市健康人群麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的了解日照市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)抗体水平和自然感染情况。方法 2009年采集日照市开发区1～≥20岁健康人群血清标本245份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体。结果麻疹、风疹和腮腺炎抗体分别检测血清245份。麻疹抗体阳性率98.78%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1:1722.13;风疹抗体阳性率60.82%,抗体含量均值为35.30U/ml;腮腺炎抗体阳性率为84.49%,抗体含量均值为62.94U/ml。结论麻疹抗体阳性率显著高于风疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率,风疹抗体阳性率普遍较低,3～6岁儿童的腮腺炎抗体阳性率显著低于其他健康人群。应加强儿童风疹和腮腺炎疫苗接种,提高接种率。定期开展育龄期妇女风疹疫苗接种工作。     

Feasibility of influenza immunization for inner-city children aged 6 to 23 months

BACKGROUND: Annual influenza-related hospitalization rates of children aged < 2 years in the United States are second only to those of the elderly. Yet no recommendations existed for vaccinating healthy children aged 6 to 23 months until 2002, when the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices encouraged influenza vaccination for them. This study tested the feasibility of vaccinating 6- to 23-month-old children against influenza and assessed the effect on timely receipt of other vaccines. METHODS: A pre-post trial was used in urban health centers serving low-income children. Sites selected interventions from strategies proven to increase vaccination rates. Targeted patients were aged 6 to 23 months by November 30, 2002 (N = 1534). RESULTS: Influenza vaccination rates for the 2002-2003 intervention season improved significantly from 6.5% to 38.5% for the first dose (p < 0.001). Second-dose rates were significantly improved over preintervention (1.9% preintervention, 13.2% intervention), but lower than first-dose rates. Mean ages at vaccination for other recommended childhood vaccines did not differ or were significantly younger (measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine [MMR] and varicella) for children who received influenza vaccine versus those who did not. Moreover, a higher percentage of influenza-vaccinated than unvaccinated children received MMR, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine 3 (DTaP3), inactivated poliovirus vaccine 2 (IPV2), and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib2) vaccines within a 2-month grace period of the recommended age (p < 0.039), with no differences between groups for Hib1, DTaP1, IPV1, and varicella. CONCLUSIONS: With directed effort, it is possible to increase influenza vaccination at health centers serving low-income children. The addition of a two-dose vaccine was not associated with delayed receipt of other vaccines among these children.     

Mumps and rubella surveillance in Victoria, 1993 to 2000.

Despite improving childhood coverage of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) in Victoria during the 1990s, mumps and rubella notifications in age groups eligible for vaccination persisted. This study reviewed the mumps and rubella surveillance data from 1993 to 2000 with a specific focus on method of diagnosis. There were 474 notifications of mumps over the seven-year period (annual median 61, range 40 to 77) and 3,544 notifications of rubella (annual median 297, range 66 to 1,165). The highest notifications rates for mumps were consistently among the 1-4 and 5-9 year age groups, whereas there was a marked change in the age distribution of rubella notifications during this interval. A large rubella outbreak occurred in 1995 with 1,165 notifications; the highest notification rates were males aged 15-24 years, infants under one year of age (males and females), and those aged 5-14 years (males and females), respectively. The susceptibility of 5-24 year olds reflects historical changes to the Australian Standard Vaccination Schedule. Rubella notifications returned to baseline levels in 1998 with the highest notification rates in infants aged under one year, and children aged 1-4 years. For both mumps and rubella, the majority of notifications for all age groups were clinically diagnosed, and were most common in children.     

天津市麻疹风疹及流行性腮腺炎抗体水平分析

目的了解天津市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平,评价疫苗接种需求。方法2007年3月采集0~57岁健康人群608人份血样品,用ELISA方法定量检测麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体水平。运用直线相关分析抗体阳性率,保护率GMC与疾病发病率之间的关系,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎疫苗接种率分别为70.39%、16.78%和12.34%;抗体阳性率分别为91.78%,65.79%和73.52%;抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)分别为2 488.10 IU/L、200.4 IU/ml和759.91 U/ml。麻疹抗体阳性率,保护率与发病率存在明显相关关系(P0.01),而GMC与麻疹发病率没有显著性相关;风疹和流行性腮腺炎抗体阳性率、GMC与发病率无相关关系。结论本次调查显示2007年天津市麻疹人群抗体GMC总体保持在较高水平。风疹、流行性腮腺炎疫苗接种率和抗体水平较低,2剂次的麻腮风疫苗(MMR)纳入免疫规划既有助于消除麻疹,也有利于控制风疹和流行性腮腺炎。     

Mumps in Poland in 2003

In 2003, 87,336 cases of mumps were reported in Poland. The incidence (228,7 per 100,000) was higher then in 2002(104.6), which corresponds to a periodical increase of mumps incidence. According to the natural periodicity the peak incidence would be expected to take place in 2002. The increase of mumps incidence in 2003, still lower however then the previous peaks, can be attributed to the prolongation of the epidemics cycle usually occurring with growing vaccine coverage. Even though the mumps vaccine was not included into the national immunization program, the coverage in 3-year old children in 2003 reached 39.6%. Approximately 4.6% of cases were hospitalized (4,056) and no mumps deaths were reported. Children 5-9 year old constituted the most affected age group (incidence 2,133.1 per 100,000). In Poland the MMR vaccine was recommended on voluntary basis in place of measles vaccine for children in their 2nd and 7th year of age. Immunization of 2-years old children is mandatory beginning in 2004.     

乌鲁木齐市高新区3~15岁在校生腮腺炎病毒抗体水平检测结果分析

目的 检测并分析乌鲁木齐市高新区3~15岁在校生腮腺炎病毒抗体水平,为腮腺炎预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法 采用整群抽样法抽取高新区六所学校3~15岁在校生共560人,采用酶联免疫法定性测定血清腮腺炎病毒抗体。结果 各年龄组腮腺炎病毒抗体总体阳性率为78.92%,7岁~和14~15岁年龄组阳性率最高均为90%,其余各组阳性率随年龄增加而降低,5岁~与12岁~达最低值;不同性别、民族腮腺炎病毒抗体阳性率无差异;常住户籍儿童抗体阳性率高于流动儿童,且抗体阳性率与接种剂次成正比。结论 高新区3~15岁在校生腮腺炎病毒抗体阳性率较低,为预防该疾病在本区爆发,各接种点应加强对流动儿童接种管理,提高适龄儿童含腮腺炎成分疫苗接种率,做好学前查验证及第二剂次加强工作。     

潍坊市健康人群风疹和流行性腮腺炎抗体水平检测

目的了解潍坊市健康人群风疹、流行性腮腺炎（腮腺炎）抗体水平和自然感染情况。方法采集潍坊市高新区1-≥70岁健康人群血清标本843人份,采集血球凝集抑制（Ⅲ）试验检测风疹和腮腺炎抗体。结果检测843份血清中的风疹抗体,抗体阳性率83.51％,几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：93.96。检测843份血清中的腮腺炎抗体,阳性率为71.46％,GMT为1：4.76。结论由于≤5岁儿童风疹感染率为58.64％,腮腺炎感染率为38.58％,建议对≤5岁儿童进行风疹和腮腺炎疫苗查漏补种工作。     

2003-2008年沿滩区流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征分析

目的分析沿滩区2003-2008年流行性腮腺炎的流行特征。方法对2003-2008年沿滩区流行性腮腺炎疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果沿滩区2003-2008年共报告流行性腮腺炎病例454,无死亡病例,年平均发病率21.30/10万;发病季节常年均有发病,以4～7月份居多,占总发病数的56.61%;发病年龄14岁以下占94.49%;幼托儿童、散居儿童、学生占96.92%。结论沿滩区流行性腮腺炎发病人群主要为14岁以下的幼托儿童、散居儿童和学生。     

4~6岁儿童接种麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗加强免疫的免疫原性与安全性研究

目的 探讨4~6岁儿童接种麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗（MMR）后的加强免疫原性与安全性。方法 分别在山西省、内蒙古自治区以及北京市招募曾有8月龄和18月龄接种过1剂麻疹-风疹联合减毒活疫苗和MMR疫苗免疫史的4~6岁儿童作为研究对象,分为4、5、6岁组,进行MMR疫苗加强免疫研究。接种MMR疫苗前与接种后35~42 d各采集血标本3 ml。在研究期间,主动监测疫苗接种后30 min、1 d、2 d、3 d、4~12 d,以及13~42 d的不良事件。血清采用酶标法检测麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹的IgG抗体。采用方差分析或非参数检验比较研究组间麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹抗体几何平均浓度（GMC）,采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法比较组间阳性率和不良事件发生率。结果 共500名完成免后采血儿童纳入免疫原性分析,535名儿童纳入安全性分析。总体不良事件发生率为20.37%,轻度不良事件最多。局部与全身不良事件发生率分别为0.37%和20.00%。局部不良事件的症状以接种部位发红为主,全身不良事件以发热症状为主,其次为咳嗽、皮疹、流涕等。在4~6岁进行1剂MMR疫苗加强免疫后,麻疹抗体、腮腺炎抗体与风疹抗体阳性率均在99%以上,3组间阳性率差异无统计学意义。3组间仅腮腺炎抗体GMC差异有统计学意义（P=0.042）,麻疹与风疹抗体相关结果均无差异。免前阴性者的麻疹、腮腺炎及风疹抗体GMC均低于免前阳性者。结论 在4~6岁儿童中进行MMR疫苗的加强免疫,具有良好的免疫原性与安全性,在4~6岁之间的加强免疫效果相近。     

Hepatitis A vaccination coverage among children aged 24-35 months--United States, 2004-2005

After the licensure of hepatitis A vaccine in 1995 for children aged > or =24 months, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) incrementally expanded the proportion of children for whom it recommended the vaccine. In 1996, ACIP recommended vaccinating children in communities that had high rates of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, including American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities and selected Hispanic and religious communities. In 1999, ACIP extended the recommendation to include routine vaccination for all children living in states, counties, and communities with incidence rates twice the 1987-1997 national average of 10 cases per 100,000 population (i.e., > or =20 cases per 100,000 population); ACIP also recommended considering vaccination for children living in states, counties, and communities with incidence rates exceeding the 1987-1997 national average (i.e., >10 to <20 cases per 100,000 population). National estimates of hepatitis A vaccination coverage were first made available through the 2003 National Immunization Survey (NIS), which indicated an overall national 1-dose coverage level of 16.0% (range: 6.4%-72.7%) among children aged 24-35 months. The estimates in this report update those findings by including 2 additional years of data (2004 and 2005). National 1-dose vaccination-coverage levels among children aged 24-35 months increased from 17.6% in 2004 to 21.3% in 2005. Coverage in states where vaccination was recommended (overall in 2005: 56.5%; range: 12.9%-71.0%) was below those for other recommended childhood vaccinations, such as varicella (87.5% in 2004). Despite low hepatitis A vaccination-coverage levels compared with other recommended childhood vaccinations, incidence of acute HAV infections have declined to the lowest level ever recorded. The 2005 licensure of the hepatitis A vaccine for use in younger children (aged > or =12 months) and the 2006 ACIP guideline for routine hepatitis A vaccination of all children aged > or =12 months should result in improved vaccination coverage and further reductions in disease incidence.