翻开抗微生物药物厚厚的“族谱”

抗微生物药物是一个很大的“家族”,包括很多成员,按照药物作用的对象（即八大类微生物）可分为：抗茵药物、抗病毒药物、抗真菌药物、抗支原体药物、抗衣原体药物、抗立克次体药物、抗分支杆菌药物、抗螺旋体药物等,通常不包括抗寄生虫药物,但广义的抗微生物药物有时把抗寄生虫药物也包括在内。     

2010年中国药学大会暨第十届中国药师周征文通知

大会征文内容：生化与生物技术药物、中药和天然药物、海洋药物、制药工程、药剂、抗生素、药物分析、药物化学、医院药学、老年药学、药事管理、军事药学、药物流行病学、应用药理、药物经济学、药学史、药物临床评价研究、药物安全评价研究、医药知识产权研究、药物信息研究与利用等相关领域内容。     

纳米药物研究进展及前景展望

纳米药物与普通制剂的药物相比,具有较大的表面积、较强的化学活性、较快的吸收速度,在通过生物体的各种屏障、控制药物的释放速度、设定药物的靶向性等许多方面,纳米药物都具有一般药物不可替代的优越性,为药物研究提供了全新的领域。本文从纳米药物的制备、特点、应用等几方面介绍纳米药物的研究进展并展望了纳米药物的前景。     

欢迎订阅《临床药物治疗杂志》

《临床药物治疗杂志》是中国科技核心期刊(中国科技论文统计源期刊),以"共同追求适宜的药物治疗"为愿景,以治疗药物与药物治疗的最新进展为核心话题,报道创新药物新技术、药物治疗新理念,报道科学用药知识和经验,突出临床用药的实用性和指导性,坚持跨学科融合。主要栏目设有疾病的药物治疗、未来药物、最新药物、药物评价、述评、专家看法、综述、指南与共识、论著、基层用药、药物与临床、药物治疗管理、病例报告、药事管理、医药拾萃等。     

某院2011年抗菌药物临床应用的调查分析

目的了解我院"抗菌药物临床合理应用专项整治活动"前后抗菌药物合理使用的情况,整治后的效果,为我院长期合理应用抗菌药物提供参考。方法采用回顾性方法,对我院2011年度"抗菌药物临床合理应用专项整治活动"前后的处方、病历进行抽查得出数据,包括门诊抗菌药物使用率、住院患者抗菌药物使用率、微生物送检率、Ⅰ类切口抗菌药物预防使用率、抗菌药物使用强度、销售金额进行统计分析。结果我院2011年门诊抗菌药物使用率、住院患者抗菌药物使用率、Ⅰ类切口抗菌药物预防使用率、抗菌药物使用强度、销售金额在"整治活动"后明显下降;微生物送检率则明显提高。结论我院抗菌药物通过抗菌药物临床合理应用专项整治活动应用的更为合理,切实落实抗菌药物的分级管理制度、围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物规定的要求。     

2013年本院抗感染药物应用情况分析

目的调查分析2013年本院抗感染药物应用情况。方法选取本院在2013年的抗感染药物的原始资料,采用销售金额排序法和定日计量法分析药物使用情况。结果全身用抗感染药物、消化系统及代谢药物和心血管系统药物是购药金额最大的药物;头孢类抗感染药物是全身抗感染药物销售金额最大的药物,前四名分别是头孢西宁、头孢唑林钠、美洛西林纳、三唑巴坦;克拉霉素、左氧氟沙星、阿奇霉素等药物使用频度比较高。结论本院抗感染药物应用情况还需要不断加强管理。     

肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中的作用

目的对肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中的作用作一综述,为药物肝靶向提供依据。方法根据文献,从药物不良反应、药物的矢量转运、药物肝靶向性、药物之间相互作用4个方面阐述肝脏转运蛋白对药物肝胆排泄产生的影响。结果肝脏转运蛋白引起的药物矢量转运影响药物的肝脏摄取,药物肝靶向性影响药物的疗效,药物之间相互作用影响临床用药安全和不良反应。结论肝脏转运蛋白在药物肝胆转运中起到了重要的作用,它与药物在体内各组织分布、临床疗效均有密切的联系。     

口服缓释制剂体内外相关性评价方法研究进展

《药物评价研究》杂志是由中国药学会和天津药物研究院共同主办的国家级期刊,双月刊,国内外公开发行。办刊宗旨:报道药物评价工作实践,推动药物评价方法研究,开展药物评价标准或技术探讨,促进药物评价与研究水平的提高,为广大药物研究人员提供交流平台。内容与栏目:针对药物及其制剂的评价规范以及药学评价、安全性评价、药效学评价、药物代谢动力学评价、临床评价、     

生物技术制药与基因重组技术研究现状

1 生物技术药物 1.1 生物药物与生物技术药物的范畴 由于生物技术的崛起和基因工程的发展,提出了生物药物.20世纪90年代将生物药物分为:生化药物、生物制品、微生物药物和生物技术药物.     

治疗阳痿药物的进展

治疗阳痿的药物有口服药物、注射药物与局部外用药物。口服药物中西地那芬是疗效显著的新型药物。注射药物中前列腺素E1是效果较好、副作用较少的药物。局部外用药目前尚无理想的药物     

Third-generation antiepileptic drugs: mechanisms of action,pharmacokinetics and interactions

This review briefly summarizes the information on the molecular mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic profiles and drug interactions of novel (third-generation) antiepileptic drugs, including brivaracetam, carabersat, carisbamate, DP-valproic acid, eslicarbazepine, fluorofelbamate, fosphenytoin, ganaxolone, lacosamide, losigamone, pregabalin, remacemide, retigabine, rufinamide, safinamide, seletracetam, soretolide, stiripentol, talampanel, and valrocemide. These novel antiepileptic drugs undergo intensive clinical investigations to assess their efficacy and usefulness in the treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy.     

消风止痒颗粒中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素的HPLC法测定及其化学计量学综合评价

目的建立HPLC法同时测定消风止痒颗粒中毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素,并采用化学计量学方法对检测结果进行综合评价。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长:330 nm(0~14 min检测毛蕊花糖苷和焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1)、254 nm(14~31 min检测升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷和亥茅酚苷)、270 nm(31~55 min检测苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素);体积流量0.9 mL/min;柱温25℃;进样量10μL。采用SPSS26.0统计软件对消风止痒颗粒中9种成分进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、升麻素苷、升麻素、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、亥茅酚苷、苍术素醇、白术内酯Ⅱ和苍术素分别在2.53~63.25、1.09~27.25、8.17~204.25、2.38~59.50、4.07~101.75、1.74~43.50、0.66~16.50、1.47~36.75、2.86~71.50μg/m L线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.01%、98.17%、100.13%、97.63%、98.72%、97.22%、96.93%、99.24%、100.01%,RSD值分别为1.42%、1.26%、0.72%、1.55%、0.84%、1.06%、1.18%、0.67%、0.95%;11批样品聚类分析为3类,主成分1~3是影响消风止痒颗粒质量评价的主要因子。结论该方法操作简便、重复性好,可作为消风止痒颗粒中多指标成分质量评价模式。     

Pediatric Obesity: Pharmacokinetic Alterations and Effects on Antimicrobial Dosing

Limited data exist for appropriate drug dosing in obese children. This comprehensive review summarizes pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations that occur with age and obesity, and these effects on antimicrobial dosing. A thorough comparison of different measures of body weight and specific antimicrobial agents including cefazolin, cefepime, ceftazidime, daptomycin, doripenem, gentamicin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin‐tazobactam, tobramycin, vancomycin, and voriconazole is presented. PubMed (1966–July 2015) and Cochrane Library searches were performed using these key terms: children, pharmacokinetic, obesity, overweight, body mass index, ideal body weight, lean body weight, body composition, and specific antimicrobial drugs. PK studies in obese children and, if necessary, data from adult studies were summarized. Knowledge of PK alterations stemming from physiologic changes that occur with age from the neonate to adolescent, as well as those that result from increased body fat, become an essential first step toward optimizing drug dosing in obese children. Excessive amounts of adipose tissue contribute significantly to body size, total body water content, and organ size and function that may modify drug distribution and clearance. PK studies that evaluated antimicrobial dosing primarily used total (or actual) body weight (TBW) for loading doses and TBW or adjusted body weight for maintenance doses, depending on the drugs’ properties and dosing units. PK studies in obese children are imperative to elucidate drug distribution, clearance, and, consequently, the dose required for effective therapy in these children. Future studies should evaluate the effects of both age and obesity on drug dosing because the incidence of obesity is increasing in pediatric patients.     

国内对头孢克肟的临床研究与评价

头孢克肟是第1种第3代口服头孢菌素类抗生素,由日本藤泽制药株式会社于1987年研制成功并首先在日本上市应用于临床,1989年在美国上市。1999年已在80多个国家得到广泛的临床使用。头孢克肟的制剂剂型的研究已发展有胶囊剂、颗粒剂、混悬剂、片剂(普通片剂、咀嚼片、分散片)等。笔者综述了国产头孢克肟与日本产头孢克肟在胶囊剂、颗粒剂、混悬剂、片剂(普通片剂、咀嚼片、分散片)等的药动学比较,以及头孢克肟与头孢泊肟、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛、头孢美他酯、头孢噻肟、头孢地尼、头孢特仑、头孢妥仑匹酯等体外抗菌活性及临床药效学比较。     

Neuroscience and Hormesis: Overview and General Findings

This article provides a summary of an assessment of the occurrence and impact of hormesis in the neurosciences, including the areas of neuroprotection, neurite outgrowth, and drugs for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, pain, seizures, stroke, as well as in the areas of behavioral pharmacology, addictive drugs, stress biology including the Yerkes–Dodson law, and p-glycoprotein efflux activity. The findings indicate that the hormetic dose response has a common, if not dominant, presence in each of these diverse areas of neuroscience and further strengthens the conclusion that hormesis is highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, endpoint, and chemical class.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素的含量

目的建立麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素的含量测定方法。方法采用奥泰ALLTIMA-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱[0~9min,60%A;9~20 min,60%→80%A;20~45 min,80%A];流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长254 nm。结果大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素线性范围分别为在9.08~81.72、8.4~75.6、13.42~120.7、7.56~68.04、8.2~73.8μg.mL-1,与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.1%、99.6%、99.4%、99.8%、99.2%,RSD分别为2.0%、1.8、3.2%、1.1%、1.5%。结论本方法可作为麻仁丸中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素含量测定的一种准确、灵敏、可行的方法。     

Inductively coupled plasma and clinical biology. Toxicological applications

The multi-elementary quantitation method using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been widely developed for use with biological fluids. Many elements can be quantified simultaneously in biological fluids, including: Li, Be, B, Al, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, W, Pt, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, U. The validation procedure is described by the French Society of Clinical Biology. Results for urine are corrected after creatinine determination.We report applications in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology. Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the field of clinical biology are particularly important for toxicological analysis. This powerful tool is helpful for better patient care and for the search for cause of death.     

A Quantitative Exploration of Attitudes Out of Line with the Prevailing Norms Toward Alcohol,Tobacco, and Cannabis Use Among European Students

The study examines groups of 15–16-year-old students whose attitudes toward drug use are out of line with the prevailing norms. It analyzes data from eight countries from the 2003 European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD): Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Malta, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In those countries, 22,900 15–16-year-old pupils answered the ESPAD questionnaire. Groups of subjects whose responses are far removed from the modal value are sought and studied. The aim is to explore “rare answers” compared to what is perceived by the majority of students. In order to explore what can lead a pupil to an atypical perception of risk, a cluster analysis, based on the risk perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, was run to isolate the groups in which pupils tend to answer differently. Six clusters were established classifying students into those who failed to respond, deny the risks, do not know about the risks, see any drug use as great risk, see regular use as great risk, and who see a moderate risk for most frequencies of use. The nonresponders, risk deniers, and those ignorant of the risks are infrequent making up, in all, only 16.9% of the total sample. Gender, country, alcohol use, cannabis use, tobacco use, and friends’ consumption were used to describe both the individual risk perceptions and the clusters based on them. Both global context (country) and “micro” context (frequencies of drug use, peers lifestyle, and parental permissiveness) appear to play a major role in the risk perception of drug use.     

Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons

Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.