支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺切除后呼衰患者肺部严重感染

目的：探讨支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺切除手术后呼衰患者严重肺部感染的价值。方法：使用纤维支气管镜，自气管插管或气管切开套管进入，对肺感染部位的支气管肺泡里生理盐水进行灌洗治疗。结果：16例中显效11例，有效4例，无效1例，总有效率为93．8％，无严重并发症，结论：支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺切除后呼衰患者严重的肺部感染安全，可靠，有效。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染临床体会

目的探究支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染疗效及体会。方法对20例肺部感染患者在采取一般内科综合治疗的基础上加用电子纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗并注入药物治疗。结果显效13例,有效5例,无效2例。结论经纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗肺感染性疾病是简单、有效的局部治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染的护理

<正>经纤维气管镜行支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)并药物灌注是近年治疗支气管肺感染的新技术,2007-06以来,笔者所在科采用该方法治疗36例较为严重的肺部感染。现将BAL的护理体会报告如下。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗50例中老年肺部感染疗效分析

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗治疗中老年肺部感染疗效。方法对2007年8月至2009年8月在解放军264医院住院的100例中老年肺部感染患者,随机分为灌洗组和对照组,两组患者均按常规给予治疗,洗组在常规治疗同时给予纤维支气管镜下支气管肺泡灌洗治疗,治疗四周。结果50例患者在应用支气管肺泡灌洗术后,46例体温均恢复正常,咳嗽、咳痰等症状明显减轻,白细胞计数及分类均恢复正常;而对照组总有效率为60.0%,灌洗组与对照组间的总有效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且均未发生严重的不良反应。结论支气管肺泡灌洗治疗中老年肺部感染是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染的护理42例

肺部感染是由细菌引起的终末气道肺泡和肺间质的炎症。由于气管、支气管化脓感染,使气道分泌物增多,痰液黏稠不易咳出,痰栓阻塞气道使呼吸不畅,且易反复,使患者负担加重。支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部感染操作安全可靠有效,     

纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗对肺部感染的效果.方法：将重症肺部感染患者30例随机分为观察组和对照组各15例,观察组实施纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗,对照组仅给予常规治疗.结果：观察组有效率显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染疗效显著。     

支气管肺局部灌洗治疗严重肺部感染

选择86例严重肺部感染患者,经正规消炎治疗2周以上无效,改用或加用支气管肺局部灌洗并抗生素注入疗法,疗效显著,报告如下:     

肺泡灌洗治疗高血压脑出血并发肺感染的临床观察

目的探讨肺泡灌洗治疗高血压脑出血并发肺感染的临床效果。方法选取67例重症高血压脑出血并发肺感染患者（GCS评分4～8分）随机分为对照组（33例）和观察组（34例）对照组患者采取常规气管切开术;观察组患者在对照组基础上于术后行支气管肺泡灌洗,对两组患者临床治疗效果进行对比和分析。结果观察组总有效率、治疗后白细胞数量及感染控制时间较对照组比较有差异显著性（P〈0．05）。结论对重症高血压脑出血并发肺感染患者治疗中,于气管切开术后行支气管肺泡灌洗,能够有效控制肺部感染症状,同时还能缩短患者住院时间,提高患者生存率     

纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染的疗效观察

目的观察纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染的疗效。方法选取我院收治并行纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗的40例重症肺部感染患者作为治疗组;选取同期住院在年龄、基础情况及病情轻重程度相匹配的未行支气管肺泡灌洗的重症肺部感染患者作为对照组。对两组患者的临床疗效、安全性等进行比较。结果观察组显效13例,有效24例,无效3例;对照组显效10例,有效19例,无效11例,两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的体温恢复正常的消失时间、抗生素的使用时间以及肺部炎症的吸收时间等均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染安全有效,值得临床上应用推广。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗支气管扩张合并肺部感染的护理

目的探讨支气管扩张合并肺部感染患者经纤维支气管镜下支气管肺泡灌洗的治疗效果及最佳护理方法。方法将48例支气管扩张合并肺部感染患者随机分为研究组及对照组。常规治疗22例为对照组,研究组26例,在常规治疗的基础上进行床旁纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗。比较两种治疗方法2周后临床表现、和影像学变化,动脉血氧分压（PaO2）变化及平均住院日,总结护理经验。结果研究组治疗后比治疗前动脉血氧分压（PaO2）明显提高,P值〈0．05,治疗后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）研究组明显高于对照组（P值〈0．05）两组有效率比较,P值〈0．05。研究组平均住院日缩短。结论经纤维支气管镜进行支气管肺泡灌洗是治疗支气管扩张合并肺部感染有效手段。术前充分的护理准备及治疗过程中有效的护理配合、术后严密的护理观察是保证支气管肺泡灌洗治疗成功的基础和关键。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.