罗马Ⅱ标准在肠易激综合征诊断中的价值

肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种慢性肠功能紊乱性疾病，其诊断标准对IBS患者的确诊至关重要。目的：评价罗马Ⅱ标准诊断IBS的真实性，及其对IBS与其他功能性或器质性消化系统疾病或与健康人鉴别的价值。方法：采用临床流行病学方法对499例来自消化内科门诊和体检中心的对象进行调查。由资深专家根据体格检查和辅助检查结果作出最终诊断．并以此为金标准，计算罗马Ⅱ标准用于IBS与其他功能性或器质性消化系统疾病或与健康人鉴别时的敏感性、特异性等指标。结果：罗马Ⅱ标准用于IBS与非溃疡性消化不良或与溃疡性结肠炎的鉴别时．敏感性及其95％CI相同，特异性及其95％CI、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比和阴性似然比相似，敏感性均为80％，特异性分别为51％和53％。结论：在临床实践中，如严格执行罗马Ⅱ标准，有可能使一部分症状发生频率较低的IBS患者被漏诊。     

血吸虫抗体（IgG）检测试剂盒（胶体染料法）临床诊断效能

目的评价血吸虫抗体(IgG)检测试剂盒(胶体染料法)对血吸虫病的临床诊断效能。方法采用血吸虫抗体(IgG)检测试剂盒(胶体染料法)对毛蚴孵化法或/和Kato-Katz法阳性(阳性金标准)的血吸虫病人血清371份,无血吸虫感染史、无血吸虫疫水接触史且粪检结果阴性者(阴性金标准)血清761份进行检测,计算试剂盒检测的阳性符合率(灵敏度)、阴性符合率(特异度)、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比和阴性似然比。结果血吸虫抗体(IgG)检测试剂盒(胶体染料法)检测结果与阳性金标准的符合率(灵敏度)为92.7%(95%可信区间为90.1%～95.3%),与阴性金标准的符合率(特异度)为98.7%(95%可信区间为97.9%～99.5%),阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为97.2%和96.5%,阳性似然比和阴性似然比分别为71.3和0.07。结论血吸虫抗体(IgG)检测试剂盒(胶体染料法)对血吸虫病具有较好的诊断效能,可用于对血吸虫病的辅助诊断。     

呼出气一氧化氮对慢性咳嗽人群中咳嗽变异型哮喘的诊断价值:Meta分析

目的 咳嗽变异型哮喘(cough variant asthma,CVA)是慢性咳嗽的常见病因.本研究旨在应用Meta分析的方法评价呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)检测对慢性咳嗽人群CVA诊断的有效性和准确性.方法 检索Embase、PubMed、Medline、Cochrane library、Web of science、百度学术、中国期刊网和万方数据库,全面收集FeNO在慢性咳嗽人群对CVA诊断的文献,检索时限均从建库至2016年8月.根据QUADAS-2量表的评价标准对文献进行质量评价.用Stata 14.0、RevMan 5.0软件对文献进行异质性分析,并计算合并的敏感性、特异性、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、诊断优势比和SROC曲线下面积.结果 共纳入文献5篇,涉及慢性咳嗽患者704例.FeNO检测诊断CVA合并的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、诊断优势比、SROC曲线下面积分别为0.74 [95％可信区间(CI):0.69～0.79],0.85 (95％ CI:0.81～0.88),4.73 (95％CI:3.70～6.05),0.31 (95％ CI:0.26～0.38),14.84 (95％CI:10.11～21.79)和0.87 (95％CI:0.84～0.89).结论 FeNO对慢性咳嗽人群中CVA的诊断有较好的敏感度和特异度,可作为重要的诊断指标.     

血清PCT水平预测成人恶性肿瘤粒细胞缺乏性发热伴感染的荟萃分析

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)水平预测成人恶性肿瘤粒细胞缺乏性发热(FN)伴感染的临床价值.方法 采用计算机检索Cochrane Library、Medline、Embase全文数据库.以Cochrane协作网推荐的诊断试验系统评价质量评价工具标准作为诊断试验质量评价标准,使用Revman5.1、MetaDiSc1.4统计软件进行数据处理.计算敏感度(SEN)、特异度(SPE)、阳性似然比(PLR)、阴性似然比(NLR)、诊断优势比(DOR)及sROC的曲线下面积(AUC).结果 最终纳入10篇合格英文文献.PCT诊断FN伴感染的汇总SEN为0.51(95％ CI:0.46～0.56),SPE为0.84(95％ CI:0.81 ～0.87),PLR为3.39(95％ CI:2.66 ～4.32),NLR为0.58(95％ CI:0.52 ～0.65),诊断比值比为6.24(95％ CI:4.51～8.65),sROC AUC为0.774 8±0.020 0.结论 血清PCT升高诊断成人恶性肿瘤FN伴感染的SEN和诊断准确性均为中等,确诊本病尚需结合患者的临床情况.     

结核分枝杆菌分泌性酸性磷酸酶检测对结核病诊断价值的Meta分析

目的系统评价结核分枝杆菌分泌性酸性磷酸酶（TB—SA）检测对结核病的诊断价值。方法计算机检索CNKI、万方、维普、Medline、Embase、CochraneLibrary等数据库，筛选关于TB—SA检测对结核病诊断价值的中、英文文献并进行系统评价。对纳入的文献，采用诊断精确性研究的质量评估方法（QUADAS）进行质量评价，并用Meta—Disc1．4软件进行meta分析。结果共纳入符合要求的文献13篇，合并敏感度为0．70（95％CI：0．69～0．72），合并特异度为0．83（95％CI：0．82～0．85），合并阳性似然比为4．43（95％CI：3．32～5．92），合并阴性似然比为0．35（95％CI：0．30～0．42），合并诊断优势比为14．33（95％CI：9．17～22．37），汇总受试者工作特征曲结（SROC）下面积为0．8324。结论TB—SA检测对结核病具有一定的诊断价值，可以辅助结核病的诊断。     

加强肠易激综合征的流行病学研究

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome．IBS)属于胃肠道功能紊乱性疾病。自从20世纪40年代末西方学者提出“肠易激综合征”名称以来，胃肠病学专家从流行病学的多个层面对IBS进行了较为深入的研究，其中包括人群患病率、地区分布特征、性别差异、年龄分布情况、种族差异、社会文化环境因素的影响等，其主要结果有：①西方国家的人群患病率为8％～23％(罗马标准)，而欧洲和北美国家为10％～15％(罗马标准)，大洋洲平均为ll％～17％(Manning标准和罗马标准)，非洲国家为10％左右(改良的Manning标准)，亚洲国家患病率大多在5％左右(Manning标准和罗马标准)。     

造影增强超声内镜对胰腺肿块良恶性鉴别的Meta分析

目的 评估造影增强超声内镜鉴别胰腺肿块良恶性的诊断价值.方法 在Medline、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Central Trials databases、CNKI及维普数据库收集相关文献,由两名评价员独立进行文献选择、质量评估及资料提取.首先使用MetaDiSc 1.4软件分析异质性,接着采用随机效应模型(有异质性)或固定效应模型(无异质性)计算合并敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比等指标,同时绘制汇总受试者工作特征曲线(SROC曲线),然后根据研究对象的特点进行Meta回归分析来寻找潜在引起异质性的因素,同时按Deville介绍的方法筛选并剔除异质性明显的研究进行亚组分析,最后使用Stata 10.0软件计算Begg-Mazumdar和Harbord-Egger指数来判断发表偏移并绘制漏斗图.结果 纳入文献12篇涉及研究对象共1139例.Meta分析结果提示造影增强超声内镜对胰腺肿块良恶性鉴别的合并敏感度和特异度分别为94％ (95％ CI:91％ ～95％)和89％(95％ CI:85％ ～92％),合并阳性似然比为8.09(95％ CI:4.47 ～ 14.64),合并阴性似然比为0.08(95％ CI:0.06 ～0.10),SROC曲线下面积为0.9732,SE=0.02.剔除2篇引起异质性的研究后亚组分析结果显示,敏感度和特异度分别是93％ (95％ CI:91％ ～ 95％)和93％ (95％ CI:89％ ～95％),且敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比和阴性似然比之间不存在异质性,SROC曲线下面积为0.9745,SE=0.02.Begg-Mazumdar法(P=0.244)和Harbord-Egger法(P=0.442)检验发表偏倚结果提示纳入Meta分析的文献结果之间无发表偏倚.结论 Meta分析的结果提示造影增强超声内镜对胰腺肿块良恶性鉴别有较高的诊断价值.     

BISAP评分系统对急性胰腺炎严重程度评估的荟萃分析

目的评估BISAP评分系统在预测急性胰腺炎（AP）严重程度的临床应用价值。方法计算机检索Medline、EMBASE、ScienceDirect、Springerlink、CBM、中国知网、万方以及维普数据库2000年1月至2013年3月的文献,按照严格的纳入标准收集BISAP评分系统预测AP严重程度的文献,采用QUADAS量表进行文献质量评价,利用Meta—Disc1．4统计软件进行异质性分析和定量合成,计算汇总的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和受试者特征性工作（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）,结果均采用95％可信区间（95％CI）表示。结果共纳入文献11篇,包括7篇中文论著和4篇英文论著。按QUADAS量表进行分级,其中A级4篇,B级5篇,C级2篇。6篇文献以BISAP2分为cutoff值、9篇文献以BISAP3分为cutoff值（4篇文献采用两个cutoff值）预测SAP。前者汇总的诊断比值比为8．03（95％C15．66～11．38）,后者为7．49（95％C15．35～10．49）,两组文献均存在中等程度的异质性（I^2=63．3％,P=0．018;I^2=56．1％,P=0．019）。以BISAP2分为cutoff值预测AP严重程度的汇总的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和AUC分别为59％（95％CI56％-63％）、82％（95％CI80％-83％）、3．50（95％CI 2．96～4．14）、0．45（95％CI 0．36～0．56）和0．82;以BISAP3分为cutoff值时分别为44％（95％CI41％～47％）、90％（95％CI89％-91％）、4．59（95％CI3．31-6．37）、0．64（95％C10．61-0．68）和0．64。前者有较高的敏感度,较低的特异度,AUC较大;后者敏感度低,特异度高,AUC较小。结论BISAP预测SAP的最佳的cutoff值为2分。其漏诊率较低,且误诊率在可接受范围内,适合在临床应用及推广。     

恒温扩增实时荧光检测技术检测痰液对肺结核患者诊断价值的Meta分析

目的评估结核分枝杆菌RNA恒温扩增实时荧光检测技术（simultaneous amplification and testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis,SAT-TB）检测痰液标本对肺结核的快速诊断价值。方法检索中国学术期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库、维普数据库、PubMed、ScienceDirect和Cochrane图书馆等数据库,收集有关探讨SAT-TB检测痰液对肺结核诊断价值的所有文献,检索起止时间为建库至2016年12月。拟定入选标准、排除标准,2名研究者分别独立进行文献资料提取及文献质量评估,采用软件Meta-DiSc1．4进行Meta分析。结果共检索出168篇文献,依据入选标准和排除标准,纳入了9篇文献进行分析,包含了5137例临床患者痰标本,所有标本均进行了SAT-TB检测和痰结核分枝杆菌培养。9篇文献质量采用QUADAS-2评价表评价,文献偏倚风险主要为患者选择方面。Meta分析结果显示,SAT-TB法检测痰液诊断肺结核的汇总敏感度为87．0％（95％CI：86．0％～89．0％）,特异度为90．0％（95％CI：88．0%～91．0%）,阳性似然比（positive likelihood ratio,PLR）为6．91（95％CI：4．04~11．84）,阴性似然比（negative likelihood ratio,NLR）为0．09（95％C／：0．06～O．15）。结论SAT-TB检测痰液对肺结核快速诊断具有较高的敏感度和特异度,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

基因检测对自发性细菌性腹膜炎诊断价值的Meta分析北大核心CSCD

目的系统评价基因检测技术对自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的诊断价值。方法检索PubMed、web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网（CNKI）,检索时间为建库至2015年3月,获得关于基因检测诊断SBP的临床价值的相关文献,对其进行诊断准确性研究质量评价工具（QUADAS）质量评价,双变量随机效应模型进行Meta分析。绘制综合受试者工作特征（SROC）曲线,并计算曲线下面积（Auc）,比较采用Z检验。结果纳入5篇文献423个样本,基因检测诊断SBP的合并敏感度、特异度、诊断优势比、阳性似然比及阴性似然比分别为0．56（95％CI：0．49～0．62）、0．88（95%CI：0．83～0．92）、9．94（95％CJ：1．76～56．27）、4．35（95％CJ：1．05～18．10）和0．47（95％CJ：0．25～0．88）,合并敏感度明显高于细菌培养诊断SBP的0．25（95％CI：0．19～0．31）。基因检测诊断SBP的AUC为0．8109,高于细菌培养的0．6598（Z=3．14,P〈0．01）。腹水多形核粒细胞（PMN）≥250×10^6／L亚组分析基因检测诊断SBP,除敏感度[0．64（95％CI：0．53～0．74）]高于细菌培养[0．39（95％CI：0．29～0．51）]外,其他上述指标均低于细菌培养。定量PCR检测诊断SBP,除敏感度[0．54（95％CI：0．47～0．61）]高于细菌培养[0．25（95%ACI：0．19～0．31）]外,其他上述指标同样均低于细菌培养。结论基因检测诊断SBP比细菌培养更灵敏,其诊断价值优势受诊断标准影响,定量PCR诊断SBP尽管也灵敏,但诊断价值低于细菌培养,还需要更多高质量的研究进一步验证。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.