离子色谱法测定含氟牙膏氟含量研究

目的:探讨离子色谱法测定含氟牙膏中氟化物的可行性和准确度。方法:比较离子色谱法与国家牙膏标准(GB8372-2001)氟离子电极法对含氟化钠、单氟磷酸钠和双氟3类牙膏氟含量测定的精密度和回收率,分析离子色谱法测定9支市售含氟牙膏的回收率情况以了解其抗干扰能力。结果:2种方法精密度之间经方差齐性检验没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。离子色谱法和氟离子电极法测定F-回收率的均值分别为1.00和0.99,差异无显著性(P>0.05);2种方法测定MFP2-回收率的均值分别为1.00和1.08,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。离子色谱法干扰实验结果显示个别数据偏差较大。结论:离子色谱法可用于含氟牙膏氟浓度测定,其在测定单氟磷酸钠牙膏的总氟含量准确度方面有一定优势,但实测中实验条件需进一步研究以提高抗干扰能力。     

含氟牙膏中氟离子测定方法的研究

近年来,随着我国口腔保健新产品的不断开发,含氟牙膏日渐增多。离子态的氟是含氟牙膏中的有效防龋成分,因此准确、迅速地测定牙膏中的氟离子含量,对评价含氟牙膏的效果是非常必要的。现行的中华人民共和国国家标准（ＧＢ８３７２—８７）在关于牙膏测定中规定用硝酸钍...     

牙膏氟含量对学龄前儿童氟摄入影响的研究

目的 通过检测使用3种不同氟含量含氟牙膏后24小时尿氟排泄的变化。观察含氟牙膏氟含量及年龄对3个年龄组学龄前儿童氟化物摄入水平的影响，推测学龄前儿童使用含氟牙膏较为安全的氟含量，方法 采用离子选择性氟电极测定使用不同氟含量含氟牙膏后24小时尿氟排泄量，以使用含氟牙膏前尿氟排泄量作为自身对照，结果 含氟牙膏氟含量及年龄对学龄前儿童24小时尿氟排泄有显著影响，结论 学龄前儿童刷牙时因误咽部分含氟牙膏引起机体氟化物摄入水平的变化，含氟牙膏氟含量等于或超过1000μg/g时，可致每日总摄氟量超过产生氟牙症的域值，因此对于6岁以下的儿童要选用低氟含量牙膏，使用500μg/g含氟牙膏较为安全。     

武汉地区126例使用含氟牙膏者发氟含量测定

本文采用高温灰化──电极法，测定了武汉地区１２６例使用含氟牙膏者发氟的含量，其中位数为２１．１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，１４１例对照组发氟的中位数为８．１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，统计结果表明，两者差别有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示长期使用含氟牙膏之后，可能会引起体内一定程度的氟蓄积，建议最好在口腔保健医生的指导下使用含氟牙膏，以防对身体造成损害。     

广东南海两镇人群全血总氟含量检测报告

目的　了解南海市南庄镇和小塘镇人群人体氟含量 ,作为制订防龋计划的依据和防龋项目评价的基线资料。方法　在两镇采集人群血液 ,经消化处理 ,用氟离子选择电极测定全血总氟含量。结果　南庄全血样总氟含量平均值为 :(1.5 7± 0 .4 3)mg/L ;小塘全血样总氟含量平均值为 :(1.2 1± 0 .4 6 )mg/L。两镇人群全血总氟含量比较 ,经u检验差异有显著性意义。结论　南海市南庄镇和小塘镇均未发现人群全血总氟含量异常现象。     

含氟牙膏刷牙后菌斑和唾液中氟离子浓度的变化

目的 :测定正常人使用含氟牙膏刷牙后 ,菌斑及唾液中氟离子浓度 ,并探讨其对龋病预防的意义。方法 :选择 16名自愿者 ,用离子选择性氟电极测定含氟牙膏刷牙后 2小时菌斑及唾液中氟离子浓度 ,并与基线水平相比较。结果 :含氟牙膏刷牙后 2小时 ,牙菌斑及唾液中氟浓度分别为 5 1.5 5± 14.15 μg/g菌斑湿重和 13.36± 3.81μmol/L ,较基线水平有显著性提高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :用含氟牙膏刷牙后使菌斑和唾液达到并维持的氟浓度 ,尤其是菌斑中氟浓度 ,可有效地抑制菌斑细菌的糖酵解过程 ,从而起到预防龋病发生的作用     

含氟牙膏对幼儿尿氟含量影响的初步研究

本实验观察了含氟牙膏对３１名４－５岁幼儿氟化物摄入水平的影响。结果发现幼儿使用含氟牙膏３月后尿氟浓度和２４小时尿氟排泄量为０．９６ｐｐｍ和０．５７ｍｇ;使用不含氟牙膏２月后为０．８４ｐｐｍ和０．４７ｍｇ;统计分析有显著差异。表明使用含氟牙膏可使幼儿氟摄入量增加。     

含氟牙膏刷牙后唾液游离氟的变化

本研究采用实验对照研究方法,通过各实验组应用含氟牙膏和空白牙膏刷牙,分别在刷牙前和刷牙后1分钟、15分钟、30分钟和60分钟留取混合唾液标本,采用离子选择电极法测定唾液游离氟,观察各组间唾液游离氟的变化差异,分析含氟牙膏刷牙后唾液游离氟的变化规律。结果表明,刷牙后唾液游离氟呈两个阶段规律性变化,无龋组刷牙后唾液游离氟的变化差异无显著性意义。     

Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age

Objectives : This paper analyzes reports to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) of suspected overingestion of fluoride by children younger than 6 years of age between 1989 and 1994, and estimates the probably toxic amounts of various home-use fluoride products in children younger than 6 years of age. Methods : Annual incidence rates of reported fluoride exposures attributed to dietary supplements, toothpaste, and rinses were calculated. Probably toxic amounts of each product were calculated using the frequently cited dose of 5 mg/kg. Results : Children younger than 6 years of age accounted for more than 80 percent of reports of suspected overingestion. While the outcomes were generally not serious, several hundred children were treated at health care facilities each year. A 10 kg child who ingests 50 mg fluoride (10.1 g 1.1% NaF gel; 32.7 g 0.63% SnF₂ gel; 33.3 g 1,500 ppm F toothpaste; 50 g 1,000 ppm F toothpaste; and 221 mL 0.05% NaF rinse) will have ingested a probably toxic dose. Conclusion : Overingestion of fluoride products in the home is preventable. Dentists and other health care providers should educate parents and child care providers about the importance of keeping fluoride products out of reach of children. Manufacturers should be encouraged by the ADA and the FDA to use child-resistant packaging for all fluoride products intended for use in the home.     

Total and free available fluoride in toothpastes in Brunei,Cambodia, Laos,the Netherlands and Suriname

Objectives: This study assessed total and free fluoride concentrations in samples of toothpaste from Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, the Netherlands and Suriname, and investigated the labelling practices of the respective manufacturers. Materials and methods: Convenience samples were bought in the five countries and sent for analysis to the Netherlands. Levels of total and free available fluoride were measured. Details of the information declared on the packaging about type of fluoride and abrasives were recorded, and manufacturing and expiry dates were noted. Results: A total of 119 samples of toothpaste were analysed. With one exception, all samples from the Netherlands complied with ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) labelling requirements and there were no differences between the fluoride content declared and that found to be present on analysis. In samples purchased in the other countries, sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) toothpastes predominantly showed a low percentage of free available fluoride and the majority of toothpastes did not follow standard labelling guidelines. Discussion: This study is not representative of any of the brands analysed, yet it highlights problematic discrepancies in products across countries. These may be related to the lack of a generally accepted methodology for analysing total and free fluoride content, absence of an agreement on the minimum concentration of fluoride required to ensure efficacy, weak regulating institutions that are unable to control labelling and consumer information, as well as a possible influx of counterfeit low‐quality toothpaste. Conclusions: Renewed international focus should be directed towards closing gaps in guidelines and standards. Consumers should use only non‐expired toothpaste, which should preferably be silica‐based fluoride toothpaste that does not include abrasives containing calcium and that is properly labelled.     

Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste: fluoride recovered from the toothbrush, the expectorate and the after-brush rinses

Abstract -  Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of rinsing and spitting on fluoride ingestion from toothpaste during normal oral-hygiene procedures of younger children, and hence to make recommendations on rinsing during toothbrushing. Methods: The brushing habits of 166 Dutch and 185 Irish children between 1.5 and 3.5 years were observed during home visits. The weight of the toothpaste tube was determined before and after use. After brushing, the toothbrush and any associated expectorate and rinses, combined with any toothpaste spilled during the brushing procedures, were collected. The amounts of fluoride retained on the toothbrush and in the associated expectorate and rinses were measured. Results: Over 90% of the Dutch children used a special toddlers' toothpaste with ≤500 ppm F. Eleven per cent of the younger (<2.5 years) Dutch children and 22% of the older children rinsed after brushing. Of the Irish children approximately 52% used a children's toothpaste containing around 500 ppm F. Of the younger Irish children 31% spat without rinsing, while another 31% rinsed during or after brushing. For the older Irish children, these percentages were 14 and 70%, respectively. On average, 22% of the fluoride dispensed on the toothbrush was retained on the brush after brushing irrespective of the rinsing and spitting behaviour of the children. The maximum ingestible amount of fluoride from toothpaste assuming no rinsing or spitting was calculated. Conclusions: Fluoride ingestion from toothpaste is significantly reduced by rinsing and/or spitting during toothbrushing. Recommendations that younger children use small amounts of toothpaste (< 0.5 g) and that children using toothpaste with ≥ 1000 ppm F rinse their mouths after brushing continue to be valid.     

Fluoride concentrations in dental plaque and saliva after the use of a fluoride dentifrice preceded by a calcium lactate rinse

Plaque fluoride concentrations ([F]) are directly related to plaque calcium concentrations [Ca]. Attempts to increase plaque F uptake from dentifrices or rinses have used methods designed to increase plaque [Ca] but with inconsistent results. This double-blind, double-crossover study tested the effect of a 150 mM calcium lactate rinse used prior to brushing with placebo or fluoridated dentifrices (1030 p.p.m. as NaF) on plaque and salivary [F] and [Ca]. Sixteen children (8-10 yr of age) were randomly assigned to four different groups according to the four treatments (placebo dentifrice or fluoridated dentifrice preceded by calcium lactate or deionized water prerinses). Plaque and saliva were collected 1 and 12 h after brushing on day 7 after starting to use the dentifrices. F was determined using the electrode and Ca was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Plaque and salivary [Ca] were not significantly increased after use of the calcium lactate prerinse, except for plaque [Ca] 1 h after the use of the placebo dentifrice. A significant increase in salivary [F] was associated with the calcium lactate prerinse only at 1 h after the use of the fluoridated dentifrice. The the calcium lactate prerinse did not significantly affect plaque [F] under any condition.     

不同浓度含氟牙膏对正畸牙龋病与脱矿的预防效果

目的 比较不同浓度含氟牙膏对正畸牙龋病与脱矿的预防效果。方法 将86例采用固定矫治器正畸治疗的患者随机分为试验1组和试验2组。试验1组使用含1.1％氟化钠的酸性磷酸凝胶牙膏刷牙,试验2组使用含0.243%氟化钠的二氧化硅牙膏刷牙,连续使用12个月后,由4个检查者在盲法条件下独立地检查患者12颗上下颌前牙唇面的患龋和脱矿情况,记录龋患得分。有龋或脱矿记分为1,无龋和脱矿记分为0。每个牙齿的4次检查记分取均值,每组患者的得分为组内患者的平均得分。结果 12个月后,试验1组患者的龋患得分为0.326,试验2组患者的龋患得分为0.490,二者之间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 含1.1％氟化钠的酸性磷酸凝胶牙膏预防正畸牙龋病和脱矿的临床效果要优于含0.243%氟化钠的二氧化硅牙膏。     

Factors Associated with the Use of Fluoride Supplements and Fluoride Dentifrice by Infants and Toddlers

Dental fluorosis may be associated with the inappropriate use of fluoride dentifrices and/or dietary fluoride supplements by young children, especially for those who consume optimally fluoridated water. Studies to date have used retrospective designs that rely on anamnestic responses of adults to determine fluoride exposures in their children. The 1986 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collected information on current use of fluoride-containing dental products (dentifrices, drops, tablets, and mouthrinses) by all household members during home interviews. This report contains information obtained from adults for 1,996 children younger than two years of age. Nearly half of the children used fluoride dentifrices or dietary fluoride supplements. Eleven percent of the children younger than one year of age and nearly 60 percent of children between one and two years of age reportedly used a fluoride toothpaste. Dietary fluoride supplements were used about equally in these age groups (about 16%). The use of a fluoride dentif rice was similar across racial-ethnic groups, but the use of dietary fluoride supplements was less among blacks and Hispanics. A significantly higher proportion of children whose respondent knew the purpose of water fluoridation used some type of fluoride product. Because young children tend to swallow dentifrices, the findings of this study suggest the need for educational programs targeted to parents and health care providers regarding the appropriate use of fluorides and the risk of fluorosis when they are used inappropriately.     

Evaluation of the Comparative Effectiveness of Fluoride Mouthrinsing, Fluoride Tablets, and Both Procedures in Combination: Interim Findings after Five Years

This article presents five-year interim findings of an eight-year clinical trial designed to compare the relative caries-preventive benefits of weekly fluoride mouthrinsing, daily fluoride tablet administration, and both procedures combined. Children in kindergarten and first grade residing in Springfield, Ohio, a nonfluoridated community, were assigned randomly in school to one of three groups that (1) rinses once a week in school with a 0.2 percent neutral NaF solution; (2) chews, rinses with, and then swallows daily in school a neutral 2.2 mg NaF tablet; or (3) carries out both procedures. At baseline (1981), 1,640 participants were examined clinically using the DMF surface index. After five years, 789 children were available for reexamination. Findings show that subjects in the combination group experienced a mean caries increment of 1.47 DMFS, 16.5 percent lower than the mean score of 1.76 DMFS for children in the tablet group and 31.3 percent lower than the 2.14 DMFS for those in the rinse group. Only the difference in incremental caries scores between the combined fluoride procedure and the fluoride rinse was statistically significant (P less than .05). Despite the finding of an additive caries-preventive benefit among children who followed the combined regimen, it would be premature to judge which procedure is best before results of the final examinations become known.     

Using the DMF gender difference to assess the "major" role of fluoride toothpastes in the caries decline in industrialized countries: a meta-analysis

Abstract The regular use of fluoridated toothpastes has been ascribed a major role in the observed decline in caries prevalence in industrialized countries during the last 20 to 25 years, but only indirect evidence supports this claim. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the more frequent use of fluoride toothpastes by girls than by boys has reduced the relative age-specific D(M)FT gender difference, and that this difference should decrease with increasing age and fluoride toothpaste exposure among adolescents. The material comprised 8,777 subjects 12 to 17 years of age from the pre-fluoride toothpaste era (1946–1959) and 39,903 from the period when use of fluoride toothpaste had become common (1983–1993) in industrialized countries. Meta-analyses were done using the relative age-specific mean D(M)FT difference between girls and boys. Separate analyses were carried out for subgroups of studies/countries to check for confounding. Regardless of analytical approach, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis. It is concluded that the gender difference in fluoride exposure due to tooth brushing frequency is too small to matter, that the study lacked power, or that the role of fluoride toothpastes in the caries decline has been overrated.