法洛四联症的MRI诊断及评估

目的 通过回顾性分析法洛四联症(tetralogy of Fallot,TOF)的MRI表现,探讨法洛四联症的MRI诊断及评估价值.方法 回顾性分析15例经手术证实的法洛四联症资料,并收集20例正常志愿者作为对照组.分析法洛四联症的MRI表现,并对比法洛四联症组与正常组之间的心脏大血管结构改变特点.结果 15例TOF患者中,均可见室间隔缺损,右室流出道和肺动脉狭窄,右室肥厚及主动脉骑跨.TOF右室流出道组内径(9.47士2.80)mm较正常组(17.75士2.31)mm明显变窄,TOF组的右心室游离壁的厚度(11.67±2.77)mm较正常组(3.50±0.83)mm明显增厚,TOF组的左右室壁厚度比平均约为0.86,明显低于正常组的2.87,TOF组的主动脉根部(35.93士6.68)mm及升主动脉内径(35.13±6.89)mm较正常组(28.60±3.64)mm、(27.61±3.95)mm增大,均P＜0.05,主动脉骑跨率平均约为50.47％.结论 MRI不仅可以准确的诊断TOF,也可以对右室流出道,右心室肥厚及升主动脉做相应的评估.     

磁共振对法洛四联症的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振(MRI)用于诊断法洛四联症(TOF)和判定其手术适应证的临床意义。方法本组52例患者均为TOF,所有病例均通过MRI和超声心动图检查,分别测量室间隔缺损(VSD)、肺动脉(PA)和左心室(LV),计算McGoon比值、Nakata指数和左室舒张末期容积(LVD)指数,进行综合判断、选择手术适应证及估计预后,并与手术测量结果对照。结果MRI测量结果与超声和手术测量结果无明显差异。结论MRI诊断TOF和判定其手术适应证准确可靠,对肺动脉的显示比超声检查客观性和重复性更强;与选择性心室造影相比,更节省费用和无创伤,可成为TOF的诊断手段之一。     

拉萨和北京地区法洛四联症患者彩色多普勒超声特征对比分析

 目的 应用彩色多普勒超声心动图分析拉萨地区与北京地区法洛四联症(TOF)的特点,探讨高原与平原地区法洛四联症之间是否存在差异.方法 对北京地区24例.拉萨地区16例法洛四联症患者分别进行超声心动图检查,以上患者均经手术证实为法洛四联症.分别测量主动脉骑跨率(AOR)、室间隔缺损(VSD)的大小,测量主肺动脉(MPA)内径、右房(RA)、右室横径(RV)和右室前壁(RVAW)厚度,尤其观察肺动脉狭窄的程度.结果　将两组患者的各项测值进行比较,拉萨地区RA和RV明显扩大,RVAW增厚明显,MPA明显变窄,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),AOR和VSD无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 高原地区法洛四联症的超声心动图特征与高原缺氧、右心负荷明显增加之间可能存在密切相关,在高原地区患有法洛四联症的患者比平原地区患者更应早期手术为宜.     

电影相位对比MRI肝硬化上消化道出血门静脉血流动力学研究

目的:采用电影相位对比MRI定量肝硬化门静脉血流,评价其与消化道出血的关系.方法:对49例门静脉高压症患者行电影相位对比MRI门静脉血流定量测量,依照病史分为出血组31例,无出血组18例;另选对照组19例.结果:门静脉高压出血组及未出血组门静脉主干截面积与正常组比较均显示明显增大(P＜0.05),肝硬化出血组门静脉流速较未出血组流速增高,但较正常对照组减低,该差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),肝硬化出血组门静脉血流量明显增高,与正常组及肝硬化未出血组比较,差别具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:电影相位对比MRI能客观反映门静脉血流动力学改变.     

转颈试验对椎动脉型颈椎病患者椎-基底动脉血流速度的影响

目的:探讨转颈试验对椎动脉型颈椎病(CSA)患者椎-基底动脉血流速度的影响.方法:应用TCD对98例CSA患者和86例正常人做常规及转颈试验检查,经枕窗分别检测双侧椎动脉(VA)、基底动脉(BA),记录收缩期峰值血流速度(Vp)、平均血流速(Vm).结果:CSA组TCD转颈试验阳性率为96%,而正常对照组的阳性率仅为16%,两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);CSA组的椎动脉和基底动脉的Vp和Vm转颈前后比较有显著差异(P<0.05);对照组椎动脉和基底动脉的Vp和Vm转颈前后比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论:采用转颈试验测定椎基底动脉系统血流速度有助于提高TCD对CSA患者的检出率.     

磁共振DWIBS在结直肠癌术后评估中的价值

目的 探讨磁共振背景抑制扩散加权成像(DWIBS)在结直肠癌术后评估中的价值.方法 对71例病理证实为结直肠癌并术后的患者均行常规MRI及DWIBS检查.回避囊变坏死区,测量病变区与邻近正常组织在常规MRI及DWIBS中的信号强度(SI)、背景噪声标准差(SD)及表观扩散系数(ADC)值,计算分别在T1WI、T2-STIR、DWIBS中病灶的对比噪声比.判断常规MRI及DWIBS在结直肠癌术后评估中的准确性、敏感性及特异性.结果 DWIBS对结直肠癌术后复发诊断的敏感性为100％,准确性为95％,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.871(P＜0.05).复发组信号强度明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),ADC值明显小于对照组(P＜0.05).DWIBS对术后淋巴结转移诊断的敏感性为96.29％,AUC为0.934(P ＜0.05).最小淋巴结短径约0.5 cm.对术后肝转移的检出率为94％;＜1.0 cm小病灶,常规MR1序列检出率为61％ (51/84),DWIBS检出率为90％ (76/84).AUC为0.903(P＜0.05).结论 DWIBS对结直肠癌术后复发、淋巴结转移及以肝脏转移为主的远处转移的监测敏感性较高,是术后评估的有效方法.     

早期放射性骨髓损伤微血管渗透性变化的MRI研究

目的:采用动态增强MRI (DCE-MRI)定量渗透性参数探索X线照射后大鼠股骨骨髓微血管渗透性变化.方法:36只6-8周龄SD大鼠随机分为辐射组(n=18)和对照组(n=18),辐射组大鼠接受6.0Gy高能量X线全身照射,对照组大鼠不进行照射处理.分别在X线照射前后各时间点行股骨DCE-MRI灌注成像检查,测量股骨兴趣区微血管转运常数(Ktrans)、反流速率常数(Kep)、血浆容积分数(Vp)和血管外细胞外容积分数(Ve);大鼠股骨行组织病理学检查并测定微血管密度(MVD).结果:辐射组在辐射前后各时间点DCE-MRI灌注参数Ktrans、Kep、Vp、Vc值差异均具有统计学意义(F=59.097,P＜0.01;F=21.349,P＜0.01;F=27.059,P＜0.01;F=32.061,P＜0.01).Ktrans值逐渐增加,在辐射后第7天达到峰值;Vp值逐渐减小;Kep值照射后第4天减小(P＜0.01),第7天较第4天增大(P＜0.01);Ve值照射后第4天增大(P＜0.01),第7天与第4天无明显变化(P＞0.05).相应时间节点对照组各渗透性参数之间差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).辐射组大鼠MVD与Ktrans、Kep值呈负相关(r值分别为-0.5936、-0.8055,P值均＜0.05)、与Vp呈正相关(r=0.6451,P＜0.05)、与Ve值无相关性(r=0.1426,P＞0.05).结论:DCE-MRI定量参数可评价早期放射性骨髓损伤的微血管渗透性变化.     

紫杉醇局部瞬时释放对血管成形术后再狭窄及PAI1、tPA表达的影响

目的 探讨紫杉醇局部瞬时用药对血管成形术(PTA)后再狭窄及PAI1、tPA表达的影响.方法 建立大鼠颈动脉损伤模型,采取腔内局部瞬时给药,通过形态测定观察损伤后30 d紫杉醇对血管壁新内膜增生、狭窄率及血管重塑的变化,并应用原位杂交及免疫组化染色对不同浓度紫杉醇局部瞬时释放对血管壁PAI1及tPA表达的影响进行评估.结果 损伤后30 d,紫杉醇高浓度(180 μg/30 μL)2 min、10 min组及低浓度(90 μg/30 μL)10 min组新生内膜厚度、面积、内膜与中膜面积比及狭窄率等均低于对照组(P＜0.05);内、外弹力膜围绕面积与对照组无统计学差异(P＞0.05).实验组PAI1 mRNA在新内膜中的表达与对照组没有统计学差别(P＞0.05);PAI1在新内膜中的表达,高浓度10 min组高于对照组(P＜0.05),而其他各组与对照组相比无统计学差别(P＞0.05);新内膜中tPA蛋白的表达,高浓度2 min组低于对照组(P＜0.05),其余各组与对照组无统计学差别(P＞0.05).结论 紫杉醇局部瞬时用药可以在有效抑制新内膜增生的同时不影响局部PAI1及tPA的表达.     

双向Glenn分流术后上腔静脉-肺动脉吻合口形态和血流的MRI与超声心动图对比测量分析

目的 对比研究MRI与超声心动图(UCG)评估双向Glenn分流术(BGS)后上腔静脉-肺动脉吻合口(腔-肺吻合口)形态和血流的差异.方法 应用3.0T相位对比(PC) -MRI对22例BGS术后患者上、下腔静脉进行血流测量,应用对比增强(CE) -MRI显示腔-肺吻合口及其邻近血管形态,用Report Card软件计算腔-肺吻合口宽度、峰值流速、压差,采用UCG进行对比测量分析.MRI测量上、下腔静脉血流参数,以及MRI和UCG测量腔-肺吻合口宽度、峰值流速和压差值采用配对样本t检验和Pearson相关分析.结果 上腔静脉血流量[(1.002±0.208) L/min]显著低于下腔静脉血流量[(1.794±0.392) L/min](t=- 15.148,P＜0.01),上腔静脉反流分数[(26.54±12.82)％]显著高于下腔静脉反流分数[(17.44±10.17)％](t=11.060,P＜0.01);CE-MRI能清楚显示腔-肺吻合口及其邻近血管狭窄、血栓形成等形态异常改变,UCG未显示上述形态异常改变.MRI测量腔-肺吻合口宽度[(12.46±3.43) mm]显著大于UCG[ (11.04±2.63) mm](t=4.048,P＜0.01),测量峰值流速[ (47.77±10.44) cm/s]显著小于UCG[(52.19±9.63) cm/s](t=-2.237,P＜0.05),测量压差[(0.95±0.42)mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)]与UCG[( 1.12±0.38) mm Hg]差异无统计学意义(t=-2.010,P＞0.05);二者测量腔-肺吻合口宽度、峰值流速及压差呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.858、0.489、0.427,P值均＜0.05).结论 3.0 T MRI测量腔-肺吻合口宽度、峰值流速及压差与UCG具有较好相关性,但MR1显示腔-肺吻合口宽度及形态异常显著优于UCG.     

三平面组织同步成像定量评价冠心病患者左心室节段非同步运动

目的 探讨三平面组织同步成像技术定量评价冠心病患者左心室节段收缩非同步性运动及其与左心室收缩功能的关系.资料与方法 34例冠心病患者和35例正常对照者,应用三平面组织同步成像技术获得心尖四腔切面组织速度图,获取左心室6个壁共12个节段的收缩期达峰时间(Tp)、达峰速度(Vp),并计算Tp、Vp的标准差(Tp-SD、Vp-SD)及12个节段中任意2个节段Tp、Vp的最大差值( Tp-maxD、Vp-maxD).同时采用Simpson双平面法测量左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期容积(LVESV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVEDV).结果 冠心病组LVEDV、LVESV较正常对照组增加,LVEF较正常对照组减小,差异均有统计学意义(P＜ 0.001).与正常对照组相比,冠心病组Tp、Tp-SD、Tp-maxD均明显延迟,Vp、Vp-SD、Vp-maxD均明显降低(P＜0.001);Tp与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.559,P＜0.001);Vp与LVEF呈正相关(r=0.801,P＜ 0.001).结论 三平面组织同步成像可用于定量评价冠心病患者左心室非同步运动,Tp、Tp-SD、Tp-maxD、Vp、Vp-SD、Vp-maxD 可作为定量评价左室收缩运动同步性的有效指标,且左室运动同步性异常加重左室收缩功能异常.     

DSA判断法乐四联症肺动脉狭窄和左心功能

目的：研究法乐四联症患者肺动脉狭窄和左心功能与手术关系。材料和方法：采用ＤＳＡ２４００型数字减影血管造影机（ＤＳＡ）测量了６３例法乐四联症患者心血管造影图像,并与手术结果进行对照分析。结果：肺动脉指数（ＰＡＩ）、ＭｃＧｏｏｎ比值、左心室射血指数（ＳＶＩ）与术后右心室／左心室压力比值呈负相关。结论：ＰＡＩ＞１５０ｍｍ２／ＢＳＡ,ＭｃＧｏｏｎ比值＞１．８,ＳＶＩ＞３０ｍｌ／ｍ２可作为法乐四联症心内修复术选择的定量指标。     

Fallot四联症的MRI诊断

笔者分析了２１例经心血管造影和手术证实的Ｆａｌｌｏｔ四联症的ＭＲＩ，探讨ＭＲＩ在显示四联症病理解剖中的作用。提出了显示不同解剖结构应采用的扫描方法，认为ＭＲＩ可以较清晰地显示四联症的肺动脉狭窄、室间隔缺损、主动脉骑跨和右心室肥厚。与其他检查方法相比，ＭＲＩ的诊断能力等于或优于超声心动图；在确定室间隔缺损类型、大小，观察右心室肥厚及肺动脉闭锁时观察中央肺动脉方面优于心血管造影检查。     

超声心动图诊断法洛四联症-合并左肺动脉缺如

目的:探讨超声心动图诊断法洛四联症合并左肺动脉缺如的价值。材料和方法:分析5例法洛四联症合并左肺动脉缺如患儿超声心动图二维图像、彩色多普勒声像图表现并与心血管造影、手术结果对比分析,总结其诊断要点。结果:5例法洛四联症合并左肺动脉缺如患儿心内畸形与法洛四联症相同,主肺动脉均狭窄,4例肺动脉分叉处呈圆弧形改变,1例左肺动脉显示不清。超声诊断均与心血管造影、手术结果符合。结论:超声心动图诊断法洛四联症合并左肺动脉缺如具有较高的准确性,如患儿肺动脉分叉处呈圆弧形改变或多切面不能清楚显示左肺动脉,应高度怀疑合并左肺动脉缺如。     

FDG-PET Identification of Infected Pulmonary Artery Conduit Following Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) Repair

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease usually managed by serial surgical repairs. The repaired prosthetic valve or conduit is susceptible to life-threatening infection. FDG-PET is an effective alternative to evaluate the source of infection when other examinations are inconclusive. We report an unusual case of an infected pulmonary artery conduit after TOF repair although the echocardiogram was negative for vegetation, which was later confirmed by surgery and pathology. The case highlights the role of FDG-PET as a problem-solving tool for potential endocarditis and cardiac device infection cases after complex cardiac surgery.     

超声综合性技术对诊断法鲁氏四联症的探讨

经手术证实的法鲁氏四联症综合性超声心动图技术的表现,并与手术结果进行了对比分析,总结了超声心动图各种方法的表现及其诊断要点,为术前免于心血管造影提供了依据。     

法乐氏四联症合并冠状动脉异常的影像学诊断及其临床意义分析

目的：探讨法乐氏四联症合并冠状动脉异常的解剖类型、影像学诊断并对其临床意义加以分析。资料与方法：1986年6月～1996年10月间临床资料完整的126例法四均经手术证实，其中7例合并冠状动脉异常，男5例，女2例，平均9．4岁。术前均采用影像学综合检查。结果：7例法四中，造影显示冠状动脉清晰者4例，有2例因手术中切断横过右心室漏斗部前方的异常冠状动脉而死亡。结论：法四合并严重的冠状动脉异常并非少见，应当引起影像学医师和外科医师足够的重视。     

Tetralogy of Fallot: Imaging of common and uncommon associations by multidetector CT

PurposeTo demonstrate the superior role of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in delineation of the extracardiac vascular abnormalities including the pulmonary arterial tree, major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and also the detection of the common and uncommon findings in Fallot Tetralogy cases for proper pre-surgical evaluation.Material and methodsA retrospective study of all multidetector CT images acquired to evaluate suspected cases of Tetralogy of Fallot sent by their respective referring physicians between April 2009 and August 2010. A total of 23 cases were included in this study. MDCT protocol, image analysis and calculations used in the diagnosis are explained in detail.ResultsDetailed explanation of the MDCT imaging findings in the 23 cases with Tetralogy of Fallot, as well as the common and uncommon associations of the disease, namely pulmonary atresia, MAPCAs, PDAs, atrial septal defects (ASDs), right sided aortic arch, and a few less common associations.ConclusionA customized approach to MDCT imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy and reduces unneeded prolongation of the study and sedation times. A careful preoperative perceptive of the complex cardiovascular anatomy in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot aids in exposing the patient to a directed and prepared surgical approach.     

Clinical application of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of the Tetralogy of Fallot

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical application of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of the Tetralogy of Fallot. METHODS: Eighteen patients with diagnosed Tetralogy of Fallot underwent cardiac CT angiography with 64-slice CT (CTA). Two- and three-dimensional images were used for diagnosing in all cases by means of MPR (coronal, sagital and oblique), cMPR, MIP and VRT. RESULTS: All patients had ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophy of right ventricle. The morphologic features of Tetralogy of Fallot were equal to echocardiography. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were detected on eight patients. Main coronary artery branches and partial sub-branches were visualized in all patients. Abnormal coronary arteries were found in seven cases: both left and right main coronary artery arising from the right aortic sinus one case, right main coronary artery and circumflex (CX) arising from the right aortic sinus one case, left anterior descending (LAD) and CX arising from left aortic sinus directly one case, left and right coronary artery arising from back and front of the aortic sinus, respectively, three cases. Pulmonary artery branch stenosis was found in 12 cases and branch pulmonary artery dilation noticed in 1 case. Double superior vena cava was also found in one case. According to the surgery the diagnostic accuracy of CT and Echocardiography was 95.45 and 83.33%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Two- and three-dimensional 64-slice CTA not only show the overall anatomical structure of the heart, but also show coronary and pulmonary arteries. With these results, evaluation of coronary anomalies and pulmonary artery stenosis with 64-MSCT is extremely valuable for planning the operative procedure on the patients with Tetralogy of Fallot.     

Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion abnormalities and ventilation perfusion imbalance in children with pulmonary atresia or extreme tetralogy of Fallot

Xenon-133 lung ventilation and perfusion scans were done preoperatively after cardiac catheterization and cineangiocardiography in 19 children; 6 had pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum and hypoplastic right ventricle, 4 pulmonary atresia with associated complex univentricular heart, and 9 extreme Tetralogy of Fallot. The four patients with discrepancies in the sizes of the left and right pulmonary arteries on angiography had marked asymmetry of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation-perfusion imbalance on scintigraphy. Similar degrees of asymmetry and imbalance were present in 6 of the 15 children with equal-size pulmonary vessels. Asymmetry of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation-perfusion imbalance were associated with a poor prognosis.