应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的研究

目的:探讨利用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的方法及可行性。方法:内镜下应用鼻内自体组织对96例患者进行颅底缺损重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏。根据颅底骨缺损的部位、大小决定修复的材料和方法,18例缺损直径<0.5 cm,取游离中鼻甲黏骨膜外置法重建;35例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂中鼻甲外置法重建;12例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣外置法修复;19例缺损直径1.0~<1.5 cm,应用游离鼻中隔软骨-黏骨膜瓣修复;7例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径1.5~2.5 cm,应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂中鼻甲重建;5例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径1.5~2.5cm,则应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣重建颅底。结果:随访6个月~6年,2例患者分别于术后1年和2年再次出现脑脊液鼻漏,1例经保守治疗后脑脊液漏停止,1例患者经再次手术治愈;3例患者于术后出现短暂性脑脊液漏,未经特殊处理自愈;其余患者未再出现脑脊液漏。结论:应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下进行颅底重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏具有取材方便、手术成功率高等优点;不同大小和不同部位的颅底缺损宜选择不同的鼻内自体材料进行重建。     

鼻内镜下前颅底重建经验分享：附94例分析

目的 介绍鼻内镜下前颅底重建的方法及经验。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院2012年1月～2021年12月间行单纯鼻内镜入路前颅底病变切除及重建的患者94例,重建时根据前颅底缺损的面积,选择大腿阔筋膜、人工硬膜、带蒂鼻中隔-鼻底黏膜瓣或游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣进行修复。结果 94例单纯鼻内镜下前颅底肿瘤切除加颅底重建患者中,除1例术后因黏膜瓣移位仍有大量脑脊液鼻漏,于次日再次鼻内镜下重新铺置黏膜瓣,其余患者颅底重建均一次成功;1例术后随访发现脑膜脑膨出。结论 鼻内镜下前颅底重建成功的关键在于根据颅底缺损分级选择合适的重建方法及材料,并且要确保修复材料填塞在位。     

鼻内镜下鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症累及颅底或眼眶的手术治疗

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症累及颅底或眼眶的手术治疗与经验总结。方法 回顾性分析2017年7月—2020年12月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的13例采用鼻内镜手术治疗累及颅底或眼眶的鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症患者的临床资料,结合手术治疗及术后疗效进行综合评价。结果 13例患者术后均无严重并发症,受累颅底或眼眶病变组织彻底切除,无眼球功能障碍及脑脊液鼻漏。随访6～48个月,所有患者均无复发。结论 对于累及颅底或眼眶的鼻窦骨纤维异常增殖症的患者,鼻内镜结合导航及等离子技术可彻底切除病变组织以达到功能重建的效果。     

经鼻内镜颅底缺损修补69例临床分析

目的总结经鼻内镜鼻颅底缺损修补的经验,评价鼻颅底缺损的病因、部位和经鼻内镜鼻颅底修补术的效果及关键技术。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2006年6月69例鼻颅底缺损经鼻内镜颅底修补患者的临床资料,着重分析颅底缺损的病因、部位、手术效果及关键技术。结果随访6个月至11年,主要病因是外伤性颅底骨折（32例）、颅底或鼻-鼻窦占位性病变切除后（28例）和医源性颅底损伤（9例）;主要部位在筛窦,其次是蝶窦;一次手术成功率为91．3％（63／69）,最终成功率为95．7％（66／69）。结论经鼻内镜鼻颅底缺损修补术效果理想,缺损处彻底清创、制作缺损缘创面和修补物嵌塞于颅底内侧面是手术成功的关键,游离肌肉和筋膜是理想的修补材料。     

颅底缺损的修复

目的：探讨颅底缺损的修复技术。方法：回顾性研究30例颅底缺损修复者的临床资料。颅底骨质缺损修补术20例，其中钛网修补12例，自体髂骨修补2例，裂层额骨修补2例，单纯颅骨外膜修补4例；硬脑膜缺损修补6例，其中带蒂颅骨外膜修补3例，带蒂颞肌筋膜修补2例，游离颞肌筋膜修补1例；颞下窝软组织缺损修补8例，其中带蒂颞肌修复颞下窝5例，带蒂颞肌及胸锁乳突肌联合修复颞下窝3例。结果：术后短暂性脑脊液鼻漏3例，无症状性颅内积气3例，少量硬脑膜外血肿及脑膜炎各1例。结论：颅底手术中采用适宜的外科技术和修复材料进行一期颅底修补，对于减少术后感染、脑脊液鼻漏等并发症有重要意义。     

内镜经鼻浴缸塞技术在儿童脑脊液鼻漏修补术中的应用

目的探讨内镜经鼻浴缸塞技术在儿童脑脊液鼻漏修补术中的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2016年9月—2019年9月北京儿童医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的16例脑脊液鼻漏患儿的临床资料。其中男10例,女6例,年龄5~123月龄,中位年龄57.5月龄。患儿常规进行鼻窦薄层CT及MRI检查,并进行了全身麻醉下经鼻内镜浴缸塞技术脑脊液鼻漏修补术。术后定期随访,对手术效果及并发症进行评估。对所有患儿的人口学特点、症状、体征、颅底漏口位置及面积、治疗及预后情况等进行归纳总结。结果16例患儿中,外伤性脑脊液鼻漏7例,先天性脑脊液鼻漏9例。单纯性脑脊液鼻漏2例,合并基底型脑膜脑膨出14例。颅底漏口分别为左侧筛板6例,右侧筛板4例,左侧筛顶2例,右侧筛顶1例,左侧额窦后壁2例,右侧蝶窦顶壁1例。漏口最大直径1~4 mm 4例,5~10 mm 7例,11~20 mm 5例。其中15例手术获得一次性成功,仅1例额窦后壁外伤性脑脊液漏内镜手术修补失败,改由神经外科行开颅修补术。术后随访24~60个月,中位随访时间32.5个月,均未复发或出现并发症。结论内镜经鼻浴缸塞技术法儿童脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效的手术方式,具有操作简便、创伤小、并发症少等优点。     

带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣在侵及前颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤切除术颅底重建中的应用

目的　回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣修复内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术后颅底缺损的效果。方法　2008年9月～2016年5月内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤31例,应用以鼻后中隔动脉和筛前-筛后动脉为供血的两种类型带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,修复重建前颅底切除后较大颅底缺损。结果　31例患者前颅底重建均一次性修补成功。1例肿瘤复发二次手术患者术后发生脑脊液漏,给予椎管置管引流1周愈合;1例术后10 d撤出鼻腔填塞物后出现脑脊液鼻漏,颅内感染3例,余无颅内出血或血肿等并发症发生。术后随访3～66个月见黏膜瓣愈合良好,无移植瓣膜坏死和脑膜脑膨出发生。结论　血管化带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是内镜颅底外科的一种首选的、可靠的前颅底修补用材料。     

鼻颅底沟通性肿瘤的诊断及外科治疗

目的 探讨鼻颅底沟通性肿瘤的诊断及外科治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月—2021年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经外科诊治的37例鼻颅底沟通性肿瘤的临床资料,男23例,女14例;年龄6~67岁,平均年龄49岁。其中恶性肿瘤27例,良性肿瘤10例,肿瘤直径4.7~8.5 cm,平均直径6.3 cm。所有患者均采用头颈部影像学检查协助诊断后行开颅显微手术+颅底重建,恶性肿瘤术后进一步行放化疗,术后所有患者均定期随访,恶性肿瘤随访5~10年,平均8.3年;良性肿瘤随访1~11年,平均6.7年。结果 所有患者均顺利完成手术,无严重并发症,恶性肿瘤5年生存率63.0%(17/27);1例良性肿瘤(非典型脑膜瘤)术后5年复发再次经双侧额底入路手术治疗。结论 神经外科首诊的鼻颅底沟通性肿瘤往往颅内肿瘤为主体,开颅手术全切或大部分切除+妥善颅底修复意义重大。     

累及前颅底的鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术式选择及颅底重建方法的探讨

目的：探讨鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤累及前颅底的术式选择及术后颅底缺损重建技术。方法：对22例本病患者根据颅底骨质缺损的大小和肿瘤突入颅内的高度，分别采用鼻侧切开术、扩大的鼻侧切开术或颅面联合手术，采用多层筋膜瓣修补颅底缺损。结果：瘤体全切率为100％，术后无脑脊液漏、脑膜脑膨出等并发症发生。随访6个月至11年，存活1年以上者19例，3年以上者15例，5年以上者13例；死亡7例。有眶骨膜受累的9例患者，存活3年以上4例，5年以上2例。结论：术式选择取决于前颅底骨质缺损的大小、肿瘤侵入颅内的程度以及肿瘤范围；多层筋膜瓣可用于较大颅底缺损的术中重建，具有安全、取材方便、效果好等优点，值得推广。     

内镜下颅底手术体会

目的 总结内镜下颅底手术的方法和临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2003年7月～2011年8月在鼻内镜下完成的鼻颅底区域手术15例临床资料,探讨鼻颅底手术的相关技术与方法,总结临床经验.结果 15例均采用鼻内镜下进行鼻颅底手术,所有患者均取得满意疗效.其中垂体瘤7例,术后视力或内分泌症状明显改善;外伤性脑脊液鼻漏3例,修补后症状消失;外伤性视神经病5例,行视神经减压术后视力均有不同程度恢复;1例外伤性视神经病术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,经过保守治疗后痊愈.结论 经鼻内镜鼻颅底手术具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点.术中正确识别颅底的解剖标志、恰当的颅底修复,有助于保证手术安全,提高手术疗效.     

颅底临床解剖标志与颅底肿瘤手术的安全性

目的　探讨颅底手术的重要解剖标志 ,保证颅底手术的安全性并彻底根治肿瘤。方法对我院 10年来 2 9例不同颅底手术进行回顾性总结 ,分析颅底的鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构在术前诊断、不同手术进路切除肿瘤时的应用情况。结果　本组初期3例手术中有 2例术后颅底有部分肿瘤残留 ;其余 2 6例颅底手术中 ,皆在直视下完全切除肿瘤 ,无手术死亡及严重颅脑并发症。本组 2 9例中 ,侵犯颅底的恶性肿瘤行不同的颅底手术 19例 ,其 3年生存率为 72 2 % (13/ 18) ,5年生存率为 35 7% (5 / 14 )。结论　鸡冠、翼突和颞骨棘、茎突和颈内动脉及其各自的毗邻解剖结构分别是不同的颅底手术重要标志 ,正确认识这些临床解剖标志是颅底手术安全成功的保证     

颅底近颅底肿瘤的手术入路选择

目的 :探讨治疗颅底近颅底肿瘤的最佳手术入路。方法 :对 16 1例颅底近颅底肿瘤 ,采用颅面联合入路 6例 ,上颌骨截除或 (和 )眶内容物摘除术 5例 ,鼻侧切开术 7例 ,额眶入路 1例 ,上颌骨切开外旋及扩大外旋入路 2 1例 ,经颈合并下颌骨切开外旋入路 30例 ,经颈入路 4 8例 ,耳后大C形切口入路 19例 ,颈腮入路 8例 ,经口入路 6例 ,颞额入路 8例 ,耳前颞下入路 2例。结果 :98例良性肿瘤中除 2例经口入路者复发外 ,余无复发。恶性肿瘤 6 3例 ,1例术后 1.5个月并发脑脊液漏死于颅内感染。生存期最长 1例已超过 8年。生存 5年以上 10例 ,3年以上 19例 ,2年以上 16例 ,1年以上 16例。 3、5年生存率分别为 5 9.18% (2 9/49) ,38.4 6 % (10 /2 6 )。结论 :只有根据颅底肿瘤的具体部位及范围、病理类型进行术式设计 ,选择合适的手术入路才能提高颅底肿瘤的治疗效果。     

Chondrosarcoma of the skull base.

OBJECTIVES: Sarcomas of the skull base are challenging, potentially lethal tumors. Prognosis is considered poor. The present report reviews treatment options and presents a case of treatment with en bloc resection of the temporal bone and adjacent skull base. STUDY DESIGN: Single case report and literature review. RESULTS: Extensive skull base resection for chondrosarcoma can be performed successfully and may be curative. CONCLUSION: There is a role for en bloc resection of large areas of the skull base for treatment of chondrosarcoma. It appears that treatment combining surgery and radiation therapy is most likely to be effective.     

Anterior skull base surgery—our experience

Anterior skull base surgery is now an accepted treatment modality for many lesions involving the anterior skull base including the pituitory region. This paper deals with a fifteen year experience over various approaches to the anterior skull base, and thereby trying to rationalize the appropriate approach for the tumours in different anatomical situations. Relevant literature has also been reviewed.     

Anterior skull base surgery— our experience

Anterior skull base surgery is now an accepted treatment modality for many lesions involving the anterior skull base including the pituitory region. This paper deals with a fifteen year experience over various approaches to the anterior skull base, and thereby trying to rationalize the appropriate approach for the tumours in different anatomical situations. Relevant literature has also been reviewed.     

Extraorbital skull base idiopathic pseudotumor

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The term idiopathic pseudotumor (IP) refers to a nonspecific, nonneoplastic inflammatory process without identifiable local or systemic causes, which is one of the most common causes of intraorbital space-occupying lesions. Occasionally, orbital pseudotumors may extend to other areas of the skull base. Rarely, pseudotumors may present as a skull base mass with no involvement of the orbit. The ophthalmology literature has detailed reviews of IP as an intraorbital space-occupying lesion, but lesions involving only the skull base and sparing the orbit are rare in the literature. We present a review of our experience with six patients with extraorbital skull base pseudotumor and a review of the relevant literature. METHOD: Retrospective case study. RESULTS: We treated six patients with extraorbital skull base pseudotumor between 1996 and 2004. Four patients had lesions in the pterygopalatine and/or infratemporal fossae, and two patients had lesions in the superior aspect of the parapharyngeal space. Five patients had excellent initial response to steroids. Two of the pseudotumors recurred. One patient partially responded to steroids and is currently stable with limited disease. Our literature review demonstrated 16 previously published reports of IP of the skull base sparing the orbit. CONCLUSIONS: A well-documented intraorbital lesion, inflammatory pseudotumor may present outside the orbit. Treatment of IP of the skull base is controversial and may involve corticosteroids or surgical resection, or both. Other chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy may be considered in steroid-resistant patients. Pathological subtype, ease and safety of resection, safety of high-dose corticosteroid use, the surgeon's comfort, and the patient's preference must be included in the decision-making process for treatment.     

Surgical treatment of lateral skull base lesions and reconstruction of the skull base: a report of 20 cases

Objective: To investigate the surgical treatment and related experience of lateral skull base lesions.

Methods: In a retrospective, clinical data analysis of 20 patients with lateral skull base diseases, 11 cases with temporal bone space-occupying lesions and intracranial invasion were treated by translabyrinthine surgery, mastoid cavity drainage, or transmastoid surgery to remove the lesion; two cases of cholesteatoma with destruction of tympanic cavity and tympanic sinus canopy with intracranial invasion were treated by extended radical mastoidectomy; seven cases with lateral skull base bone destruction with cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea caused by trauma and deformity were treated by translabyrinth and transmastoid repair.

Results: Eleven cases with temporal bone space occupying lesions were resected completely and were without recurrence after surgery. Two cases with intracranial infection secondary to cholesteatoma were rapidly relieved of symptoms without recurrence after radical mastoidectomy. The remaining seven cases of CSF otorrhea included two cases of Mondini malformation and five cases of temporal bone fracture. The leak was stemmed in all seven cases after surgery.

Conclusion: Surgery is the main therapeutic option for the treatment of lateral skull base diseases. The surgical approach and the type of skull base reconstruction should be selected on an individual case-by-case basis.     

Fungal skull base osteomyelitis: Emerging microbial identification techniques

Culture‐based pathogen identification in skull base osteomyelitis, particularly for fungi, is often inaccurate. We report the case of patient with fungal skull base osteomyelitis cured by sustained antifungal therapy after 16 months of debilitating illness. Due to medical complications, a strong clinical rationale was needed to justify long‐term antifungal therapy. The offending fungus was identified by experimental molecular technology (Ibis T5000 universal biosensor); invasive fungal disease was corroborated by biochemical assays. Our discussion will help familiarize the otolaryngologist with existing biochemical and molecular diagnostics for invasive fungal disease. We encourage future investigators to study their application in cases of skull base osteomyelitis. Laryngoscope , 127:E5–E7, 2017