ARDS患者俯卧位通气对改善氧合状态的作用

目的探讨俯卧位机械通气对ARDS患者氧合状态的影响。方法选择ARDS机械通气患者88例，分为A（俯卧位治疗组）、B（常规治疗组）2组，采取俯卧位通气观察0．5h，3h，5h后，将2组的SpO2、PaO2：、PaO2/FiO2、HR、MAP等变化进行比较。结果俯卧位通气对患者的HR、MAP影响不大（P〉0．05），2组Sp02、PaO2、PaO2/FiO2改变有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论俯卧位机械通气能显著改善ARDS患者的氧合状态，从而实现早日脱机，且实施方便，加强护理和观察可避免严重并发症的发生。     

大黄对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的治疗价值

60例ARDS患者分为大黄治疗组 ( 4 0例 )和对照组 ( 2 0例 ,未用大黄治疗组 )。分析比较两组患者第 1、3、7天氧合指数的变化、机械通气时间、应急性溃疡的发生率以及病死率。结果两组患者第 1天氧合指数均下降 ,组间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5)。大黄治疗组患者氧合指数第 3天开始上升 ,7天后明显改善 (P <0 .0 5)。两组患者机械通气时间分别为大黄治疗组 1 0± 3.0天、非大黄治疗组 2 8± 9.0天 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;应急性溃疡的发生率大黄治疗组为 1 0 .0 %、非大黄治疗组为 35.0 % (P <0 .0 5) ;病死率分别为大黄治疗组为 2 5.0 %、非大黄治疗组为 4 5.0 % (P <0 .0 5)。大黄可以明显改善ARDS患者的氧合指数 ,缩短机械通气时间 ,降低应急性溃疡的发生率和病死率 ,可作为救治ARDS的有效措施之一     

痰热清联合黄芪注射液对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者肺功能的影响

目的 观察痰热清注射液联合黄芪注射液对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者肺功能的影响,并分析它们的作用机制.方法 选择ARDS患者62例,按随机原则分为常规机械通气对照组31例,机械通气+痰热清联合黄芪注射液治疗组31例,分别测定两组患者机械通气0、24、48、72 h血浆细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)水平、血气分析;监测相应时间的潮气量(Vt)、氧浓度(FiO2)、呼气末正压(PEEP)、吸气末压力(EIP)等呼吸参数,并计算氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、呼吸指数(RI)、肺动态顺应性(Cdyn).结果两组机械通气0 h血浆ICAM-1水平、PaO2/FiO2、RI、Cdyn比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与对照组比较,治疗组机械通气48、72 h血浆ICAM-1水平明显下降(P＜0.05),PaO2/FiO2、RI、Cdyn均有明显改善(P＜0.05);与机械通气0、24、48 h 比较,对照组72 h PaO2/FiO2开始上升(P＜0.05),但RI、Cdyn无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 痰热清注射液联合黄芪注射液可抑制ARDS患者血浆ICAM-1水平,同时对肺功能有很好的改善作用,有助于提高保护性通气策略的有效性.     

ARDS患者俯卧位通气对改善氧合状态的作用

目的 探讨俯卧位机械通气对ARDS患者氧合状态的影响.方法 选择ARDS机械通气患者88例,分为A(俯卧位治疗组)、B(常规治疗组)2组,采取俯卧位通气观察0.5h,3h,5h后,将2组的SpO2、PaO2、PaO2/FiO2、HR、MAP等变化进行比较.结果 俯卧位通气对患者的HR、MAP影响不大(p>0.05),2组SpO2、PaO2、PaO2/FiO2改变有显著性差异(p<0.05).结论 俯卧位机械通气能显著改善ARDS患的氧合状态,从而实现早日脱机,且实施方便,加强护理和观察可避免严重并发症的发生.     

ARDS患者侧俯卧位机械通气改善氧合的观察和护理

目的 探讨侧俯卧位机械通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者氧合状态的影响.方法 选择ARDS机械通气患者28例,采取侧卧位1 h、半卧位1 h、侧俯卧位1 h.观察3个不同时段患者HR、MAP、PaO2的变化.结果 不同卧位机械通气对患者HR影响不大(P＞0.05),MAP改变无显著性意义(P＞0.05),PaO2改变有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 侧俯卧位机械通气能显著改善ARDS患者的氧合状态,从而降低FiO2和PEEP水平,且实施比较方便,加强护理和观察可避免严重并发症的发生.     

不同液体管理策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血管外肺水指数的影响

目的 通过观察不同液体管理策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、24 h液体平衡量、机械通气时间、住ICU时间的影响,探寻ARDS患者的最佳液体管理策略.方法 选取符合入选标准的ARDS患者为研究对象,随机分为保守性液体管理策略组(保守组)和开放性液体管理策略组(开放组),动态监测中心静脉压(CVP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心脏指数(CI)、PaO2/FiO2、尿量及EVLWI等,记录24 h液体平衡量、机械通气时间及住ICU时间.结果 保守组除第1天外每日液体均处于负平衡,而开放组每日液体均处于正平衡.保守组EVLWI下降程度、PaO2/FiO2改善程度明显好于开放组,机械通气时间、住ICU时间明显短于开放组(P均<0.05).结论 保守性液体管理策略可以明显降低ARDS患者血管外肺水,改善肺功能,缩短ARDS患者机械通气时间和住ICU时间.保守性液体管理策略是降低血管外肺水的有效治疗手段.     

ARDS患者侧俯卧位机械通气改善氧合的观察和护理

目的 探讨侧俯卧位机械通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者氧合状态的影响。方法 选择ARDS机械通气患者28例，采取侧卧位111、半卧位1h、侧俯卧位1h，观察3个不同时段患者HR、MAP、PaO2的变化。结果 不同卧位机械通气对患者HR影响不大（P〉0．05），MAP改变无显著性意义（P〉0．05），PaO2改变有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 侧俯卧位机械通气能显著改善ARDS患者的氧合状态，从而降低FiO2和PEEP水平，且实施比较方便，加强护理和观察可避免严重并发症的发生。     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺在创伤性急性肺损伤机械通气治疗中的临床研究

目的:探讨丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)在创伤性急性肺损伤(ALI)机械通气治疗中的临床疗效.方法:将创伤性ALI机械通气患者60例随机分为观察组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),观察组在常规治疗基础上加Ala-Gln 0.5 g/(kg·d),连用7 d,比较两组的 PaO2、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、住 ICU 时间、ARDS发生率及病死率.结果:观察组治疗后PaO2、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、住ICU 时间、ARDS发生率组均明显优于对照组(P均<0.05),但病死率无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:Ala-Gln在创伤性ALI机械通气治疗中可能有肺保护作用,适合创伤性ALI的治疗.     

俯卧位通气联合一氧化氮吸入对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 评价俯卧位通气(PPV)联合NO吸入对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者氧合的影响.方法 将我院重症医学科2008年9月至2011年1月收治的,应用最佳PEEP后仍需较高的吸入氧体积分数(FIO2≥60％)的21例ARDS患者,随机(随机数字法)分为三组进行对照研究.A组采取单纯NO吸入4h;B组采取俯卧位通气2h,2h后恢复仰卧位通气;C组采取俯卧位通气联合NO吸入2h,2h后恢复仰卧位通气并继续吸入NO.分别测三组患者治疗干预前、2h及4h氧合指数.统计学处理采用SPSS 13软件,数据以均数±标准差(-x±s)表示,组间比较用单因素方差分析,组内比较用t检验,P ＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 与治疗干预前比较,三组患者2h后氧合指数均较前改善,但A组患者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),B组和C组患者差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);4h后A组和B组氧合指数跟治疗干预前比较无显著差异(P＞0.05),C组氧合指数仍保持改善(P＜0.05).结论 俯卧位通气可以有效地改善严重ARDS患者氧合,俯卧位通气联合NO吸入不但可以改善氧合,而且恢复仰卧位后能有效的维持氧合,因此卧位通气联合NO吸入的方法在改善氧合的同时能减少俯卧位通气时间.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征压控通气的呼气对抗现象

目的　观察成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)患者使用压力控制模式通气时发生的呼气对抗现象。方法　选取有创机械通气的ARDS患者 4 0例 ,另选非ARDS患者 4 0例为对照组 ,均使用压力控制通气 ,观察压力时间曲线水平段在吸气相流速为零后出现的上翘 ,测定其压力上升值 (△P ) =气道峰值压力 - (压控压力 +呼气末正压 ) ,如≥ 3cmH2 O判定为人机对抗 ,同时计算所有患者的氧合指数 (PaO2 /FiO2 )。结果　ARDS组对抗发生率为 70 % ,对照组为 5 % (P <0 0 1) ;发生对抗的ARDS患者氧合指数 73± 2 1(明显低于非对抗组和对照组 P <0 0 5 ;P <0 0 1)。结论　ARDS患者在进行压力控制通气时容易发生呼气对抗 ,应选择适当的吸气时间 ,也可使用镇静及 (或 )肌松剂。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.