臂丛根性撕脱伤后神经根回植术的大鼠动物模型

目的：建立合理的臂丛根性撕脱伤后神经根回植术的大鼠动物模型。方法：在手术显微镜下，采用前入路，将C6神经根从脊髓上撕脱，咬除同侧C5椎体下外部分，显露脊髓；切断肌皮神经，切取长约30mm尺神经桥接肌皮神经与脊髓间的缺损，并将神经近端植入脊髓。术后观察手术侧前后肢的一般情况；6个月后，观察神经的解剖与组织学的连续性。结果：大鼠存活良好，手术侧前肢无坏死、溃疡、脱落，后肢无瘫痪；从脊髓到肱二头肌，神经的连续性完整；组织学检查见桥接神经段内有神经纤维再生。结论：该模型显露脊髓和切取桥接用神经方便，再植位置准确，便于直接观察神经根再植后神经再生及功能恢复情况，无明显的脊髓损伤并发症，较好模拟了臂丛根性撕脱伤后神经前根的回植。     

治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤有新疗法

治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤有新疗法北京积水潭医院显微外科主任医师常万绅带领科研小组，采用正中神经及尺神经部分束支移位法治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤，２年多来治疗１０名患者全部成功。臂丛神经根性撕脱伤主要表现为肩外展及屈肘功能丧失。传统的治疗方法一般选用肋间神经、膈神经...     

臂丛根部的显微外科解剖研究及其临床意义

为进一步认识臂丛神经诸根间根部损伤后其病理特点差异的形态学基础，用显微外科解剖及ＨＥ，Ｍａｓｓｏｎ＇ｓ染色组织病理检查方法对椎管内臂丛神经诸根的显微结构进行观测。结果提示：臂丛神经诸根之间在解剖结构上存在一定的差异，由于这种差异的存在，造成颈５．６神经根在受到同等暴力作用下较７．８及胸１神经根不易形成根性撕脱。即使颈５．６神经根根性撕脱，亦往往伴有节后损伤。作者认为对于臂丛上干近椎间孔的节后损伤，     

成年臂丛神经根性撕脱伤后脊髓前角运动神经元的死亡表型及其机制

正人类臂丛神经根性撕脱伤是临床上常见的一种周围神经损伤,但目前这类损伤尚缺乏有效的治疗手段。臂丛神经根性撕脱伤不仅导致损伤远侧段周围神经变性和相应靶器官的失神经支配,更为重要的是还造成了脊神经腹根和背根与脊髓的脱离~[1]。目前的外科手术修复虽然可以将撕脱的脊神经腹根和背根重新植入脊髓,但伤者的运动和感觉功能     

臂丛根部的显微解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:对臂丛根部及其周围组织进行显微解剖,为臂丛撕脱伤的诊治提供解剖学基础。方法:在15例防腐成人尸体的颈胸段标本上,观测臂丛根部的形态特点及其与周围组织的关系,2例新鲜标本行组织学检查,观察臂丛根部穿椎间孔时与周围组织的联系。结果:①臂丛前后根之间有齿状韧带相间隔;相应的后根比前根粗,后根间存在着复杂的纤维联系。②臂丛C5、C6神经根分出角小于前支分出角,C7、C8、T1神经根分出角大于前支分出角。③臂丛C5、C6神经根在椎间孔处与前、中斜角肌起点处的腱性组织交织,并与上半椎韧带融合,且有薄层纤维筋膜鞘样结构,将椎动脉、椎静脉与之包裹一起;C7、C8、T1少见或未见与前述结构的联系。结论:臂丛神经根解剖结构的差异是臂丛C5、C6神经根较C7、C8、T1神经根不易形成根性撕脱的主要原因,熟悉臂丛根部的显微解剖有助于临床臂丛根性撕脱伤的诊治。     

幼年大鼠臂丛根性损伤模型的构建及其评价

目的：构建幼年大鼠臂丛损伤动物模型并对该模型进行评价。方法：选取20只幼年（P18）SPF级SD大鼠，手术撕脱实验组大鼠左侧臂丛根（C5～C7），造成大鼠臂丛根性撕伤，观察大鼠行为学和脊髓前角运动神经元的组织病理学变化。结果：实验组SD大鼠行为学出现明显异常，并且脊髓前角运动神经元在数量上较对照组显著减少；透射电镜显示实验组脊髓前角运动神经元超微结构也出现明显变化。结论：该方法可成功构建幼年SD大鼠臂丛根性撕脱伤动物模型，为分娩性臂丛损伤研究提供了一个科学可行的实验平台。     

臂丛损伤脊髓运动神经元与神经根GAP-43 mRNA表达

目的：探讨臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体及其神经根GAP-43 mRNA的表达变化及其影响因素,为臂丛损伤的修复治疗提供理论依据.方法：本实验创立三种臂丛根性撕脱伤模型：C7前根撕脱（Ⅰ组）;C7前根撕脱＋切断同侧C5～T1后根（Ⅱ组）;C7前根撕脱＋C5和C6之间作同侧脊髓半横断（Ⅲ组）.术后2周按CBS评分标准检查动物神经缺失症状,用SYBR Green荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体及其神经根GAP-43 mRNA的表达改变.结果：根据CBS评分标准,对照组计为0分,Ⅰ组计分较低、Ⅲ组计分最高.对照组C7神经元胞体和C7神经根中GAP-43 mRNA表达量相近,但三种损伤组术后2周神经元胞体内GAP-43 mRNA表达均上调,而神经根内表达却下调.结论：（1）臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体GAP-43 mRNA表达受突触前机制的调控;（2）臂丛损伤2周时神经元胞体内GAP-43 mRNA表达呈现高峰期,此时进行神经移位术将显著提高神经修复的效果.     

肌皮神经终支加入正中神经一例

局部解剖学实验过程中,笔者在解剖1具55岁左右,1.75m的男性尸体右上肢时,发现其肌皮神经从外侧束发出,穿经喙肱肌后,行于肱二头肌与肱肌之间,发出肌支至肱二头肌、肱肌,皮支—前臂外侧皮神经后,其终支行向下内,加入正中神经干的变异,现报道如下. 肌皮神经从臂丛外侧束根部发出,起始处横径为3.8 mm.距胸小肌下缘76.5 mm处,穿过喙肱肌并发出喙肱肌支;肌皮神经出喙肱肌继续向外下行,在距胸小肌下缘99.9 mm处,发出肱二头肌支,起始处横径为2.1mm,长15.3 mm,支配肱二头肌.     

不可逆损害的臂丛根性撕脱伤的显微外科治疗

<正> 作者对12例臂丛根性撕脱伤不可逆损害病例。用手术恢复:(1) 屈肘功能:取阔筋膜张肌和髂胫束,将其二端缝于锁骨和桡结节处的骨间膜,肌上的旋股外侧动、静脉,臀上神经分别与腋动、静脉,膈神经(或副神经、颈丛运动支)吻合。优良率达     

胸内侧神经和肌皮神经解剖学观察及临床意义

目的为临床手术冶疗臂丛神经C5-6根或主干撕脱性损伤,寻找神经供体移位吻接肌皮神经重建屈肘功能,提供解剖学基础。方法解剖观察和测量肌皮神经主干长度、粗细、行程与喙肱肌的关系;胸内侧神经主干长度、粗细、第一分支能游离的长度、行程与锁骨中线的关系。结果肌皮神经主干长(101.56±13.16)mm,第一分支处神经干厚(2.61±1.13)mm、宽(2.82±1.25)mm、穿喙肱肌者占89.29%;胸内侧神经主干长(50.43±14.14)mm、第一分支处神经干厚(0.51±0.21)mm、宽(0.56±0.18)mm、第一胸大肌支能游离长度为45.66mm、主干行走在锁骨中线外侧者占82.15%。结论胸内侧神经与肌皮神经邻近,神经主干和第一分支能游离的长度,可满足与肌皮神经吻接手术的要求,而且神经主干在体表定位准确,是肌皮神经吻接的较好神经供体。     

臂丛损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元超微结构改变

目的探讨大鼠臂丛损伤导致脊髓前角运动神经元死亡的机制。方法成年雄性SD大鼠24只,其中对照组6只,损伤组18只。建立3种臂丛损伤模型:右C7前根撕脱(A组);右C7前根撕脱+同侧C5～T1后根离断(B组);右C7前根撕脱+右C5与C6之间脊髓半横断(C组)。术后14d取C7节段脊髓,采用尼氏染色方法和透射电镜技术,观察脊髓前角运动神经元的存活率及其超微结构改变。结果术后2周A组脊髓前角运动神经元的存活率最高,B组居中,C组最低。3个臂丛损伤组C7前角均可见凋亡特征性改变:运动神经元内核染色质聚集靠边,核固缩、碎裂、核膜皱褶并内陷,并有染色质团块形成的凋亡小体。细胞体积缩小,胞浆内细胞器密集,线粒体轻度肿胀,核周粗面内质网减少,游离核糖体增多,胞浆内可见较多的空泡。神经元胞体周围的有髓神经纤维和无髓神经纤维呈轻度肿胀,髓鞘的板层结构消失。结论臂丛损伤诱导脊髓运动神经元死亡途径中存在凋亡和坏死两种机制,运动神经元可形成凋亡小体。     

葛根素对臂丛根性撕脱后脊髓MMP-9蛋白表达的影响

目的　探讨大鼠臂丛根性撕脱后脊髓基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）蛋白的表达变化以及葛根素对其表达的影响。 方法　成年雄性SD大鼠174只，随机分为正常组、模型组、葛根素低、中、高处理组。模型组和葛根素处理组行右侧C5~C7脊神经前根撕脱术，术后腹腔注射给药。Western Blot法检测C5~C7节段脊髓MMP-9蛋白的表达。 结果　与正常组比较，臂丛神经根性撕脱后1 d时MMP-9蛋白表达达高峰，3 d降至接近正常，1周后下降至较低水平。葛根素处理组脊髓组织MMP-9蛋白表达在1 d时比模型组显著降低。 结论　MMP-9可能参与臂丛根性撕脱后早期损伤反应，且葛根素可能有助于减轻该种损伤。     

A novel extradural nerve transfer technique by coaptation of C4 to C5 and C7 to C6 for treating isolated upper trunk avulsion of the brachial plexus

The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an extradural nerve anastomosis technique for the restoration of a C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus. Nine fresh frozen human cadavers were used. The diameters, sizes, and locations of the extradural spinal nerve roots were observed. The lengths of the extradural spinal nerve roots and the distance between the neighboring nerve root outlets were measured and compared in the cervical segments. In the spinal canal, the ventral and dorsal roots were separated by the dura and arachnoid. The ventral and dorsal roots of C7 had sufficient lengths to anastomose those of C6. The ventral and dorsal of C4 had enough length to be transferred to those of C5, respectively. The feasibility of this extradural nerve anastomosis technique for restoring C5 and C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus in human cadavers was demonstrated in our anatomical study     

Two rare anomalies of the brachial plexus

Morphological variations of the brachial plexus and variants in the distribution of the anterior division of the middle trunk are relatively frequent. Two of the rarest anomalies occurred in the left brachial plexus of a 62-y-old Japanese male, 1 of 104 plexuses dissected between 1996 and 1997 at Kanazawa University Faculty of Medicine. The superior trunk of the brachial plexus was formed by the anterior primary division of C5 and C6 and a thin branch (0.5 mm in diameter) from C4, the middle trunk by the C7, and the inferior trunk by C8 and T1 (Fig.). We could not determine whether there was a branch derived from T2 to T1, since the subject had died of lung carcinoma. The entire anterior division of the middle trunk crossed the axillary artery and joined the medial root of the median nerve which was the continuation of the medial cord after the cord branched off the ulnar nerve. The lateral cord pierced coracobrachialis and divided into the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral root of the median nerve just after emerging from the muscle, finally joining the medial root of the median nerve superficial to the brachial artery ∼115 mm distal to the lower border of latissimus dorsi to form the median nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve gave rise to the nerves to biceps brachii, brachialis, and the long head of biceps brachii and finally continued as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. The branch to coracobrachialis had already been cut and its course could not be traced.     

SD大鼠坐骨神经结构及其支配肌群的探讨

目的分析大鼠骶丛及坐骨神经的神经根组成，并分析各神经根对肌肉的具体支配功能。方法选用20只成年SD大鼠，雌雄不限，通过大体解剖了解坐骨神经的神经根组成：通过对L4—6神经根的刺激，分别检测股二头肌、小腿三头肌和胫前肌的肌电图，由此推断神经根对肌群的支配权重及定位关系。结果20只大鼠中，L4—6型有17只，L4—5型3只，两大类型又分两种亚型。通过肌电图分析，我们发现，L4．5是坐骨神经支配下肢肌肉的恒定支，L6神经根主要参与小腿三头肌的运动功能，但有两只大鼠，L6不参与对三组肌肉的支配。结论本实验基本明确了大鼠骶丛及坐骨神经的组成，利用肌电图的方法判定出大鼠下肢股二头肌、三头肌和胫前肌的神经根支配组成及权重，为建立大鼠骶丛撕脱模型奠定了坚实的基础。     

The human suprascapular nerve belongs to both anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus

For the sake of clarifying which division of the brachial plexus, anterior or posterior, does the human suprascapular nerve belong to, the suprascapular nerve and cervical nerves concerned were teased into bundles of fibers by the fiber analysis method in six adult human arms of cadavers. The suprascapular nerve received fibers from C4, C5 and C6 in two cases which have a communicating branch between C4 and C5, from C6 and C6 in three cases and only from C5 in one case. In contrast with the posterior root fibers, the anterior root fibers of C5 and C6 could easily be divided into anterior and posterior groups of bundles which entered the anterior and the posterior divisions of the brachial plexus and were called anterior motor and posterior motor elements respectively. The suprascapular nerve received fibers from the anterior and the posterior motor elements of C5 in all cases. In addition to the C5, the nerve received fibers from both elements of C6 in three cases or from the anterior element of C6 in two cases. From this result the suprascapular nerve is judged to be a nerve which belongs to both anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus.     

臂丛损伤再生中GAP-43 mRNA及其蛋白的表达

目的：分析臂丛损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元表达GAP-43 mRNA及其蛋白的变化规律，探讨神经损伤再生的机制。方法：建立3种臂丛损伤模型：右C₇前根撕脱（A组）；右C₇前根撕脱＋同侧C5-T₁后根断离（B组）；右C₇前根撕脱+右C₅C₆间脊髓半横断（C组）。用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测术后14 d时 C₇前角GAP-43 mRNA的表达量。用免疫组化方法检测术后1、 3、 7、14 d脊髓前角GAP-43免疫阳性运动神经元的表达。结果：对照组C₇前角GAP-43 mRNA呈低表达，损伤组GAP-43 mRNA表达显著上调。损伤组术后1 d、3 d时均未见C₇前角 GAP-43免疫阳性神经元，术后7 d各损伤组GAP-43免疫阳性神经元开始出现，14 d时免疫阳性神经元数目达到高峰。3组间比较，C组表达量最高，B组最低，A组居中。结论：臂丛损伤诱导运动神经元GAP-43 mRNA及其蛋白表达上调，GAP-43合成增加是神经元蛋白重组所致，与轴索再生和神经功能重建有关。     

A variation of the brachial plexus characterized by the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve a case report

A variation of the brachial plexus characterized by the absence of the musculocutaneous nerve on both sides was observed during the dissection of a 72 year-old female cadaver. The long thoracic nerve included only the fibers from C5 and C6 on the left side. The musculocutaneous nerve was absent and two branches from the lateral cord innervated the coracobrachialis muscle. The median nerve innervated the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles in the arm and also gave off the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Additionally, a communicating branch was found from the median nerve to the ulnar nerve in the forearm. The knowledge of the anatomical variations of the peripheral nerve system can help give explanation when encountering an incomprehensible clinical sign.     

Motor nerve lengths of twenty-seven muscles in upper extremity

The purpose of this study is to determine the lengths of motor nerves in the upper extremity. Motor nerves of 27 muscles in 10 cadavers (16 extremities) were dissected from their roots at the level of intervertebral foramen to the entry point of the nerves to the corresponding muscles. Distance between acromion and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus was also measured in all cadavers. Nerve length of the coracobrachialis muscle was the shortest (18.26 ± 1.64 cm), while the longest was the nerve of the extensor indicis (59.51 ± 4.80 cm). The biceps brachii, the extensor digitorum communis, and the brachialis muscles showed highest coefficient of variation that makes these nerve lengths of muscles inconsistent about their lengths. This study also offers quotients using division of the lengths of each nerve to acromion-the lateral epicondyle distance. Knowledge of the nerve lengths in the upper extremity may provide a better understanding the reinnervation sequence and the recovery time in the multilevel injuries such as brachial plexus lesions. Quotients may be used to estimate average lengths of nerves of upper extremity in infants and children. Moreover, reliability of the biceps brachii as a determinant factor for surgery in obstetrical brachial plexus lesions should be reconsidered due to its highest variation coefficient.