足骨血管孔的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的 :了解足骨血管孔的分布情况 ,为临床提供参考资料。方法 :观测跗骨、跖骨和趾骨血管孔的数目及部位。结果 :①跗骨中的第二楔骨血管孔最少 ,平均为 6 .2 3± 2 .31个 ,滋养孔 2 .4 6± 1.0 4个 ;跟骨血管孔最多 ,平均为 38.8± 5 .12个 ,滋养孔 8.5 5± 3.10个。②跖骨中段滋养孔 ,1孔者最多占 85 .2 3%。③跖骨近、中、远节均有血管孔 ,其中滋养孔数目不恒定 ,趾骨中段滋养孔出现率为 4 2 .0 %。结论 :足骨均有血管孔 ,多数分布在足骨底面、内侧面和背侧面。     

胫骨滋养孔和滋养动脉的观测

在38侧防腐后灌注红色乳胶的下肢标本和200侧东北出土的干燥成人胫骨进行胫骨骨膜血供研究的同时,观测了胚骨滋养孔和滋养动脉。现报告如下。 一、胫骨的滋养孔 在200侧胫骨上共发现滋养孔207个,1孔者193侧,占96.5±1.3％,二孔者7侧,占3.5±1.3％,距胫骨上端距离平均120.9±12.0mm,位于后面者199侧,占99.5±0.5％,仅有一侧位于其外侧面,距腔骨平台198mm。     

掌骨及其滋养孔的研究

我们对100只手骨(男性80只,女性20只),进行测量和观察,并解剖6只成人的手,其结果如下:1.掌骨骨干的滋养孔该孔呈卵圆形或圆形,其周围骨质微隆起,骨面上有一条明晰的沟导入孔内,沟与孔导入滋养管的方向一致,第一掌骨导向远侧端,其余掌骨导向近侧端,都背离骨的生长端。500个掌骨中呈单孔者占94.2±1.5%,双孔者占5±0.97%,多孔者和无孔者均为罕见共占0.8±0.55%;第一、二掌骨的滋养孔位于骨干的内侧面为数最多,第二三、四掌骨滋养孔大多数位于骨干的外侧面,均超过半数,但孔位于骨干的背侧极少;524     

肱骨滋养孔及滋养动脉

测量了126对肱骨的长度、最大径、最小径及周径。观察了滋养孔的位置、数目、大小及方向。肱骨滋养孔呈单孔的占80.56％,双孔占17.86％。滋养孔在纵向上多数位于中点偏下,指数平均值为55.33;在横向上通常位于前内侧,占85.58％,部分滋养孔位于后外侧面,桡神经沟附近。两侧肱骨滋养孔在纵向上和横向上都对称的有26.19％。滋养孔的口径中等的占42.62％,大的37.38％。解剖肱骨滋养动脉100例,共110支。测量了其长度、口径。观察了它们的起点和行径。滋养动脉起自肱动脉的最多,占82.73％;起自肱深动脉的9.09％。其它起自尺侧上副动脉、桡侧副动脉、旋肱后动脉、中副动脉。滋养动脉的平均长度为2.16厘米。起始段外径1.26毫米。滋养动脉的起点与滋养孔在纵向和横向上的位置有一定的关系。起自肱动脉和尺侧上副动脉的滋养动脉,多进入位于前下内侧区的滋养孔,而起自肱深动脉等的滋养动脉,则常进入后上外侧区的滋养孔。在经动脉注入造影剂的骨标本X线照片上,观察了肱骨滋养动脉在骨内的分布。     

桡、尺骨滋养孔和滋养动脉

一、测量了成对桡骨246侧,尺骨224侧,包括两骨的长度、中点矢状径、横径和周径。观察了滋养孔的数目、位置、大小和方向。桡骨滋养孔呈单孔的占92.68％。在纵向上多数集中在桡骨上、中1/3交界附近,指数平均为35.03;在横向上通常位于桡骨体前面(占64.84％)或前缘,部分滋养孔位于骨间嵴或桡骨后面。两侧桡骨滋养孔在纵向和横向上都对称的出现率为35.77％。滋养孔的口径中等,方向均通向近端。尺骨滋养孔具单孔的占89.29％。在纵向上多数集中在尺骨上、中1/3交界略偏下方的邻近区域内,指数平均为37.98;在横向上通常位于尺骨体前面(占88.84％)或前缘,位于骨间嵴或后面者极少。两侧尺骨滋养孔在纵向和横向上都对称的有40.18％。滋养孔口径中等,但较桡骨者稍大,方向均通向近端。二、解剖桡、尺骨滋养动脉各100侧,测量了滋养动脉的长度、口径、起始高度,观察了它们的起点和行程。桡骨滋养动脉起自骨间掌侧动脉的最多(占71.84％),其次起自骨间总动脉、尺动脉、桡动脉及正中动脉。桡骨滋养动脉的长度平均1.80厘米,起始段外径0.84毫米,由起点至肘关节线的距离为8.58厘米。尺骨滋养动脉起自骨间掌侧动脉的占38％、尺动脉的占25％、尺侧返动脉的占28％,其余起自骨间总动脉和骨间背侧动脉。尺骨滋养动脉的平均长度2.24厘米,起始段外径0.87毫米,由起点至肘关节线的距离为6.76厘米。桡、尺骨滋养孔在横向上的位置,与滋养动脉的起点显示一定关系,发自骨间掌侧动脉的滋养动脉,多进入桡、尺骨前面、骨间嵴及其附近的滋养孔,起自其它动脉者多进入桡、尺骨前面和前缘的滋养孔。在事先经动脉注入造影剂的骨标本X线照片上,观察了桡、尺骨滋养动脉在骨内的分布,以及骨膜的血液供应。     

38例寰椎侧块滋养孔解剖测量与临床意义

目的　观察并测量寰椎侧块滋养孔的临床解剖学参数,为降低寰椎侧块螺钉固定术中血管损伤风险提供参考。 方法　随机选取38例正常干燥成人寰椎骨标本,观察寰椎侧块滋养孔（以直径≥1.0 mm为判定界限）的形态、数目、位置;测量滋养孔最大横径、纵径、深度,滋养孔外缘到横突孔内缘之间的距离等。 结果　38例寰椎标本中,95%存在滋养孔,42%呈圆形、8%呈横椭圆形、45%呈纵椭圆形;5%无滋养孔;79%左右两侧滋养孔对称,16%不对称。滋养孔最大横径为（2.16±0.86）mm,最大纵径为（2.82±1.03）mm,最大深度为（1.75±0.71）mm,滋养孔外缘到横突孔内缘之间的距离（8.61±1.46）mm,各测量指标左右两侧无显著差异。 结论　95%的寰椎左右两侧存在滋养孔,且均位于寰椎侧块的中间区域,椎弓根螺钉通道处;临床寰椎侧块螺钉固定时,螺钉的直径可参考（8.61±1.46）mm;螺钉通道距离寰椎侧块内缘（1.73±0.7）mm。     

中国人掌骨体滋养孔的观察

1.观察了3800块成年掌骨滋养孔的数目、位置和方向,並对其中120付成套骨骼的掌骨滋养孔的对称情况予以分析。 2.无滋养孔的掌骨占极少数(0.37±0.09％),仅出现于第二掌骨,其余掌骨都有一个明显的滋养孔(94.68±0.36％)。部分掌骨有两个滋养孔(4.87±0.34％),极少数掌骨有三个滋养孔(0.08±0.05％)。主滋养孔90％以上位于掌骨内侧面或外侧面的中1/3。第一、二掌骨的滋养孔主要位于内侧面,第三、四、五掌骨的滋养孔主要位于外侧面,从第一至第五有一个逐渐由内侧面移向外侧面的趋势。 3.第一掌骨滋养孔的方向朝向远侧端,第二、三、四、五掌骨滋养孔朝向近侧端,均无例外。又一次以中国人的资料证明了生长端学说。 4.成套掌骨的观察说明掌骨滋养孔左右完全对称者,在第一和第五掌骨中各占50％左右,其余均较低。部分对称和不对称的情况,在第五和第三掌骨为部分对称多于不对称,第二、四掌骨为不对称多于部分对称,第一掌骨为二者相等。与Patake和Mysorekar的报导相此,表明中国人与印度人之间在掌骨滋养孔对称性中可能存在一定种族特征。     

股骨滋养孔及滋养动脉

一、测量170对股骨,共340侧,包括骨的长度、中点矢状径、横径及周径。观察了滋养孔,孔的数目、位置及方向都比较恒定。滋养孔无一例缺乏,但四孔和五孔滋养孔罕见。滋养孔在纵向上,多位于股骨的中1/3(71.50％);横向上多位于股骨后面(98.62％),两侧股骨滋养孔在纵向及横向上都对称的不多(7.06％)。滋养孔口径一般比较大。绝大多数(98.44％)的滋养孔通向近侧。二、解剖出股骨滋养动脉100例。股骨滋养动脉大多数起自股深动脉各穿支,发现部分滋养动脉由股深动脉终末支直接形成或由股动脉下段发出,长度平均为1.16 cm,外径平均1.51 mm。其行径较为恒定,居大收肌深面,多半在股骨粗线处进入滋养孔。三、经动脉造影的婴幼儿股骨标本X线照像上,观察了股骨滋养动脉在骨内的分布情况。     

国人上肢长骨滋养孔的调查研究

本文测量了210对共420侧成人干燥上肢长骨标本,观察了各骨干滋养孔的数目、位置及方向。 1.肱骨滋养孔的数目、位置、方向均较恒定,420侧中无一例缺如,其中以一孔者居多,占80.56％,距肱骨上端平均距离为15.77厘米,两侧对比无明显差异。滋养孔在纵向上多集中在肱骨的中1/3,占90％以上。在横向上分布多集中在内侧面和前内侧面,共占81％以上。肱骨滋养孔的方向均向肘。 2.桡骨滋养孔的数目、位置、方向较肱骨更恒定,一孔者占97.10％,距上端距离平均为8.91厘米,两侧对比无明显差异。滋养孔在纵向上多集中在中1/3,占61.80％,上1/3者占36.90％,在横向上多集中在前面和内侧面,共占79.15％。桡骨滋养孔方向全部向肘。 3.尺骨滋养孔的数目、位置和方向也较恒定。一孔者占94.30％,距上端平均距离为9.81厘米,多位于中1/3,占78.02％,位于上1/3者占21.80％,横向上多集中在前面和前内侧面,二者共占76.26％。尺骨滋养孔的方向全部向肘。     

锁骨的滋养孔

观察测量了212根锁骨的滋养孔,结果如下: 一、锁骨滋养孔的数目锁骨滋养孔1—7个不等,平均为2.7孔。经统计学处理,侧差均不显著,故未列侧别数据。     

A quantitative study on the digital bones of cattle.

The bones of 64 digits from eight Holstein male cattle were studied quantitatively to determine whether any differences existed respective on the corresponding bones of the different digits. For this purpose, the greatest and abaxial greatest lengths, the smallest diaphysial breadths, the breadths of proximal and distal ends of the proximal and middle phalanges, the lengths of dorsal surfaces, the heights of extensor processes, the greatest diagonal lengths and the middle breadths of the soles from the distal phalanges were measured. Comparison showed that measurements between the right and left sides did not differ significantly. However, differences were found for almost all measurements between the forelimb and hindlimb. The proximal and middle phalanges were found to be shorter and broader in the forelimb and the broadness was more noticeable than the length. The distal phalanx of the medial forefoot had the greatest value in four measurements while the smallest values were found in the lateral hind foot. The results indicated that the morphometry of the digital bones could be important from both phylogenetic and clinical aspects.     

Location, number and clinical significance of nutrient foramina in human long bones

Nutrient arteries, the main blood supply to long bones, are particularly important during the active growth period, as well as during the early phases of ossification. In the present study, 569 adult human long bones of the upper (101 humeri, 93 radii, 102 ulnae) and lower (100 femora, 100 tibiae, 73 fibulae) limbs were investigated to determine the number and location of their nutrient foramina. For each bone, a foraminal index was calculated giving the location of the nutrient foramen in relation to its proximal end. In the upper limb, foramina were located on the diaphysis 15-69% of the overall length of the humerus, 22-46% for the radius and 27-54% for the ulna. In the lower limb, foramina were located on the diaphysis 29-69% of the overall length of the femur, 27-63% for the tibia and 26-83% for the fibula. In addition, the number and the distribution of the foramina in relation to specific regions/surfaces of the diaphysis were identified. This study provides additional and important information on the location and number of nutrient foramina in the long bones of the upper and lower limbs in the Turkish Caucasian population.     

肩胛骨滋养孔及血供的研究

观察并测量了520个肩胛骨冈上窝、冈下窝、肩胛下窝,以及肩胛外侧缘滋养孔的数目、大小、分布,以及旋肩胛动脉在肩胛骨外侧缘邻近处形成的压迹至肩胛下角最低点的距离。解剖了40具(80侧)成人尸体的旋肩胛动脉、肩胛上动脉和肩胛背动脉。着重观察了它们的起始、分型,并测量了各动脉的外径。从而为带血管蒂的肩胛骨部分移植提供了形态依据。     

Anatomic characterization of the femoral nutrient artery: Application to fracture and surgery of the femur

The localization of nutrient foramina and direction of nutrient canals have been studied. However, information about the origin and extraosseous course of nutrient arteries is lacking in some types of long tubular and irregular bones. Thus, we aimed to reexamine the origin and course of the femoral nutrient artery (FNA) through cadaveric dissection to clarify its anatomic characteristics. Sixty thighs were collected from 57 cadavers. To fix the cadavers and visualize the small arterial branches, 10% formalin was injected from the femoral artery, followed by an injection of acrylic ink. The arterial tree in the posterior part of the thigh was recorded by line drawings. The femur received single or double FNAs via the femoral nutrient foramina, which were on and along the linea aspera. In cases with single FNA (41 of the 60 thighs), it typically arose from the four parts of the profunda femoris system: profunda femoris artery between the origins of the third and fourth perforating arteries; second perforating artery; third perforating artery; and terminal branch. In cases with double FNAs (remaining 19 thighs), the superior FNA typically arose from the second perforating artery, and the inferior FNA arose from the terminal branch of the profunda femoris artery and popliteal system. FNAs are described as branches of the perforating arteries in Terminologia Anatomica and anatomy textbooks. However, we found that FNAs also frequently arose from the profunda femoris artery and popliteal system, in addition to the perforating arteries. Clin. Anat. 33:479–487, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

猕猴掌骨和指骨长度性差

目的探讨在1个猕猴种群中用掌骨和指骨的长度鉴定性别。方法采用直接测量法对11例雄性和25例雌性猕猴的掌骨和指骨长度进行测量。数据处理分析采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件。结果手骨的性别正确判别率从近侧掌骨到远侧指骨逐渐增加。5根掌骨和5根远节指骨长度的性别判别率分别是88.9%和100.0%,第1根手骨(包括1节掌骨和2节指骨)和第5根手骨(包括1节掌骨和3节指骨)总长度的性别判别率分别是90.3%和100.0%。因子分析结果显示,19根手骨形态分组是以排(掌骨、近节指骨、中节指骨和远节指骨)为单位,而不是以列(5根指骨)为单位。结论猕猴掌骨和指骨长度变量可以有效地识别性别,对非人灵长类的生物系统演化关系有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

人体颈椎椎弓的营养孔和营养动脉

1.观察了351个成人颈椎干骨(C_237、C_(3～5)196、C_639、C_779)椎弓营养孔的数目、大小、方向和位置。椎弓外面的营养孔以单孔多见,占64.96％,平均口径为0.34mm。指向椎弓根,多位于距峡部中线后方3～6mm范围的椎板中部。椎弓内面的营养孔为单孔者占47.01％,平均口径为0.26mm。指向后,集中于距椎弓根与椎板连线0～3mm范围的椎板中部。 2.用解剖、透明法,观察了20具不同年龄新鲜尸体颈椎椎弓的营养动脉。椎弓外面营养动脉发自颈深动脉;内面营养动脉发自椎动脉脊后支的升支和脊中间支的后根支。在每一椎弓的左、右侧半内,以1支营养动脉多见。它分成短而较细的前支和长而粗的后支。前支发出分支供应上、下关节突、横突和椎弓根;后支发支供应椎板和棘突。营养动脉在骨内的形态、走行和分布与骨化过程关系密切。 3.骨膜动脉从椎弓外面进入,在儿童和成人的椎管面,未见到此种小支的存在。     

Insertions of the lumbrical and interosseous muscles in the human foot.

The lumbrical and interosseous muscles in twenty-five feet of Japanese adult cadavers were dissected. The lumbrical muscles mainly continued into the dorsal aponeuroses or the terminal tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscle, though they occasionally issued some accessory and slender tendons inserting into the bases of the proximal phalanges. Rarely, the lumbrical muscle showed an atavistic anomaly. In this anomaly, the lumbrical muscle was divided into two tails which continued into the bases of the proximal phalanges of the contiguous toes. The plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles were mainly attached to the bases of the proximal phalanges. Frequently, the plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles issued some accessory and small tendons continuing into the dorsal aponeuroses. This fact suggests that the plantar and dorsal interosseous muscles in the foot, like the palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles in the hand, are composite muscles derived from the flexor brevis, contrahens and other muscles.     

Evaluation of location and dimensions of mandibular lingual foramina using cone-beam computed tomography

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the regional frequency and anatomical properties of mandibular lingual foramina (MLF) and their bony canals with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted by selecting images of the mandible from CBCT examination of 500 patients. MLF were located according to tooth areas and were grouped into midline, paramedian, and posterior foramina. In addition, the frequency of bony canals originating from lingual foramina was calculated, and the course and anastomoses were examined.

Results

In total, 491 areas with lingual foramina were observed. The highest regional frequency was recognized in the midline area (95.2 %), followed by left first premolar (15.1 %) area. The frequency of foramina in the midline was different from the paramedian and posterior (p < 0.01) regions. 95.6 % of lingual vascular canals originating from midline lingual foramina had a perpendicular course into the symphysis, whereas 60.3 % of canals from paramedian foramina and 83.6 % of canals from lateral lingual foramina presented with an anteriorly directed course.

Conclusions

CBCT examination easily demonstrates the presence of the lingual vascular canals. MLF are frequently present in a Turkish population; radiologists and oral surgeons should be aware of this anatomic feature and its possible implications.