Nasal septal abscess in children: from diagnosis to management and prevention

Background

Nasal septal abscess (NSA) is an uncommon condition. It is a collection of pus in the space between the nasal septum and its overlying mucoperichondrium and/or mucoperiosteum. If left untreated, there are risks of intracranial complications, facial deformity, and delayed facial growth. There is no universally agreed consensus on the treatment of this condition. This study reviews evidence in the literature to determine its etiology, presentation, investigation, management options, and outcome.

Method

A structured review of the PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Collaboration databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews) was undertaken, using the MeSH terms: nasal septum, nasal cartilage, trauma, hematoma, abscess, reconstructive surgery, rhinoplasty, pediatric, and children.

Results

A total of 159 citations from 1920 to date were reviewed regarding nasal septal abscess, of which 81 articles were identified to be relevant to this review. No randomized controlled trials or systematic reviews were found in the Cochrane Collaboration database, PubMed or EMBASE. NSA is more common in children and in male. Nasal trauma and untreated septal hematoma are the leading cause. Staphylococcus aureus is isolated in up 70% of the cases. Clinically, nasal septal swelling, pain and tenderness, with purulent discharge are mostly evident. The immediate management of NSA is incision and drainage and antibiotic therapy. Recent studies suggest early septal reconstruction in children in order to prevent immediate and late facial deformity and nasal dysfunction. Autologous cartilage is the implant material of choice.

Conclusion

Nasal septal abscess is a serious condition that necessitates urgent surgical management in order to prevent potential life threatening complications. In the growing child, early reconstruction of destructed septal cartilage is essential for normal development of the midface (nose and maxilla).     

Sandwich graft technique outcomes in medium and large size nasal septal perforations

IntroductionSurgical treatment of medium and large sized nasal septal perforation is challenging. Techniques with and without interposition grafts are used.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explain how we apply the sandwich graft technique that we use in medium and large nasal septal perforations as well as to present the results.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the patients who were operated with the sandwich graft technique between January 2014 to December 2018 and followed up for at least 6 months. The demographic data, symptom scores, examination, and surgical findings of the patients were taken from the hospital records. Surgical outcomes were presented according to both perforation etiologies (idiopathic or iatrogenic) and sizes (Group A: < 2 cm, Group B: ≥ 2 cm).ResultsWe reviewed 52 cases and 56 surgeries. The average diameter of the perforations was 19.2 mm. The success rate after initial surgeries was 84.6% (44/52). After 4 revision surgeries, the perforation was closed in 88.5% of the cases (46/52). Success rates for Group A and Group B were 90.0% and 86.4%, respectively (p = 0.689). The success rates in idiopathic and iatrogenic cases were 93.3% and 86.5%, respectively (p = 0.659).ConclusionThis study showed that the success rate of sandwich graft technique was higher in medium-sized perforations than large-sized ones and in idiopathic perforations compared to iatrogenic ones, but the latter rate was not statistically significant. This demonstrated that perforation size was not as important in the sandwich graft technique as in flap techniques.     

鼻内镜手术并发鼻中隔穿孔(附7例报告)

目的 探讨鼻内镜手术后发生鼻中隔穿孔的原因和预防措施。方法 回顾分析鼻内镜术后发生鼻中隔穿孔7例的临床资料。结果 鼻内镜手术前的局部或全身激素的应用,患者的全身疾病,手术时的操作损伤,填塞物的压力过大、时间过长等都可以促使鼻中隔穿孔的发生。结论 鼻内镜手术患者术前应全盘考虑如何处理患者的全身疾病及术前用药,填塞物的选择和压力,局部处理等,以减少鼻中隔穿孔的发生。     

鼻内镜下带蒂鼻中隔及中鼻甲黏膜瓣行脑脊液鼻漏修补

目的探讨鼻内镜下带蒂鼻中隔及中鼻甲黏膜瓣行脑脊液鼻漏修补手术的方法及围术期处理要点,对其临床效果进行分析总结。方法选取2009年4月至2014年4月在我院行鼻内镜下带蒂鼻中隔及中鼻甲黏膜瓣行脑脊液鼻漏修补手术的脑脊液鼻漏患者11例,其中头部外伤6例(54.5%),筛窦囊肿及鼻息肉手术误伤2例(18.2%),鼻-颅底肿瘤手术切除所致1例(9.1%),颅内疾病行外科手术伤及颅底2例(18.2%)。结果 9例(81.8%)一次修补成功,1例(9.1%)经二次修补成功;1例(9.1%)患者首次修补失败,限于家庭经济条件未再次修补。术后并发症情况:术后高热1例,经保守治疗痊愈;所有患者术后随访0.5~2年,总体治愈率90.9%。结论采用鼻内镜下带蒂鼻中隔及中鼻甲黏膜瓣行脑脊液鼻漏修补术具有如下特点:1漏口定位准确、便于取材及固定;2带蒂的移植组织血液供应丰富易存活;3相同的组织结构保证腺体的分泌功能,能有效避免鼻腔干燥等不适症状的发生。总体来看,此术式具有安全可靠、修补成功率高的优势。     

Evaluation of the Esthetic and Functional Outcomes of Extracorporeal Septoplasty for Rhinoplasty in Asian Patients

ObjectivesIn extracorporeal septoplasty (ECS), the entire septal cartilage is harvested, and a neo-L strut is built extracorporeally. Thus, ECS can simultaneously achieve septum straightening and tip projection. This study evaluated the functional and esthetic outcomes of the ECS technique for rhinoplasty in Asian patients.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of 64 patients who underwent rhinoplasty using ECS between January 2016 and March 2018. Subjective patient satisfaction was assessed and objective surgical outcomes were evaluated. Improvement in nasal obstruction was rated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Anthropometric changes were compared between preoperative and postoperative facial photographs. Complications and revisions were also analyzed.ResultsThe participants comprised 64 patients (48 males and 16 females, with a mean age of 29.3 years). The mean operative time was 89.3 minutes. In total, 61 patients were satisfied with the esthetic outcome, and the overall objective rhinoplasty outcome score was 3.45. Preoperative nasal obstruction symptoms (7.9±1.2 on VAS) improved postoperatively (3.1±1.3, P<0.001), and significant improvements were also observed in the nasofrontal angle (152.3° to 148.1°, P<0.001), nasolabial angle (88.8° to 92.0°, P<0.001), and nasal tip projection (0.62 to 0.66, P<0.033). Recurrent deviation of the nasal septum and external nose or tip deprojection did not occur in any patients, and there were no cases of revision during the mean follow-up period of 13.3 months.ConclusionECS might be an esthetically and functionally satisfactory alternative rhinoplasty technique for Asian patients with a shortage of septal cartilage.     

鼻中隔成形术中鼻中隔缝合法与鼻腔填塞法的效果比较

目的 探讨鼻中隔成形术中鼻中隔缝合法与鼻腔填塞法的效果比较。 方法 2014年9月至2015年8月延边大学附属医院耳鼻咽喉科收治鼻中隔偏曲患者95例,均行鼻中隔成形术,将患者随机分为鼻腔填塞组及鼻中隔缝合组,比较两组患者术后头痛、鼻部胀痛、流泪及鼻塞症状的VAS评分,以及手术费用及术后并发症的发生情况。 结果 在术后头痛、鼻部胀痛、流泪及鼻塞等方面,填塞组的VAS评分明显高于缝合组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),鼻腔填塞组手术相关费用较鼻中隔缝合组高。 结论 鼻中隔缝合法在鼻中隔偏曲成形术中的应用可以减轻患者的术后痛苦,费用相对低廉,值得推广。     

Management of naso-septal deformity in childhood: Long-term results

Objective

The classical teaching advocates a conservative approach for children presenting with various naso-septal deformities. It may not be appropriate especially when it causes nasal obstruction to the growing child. This study has two main purposes: to contribute in identifying the correct selection criteria for surgical management of pediatric patients and in selecting the most appropriate surgical technique.

Material and method

We reviewed a series of 46 cases of post-traumatic septal and naso-septal deformity not managed promptly or with recurrence of nasal deviation, following bones fracture correction alone. The mean follow-up was 10 years.

Results

Patients with naso-septal deformity managed only by septoplasty had accentuation of nasal pyramid deformity; those treated by septorhinoplasty showed a good aesthetic and functional result after long-term follow-up.

Conclusion

Our series results demonstrated that the best results were obtained when we correct all evident alterations of nasal septum and pyramid at a single stage. Unsuccessful results seen in our first group suggest that immediate correction of septum alone with delayed management of nasal pyramid deformity leads to a poorer outcome.     

传统方法和经鼻内镜下行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术152例报告

目的总结传统方法和经鼻内镜鼻中隔偏曲矫正术的手术技巧。方法对1998年3月～2003年8月复旦大学华山医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科152例鼻中隔偏曲病人中,84例采用传统方法行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术,68例经鼻内镜鼻中隔偏曲矫正术病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对手术过程进行总结并观察其术后疗效。结果鼻内镜下行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术68例中,所有病人均获得完全矫正,症状缓解,无1例出现并发症。传统方法行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术84例病人中75例获得完全矫正,9例病人矫正不完全,术后鼻腔通气仅稍改善,2例术后并发穿孔。结论鼻内镜下行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术改变了以往传统的手术方式,光源充足、鼻腔后端显示好,术中仅去除偏曲的骨性或软骨部分,并发症少,术后疗效较好。