长管骨骨不连植骨方式的研究

目的：研究和探讨最佳植骨方式，提高骨不连愈合时间和质量。方法：将60例长管骨骨折骨不连患者分为3组，骨折端固定后分别采取髂骨夹板武植骨＋内固定、髂骨条状或粒状植骨、重组合异种骨植入，观察3种植骨方式对骨折端再生骨的生长速度及质量的影响。结果：所有病例13～18个月愈合，采取髂骨夹板式植骨＋内固定组明显优于髂骨条状或粒状植骨组及重组合异种骨植入组（P〈0.01）。结论：髂骨夹板武植骨＋内固定是一种有效、安全可靠、经济的植骨方式。     

组织工程化同种异体骨移植修复骨缺损

目的解决骨缺损修复时自体骨移植存在修复材料来源有限,异体骨移植又为爬行替代,存在愈合慢、假关节率高的问题。方法以兔骨膜成骨细胞为种子细胞,经分离、体外培养、传代,再粘附于冷冻干燥表面脱钙同种异体骨,共同复合培养,制作兔胫骨缺损,分异体骨移植组(对照组)、组织工程化异体骨移植组,术后2、4、6周各处死2只兔子,大体观测骨痂大小及硬度;苏木精-伊红染色,光镜观察细胞在材料上的生长情况,了解其愈合快慢及质量。结果与对照组比较,实验组炎性明显较轻,细胞生长活跃,缺损愈合快。结论组织工程化同种异体骨移植能解决骨缺损修复时自体植骨材料来源有限,特别是在小儿及骨缺损大时修复材料的来源问题;同时,植入的异体骨又具有支架及自体成骨细胞活性,使植入的异体骨愈合加快,克服其愈合慢、假关节率高的问题。     

Tricortical Calcaneal Bone Graft and Management of the Donor Site

The clinical outcomes of 19 patients requiring autogenous grafts for foot surgery were followed up until healing at the donor site occurred. In all cases, tricortical bone was extracted from the calcaneus for use at another pedal site. The first cohort of 9 patients had the calcaneal deficit replaced with allogenic cubes. The second cohort received no tissue replacement. Patients were reviewed postoperatively with a questionnaire and clinical examination to evaluate the outcome of the operations. Radiographic outcomes were observed at the donor and recipient sites in both groups until healing was confirmed as bridging trabeculation. Incorporation of the graft at the donor site was also reviewed. Clinical outcomes, namely pain, local sensory function, and return to footwear, were satisfactory in all patients and were not significantly different between groups. One patient from each group sustained a heel fracture. The donated autogenous grafts at the recipient sites were all incorporated uneventfully at 6 months. In the first cohort, allogenic graft incorporation in the calcaneus was complete in only 2 patients at the 12-month stage. The remaining 7 cases showed reduction of the deficit by new bone formation arising from the calcaneus. Donor sites with allogenic bone replacement healed at a median of 18 months (interquartile range, 18-18 months). In the group without replacement, healing occurred at a median of 6 months (interquartile range, 6-12 months), a highly statistically significant difference (P < .001). In the second cohort without allogenic graft replacement, radiographic filling at the donor site was complete within a 12-month period. Tricortical bone can be successfully harvested from the calcaneus, but there may an associated risk of heel fracture. The role of replacement allogenic bone in assisting healing at the donor site is unclear.     

Bone Graft Substitutes for Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

The procedure of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is commonly performed on patients suffering from pain and/or neurological symptoms associated with disorders of the lumbar spine caused by disc degeneration and trauma. Surgery is indicated when prolonged conservative management proves ineffective. Because an important objective of the ALIF procedure is solid arthrodesis of the degenerative spinal segment, bone graft selection is critical. Iliac crest bone grafts (ICBG) remain the “gold standard” for achieving lumbar fusion. However, patient dissatisfaction stemming from donor site morbidity, lengthier operating times and finite supply of ICBG has prompted a search for better alternatives. Here presented is a literature review evaluating available bone graft options assessed within the clinical setting. These options include autografts, allograft‐based, synthetic and cell‐based technologies. The emphasis is on the contentious use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins, which is in widespread use and has demonstrated both significant osteogenic potential and risk of complications.     

Tubular Remodeling of Massive Cancellous Bone Graft in the Treatment of Long Bone Defects

Abstract Background: This case report describes the clinical and radiological result at the 4.5-year follow-up after an extensive reconstruction of the femoral diaphysis using autologous cancellous bone graft. The radiological study including axial tomography demonstrates secondary remodelling to form tubular diaphyseal bone. Methods: A patient with an existing hip fusion, who sustained a fracture of the proximal femur 12 years later, was treated by open internal fixation using a plate and screws. Infection followed which became chronic, causing bone resorption and necrosis and producing a septic non-union. Reconstruction in two stages was performed: open radical debridement which ended with a 14.5 cm diaphyseal defect of the femur, temporary alloplastic spacer interposition and secondary de-arthrodesis of the hip with massive autologous cancellous grafts into the induced foreign body membrane left by the spacer. Fixation was provided by a plate and screws. Results: The femur was free of infectious recurrence at 4.5 years. The patient walks without crutches with a shortened lower limb using a leg length compensation shoe and a painfree sine-sine hip arthroplasty. The former bone defect is fully remodelled into new cortical bone. X-ray and CT-scan demonstrate the tubular form of the reconstructed bone. Conclusion: This clinical case demonstrates the restoration of a medullar cavity after massive cancellous bone grafting of a diaphyseal defect of the femur. The question remains open as to whether the foreign body membrane has only a simple passive protective function against extraosseous bone resorbing factors or whether it functions actively by producing growth factors or other beneficial bone inducing factors.     

植骨在手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折中的作用

目的通过前瞻性随机研究,观察植骨在切开复位内固定治疗关节内跟骨骨折中是否有益。方法2001年1月至2005年12月收治需要手术治疗的闭合性关节内跟骨骨折110例,随机分为植骨组和非植骨组。采用“L”形外侧延长切口,直视下显露整个跟骨外侧壁、距下关节后关节面及跟骰关节,给予跟骨骨折复位。对于植骨组采用自体髂骨植骨填充复位后的骨缺损,而非植骨组则不进行植骨。随后将塑形良好的跟骨解剖重建板放置于跟骨外侧壁以固定跟骨骨折。手术前后摄片测量Bohler角,术后采用美国矫形足踝协会踝后足评分标准进行患者的功能评价。结果手术前后植骨组和非植骨组的Bohler角增加没有统计学差异,术后6个月Bohler角的丢失也没有统计学差异,术后6个月、1年及2年的足功能评价也没有差异。结论在手术治疗关节内跟骨骨折中植骨并不具有优势。     

髂后上嵴取骨切口的改进

目的：通过髂后上嵴取骨切口的改进。使术后的并发症减少。可推广应用。方法：以往的髂后上嵴取骨切口为平行髂嵴或髂嵴上的横切口（对照组）。改进的切口为垂直于髂后上嵴脊柱旁开8.0cm的斜切口（改进组）。自1996年2月-1998年10月共施行髂后上嵴取骨98例，其中改进组48例，对照组50例，就其临床效果及随访记录进行分析。结果：改进组中取骨切口并发症如；术后血肿、切口深压痛、皮肤麻木、敏感等明显低于对照组。结论：改进的髂后上嵴取骨切口术后并发症少，取骨量如常，有较大的临床意义。值得推广应用。     

自锁式梭形植骨块在颈椎前路减压术中的临床应用

目的　报告采用自锁式梭形植骨块在颈椎前路减压术中的效果固定。方法　对 36例脊髓型颈椎病及颈间盘突出症实施彻底前路减压后 ,将减压骨窗两端椎体凿出圆台形小槽 ,然后将梭形自体髂骨骨块上端先放入上端小糟内 ,牵引头部。下端加力夯入下端小凹窝内。术后用颈椎围领固定。结果　随访 0 8～ 10年 ,平均 5 3年 ,均无移植骨块移位、脱出。术后 3个月复查X线片 ,见植骨块无移位、脱出。术后 3个月复查植骨块完全融合。结论　梭形植骨块植入后 ,具有稳定性强、抗屈伸、抗旋转和剪力应力。由于牢固稳定 ,使植骨块愈合快 ,同时术中术后避免骨块移动压迫脊髓等合并症的发生     

带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨转位移植治疗股骨头坏死

目的探讨采用改进后手术器械带血管蒂髂骨移植治疗股骨头坏死的长期随访效果,为股骨头坏死治疗提供一种有效的手术方法。方法自1983年11月至2006年5月,采用沿股骨颈纵轴开窗减压,带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨转位移植治疗股骨头坏死。术后仍有部分病例股骨头出现二次塌陷。因此,特殊设计了手术器械,沿股骨颈前下方向股骨头外上方开窗减压植骨。结果患者髋关节疼痛均明显缓解或消失,术后股骨头未出现二次塌陷,关节功能恢复。平均随访13．6年（10418年）。手术前与随访时髋关节功能评价,采用髋关节创伤后的功能评分（Sanders）,手术前平均35．69,手术后增加到末次随访时的52．89,总分明显增加,优良率94．1％。结论手术器械及术式改进后,移植骨支撑股骨头负重区,更加符合生物力学要求,能有效防止股骨头塌陷。     

Allosensitization Following Bone Graft

It is recognized that patients may become sensitized to donor‐specific HLA antigens as a result of previous antigenic exposures, classically through previous transplantation, pregnancy, or blood transfusion. We present an unusual case of a patient who unexpectedly developed a range of anti‐HLA antibodies following orthopedic surgery where a bone graft was deployed intraoperatively. We describe the case of a 52‐year‐old man awaiting a renal transplantation, undergoing elective orthopedic surgery requiring a small‐volume bone graft. His postoperative antibody profile was found to be substantially changed compared to his previous negative samples, with the presence of HLA‐DR, DQ, and DP specificities, at levels that would be likely to give a positive flow cytometry crossmatch and therefore according to local procedures required listing as unacceptable antigens for organ allocation. We perform a literature review of all previous cases of allosensitization following bone graft. This case is the first to demonstrate allosensitization following minor surgery with ;low‐volume bone graft. Previous evidence is very limited and pertains only to massive osteochondral surgery for trauma or malignancy, and is confounded by potential concomitant blood transfusion. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of allosensitization where bone grafts are used.