骨盆骨折出血动脉栓塞的解剖学基础

目的：了解骨盆动脉侧枝吻合特点，探讨骨盆骨折损伤血管的动脉栓塞的方法。方法：20具新鲜成人骨盆，采用前后双侧入路解剖，观察髂内外血管的走行特点、各动脉间的侧枝吻合情况。结果：骨盆动脉起点口径小于3mm的血管有闭孔动脉、髂腰动脉、骶外侧动脉。骨盆动脉起点口径3～5mm的血管有臀上动脉、臀下动脉、阴部内动脉。骨盆动脉起点口径大于5mm的血管有髂总动脉、髂内动脉、髂外动脉。距骨壁距离大于10mm的血管有髂总动脉、髂内动脉、髂外动脉。距骨壁距离小于10mm的血管有闭孔动脉、髂腰动脉、骶外侧动脉、臀上动脉、臀下动脉。骨盆动脉分支间有广泛的吻合支。结论：骨盆骨折动脉损伤应栓塞损伤的动脉及其主要的侧枝循环。     

骨盆骨折血管损伤的解剖学基础

目的：探讨骨盆骨折血管损伤的机制。方法：20具新鲜成年国人骨盆标本，采用前后双侧入路解剖，观察髂内外血管的走行特点、分型与骨盆韧带、骶丛神经的关系，观察血管在骨盆壁上的投影位置，测量每一根血管到骨壁的垂直距离，观察各动脉间的侧支吻合情况。结果：骨盆动脉血管根据口径可分为3类：(1)小口径动脉，直径小于3．0mm。(2)中等口径动脉，直径3．0～5．0mm。(3)大口径动脉，直径大于5．0mm。据血管距骨壁的距离可分为靠近骨壁的血管(平均距离小于10．0mm)及远离骨壁的血管(平均距离大于10．0mm)。阴部内动脉与骨壁关系不明显。骨盆动脉分支间有广泛的吻合支。结论：骨盆动脉解剖学特点决定了在骨盆骨折中损伤的机率，骨盆动脉有广泛吻合支是骨盆动脉出血止血困难的原因。     

右侧闭孔动脉变异一例

在正常情况下,闭孔动脉通常起于髂内动脉的前干,沿骨盆侧壁行向前下方,经盆内筋膜与腹膜之间,输精管盆侧或子宫圆韧带自其内侧跨过,其上、下分别有闭孔神经和闭孔静脉与之伴行,至闭孔上方进入闭膜管,出骨盆至股部,分为前后两终支。闭孔动脉在盆内除分支至髂骨、髂肌、膀胱等外,尚发出一耻骨支,耻骨支沿耻骨后面内进,与对侧同名支以及腹壁下动脉的耻骨支吻合,有时这个吻合支变得很粗,而正常的闭孔动脉很小或不存在,由该吻合支所代替,这种粗大吻合支即为异常闭孔动脉（椐资料统计约占169／6-209／6）。笔在进行教学标本制作时,发现一成年女性右侧闭孔动脉变异,而左侧闭孔动脉与上述正常闭孔动脉描述无异。现将变异情况报告如下。     

旋髂深静脉的解剖学观察及临床应用

目的观察旋髂深静脉的位置、走行及汇成,测量旋髂深静脉的长度、外径,积累人类体质学资料和为临床采用旋髂深静脉与睾丸静脉吻合治疗精索静脉曲张提供形态学基础。方法采用大体解剖法显露、观察、测量20具40侧成年男性旋髂深静脉。结果旋髂深静脉与旋髂深动脉伴行,旋髂深静脉主干出现属支四支旋髂深静脉上支(100%)、旋髂深静脉下支(100%)、旋髂深静脉中支(2.50%)、旋髂深静脉股支(97.50%)。旋髂深静脉主干长37.10±0.28mm,起始处外径2.89±0.13mm,汇入处外径5.19±0.25mm。结论旋髂深静脉主干、旋髂深静脉上支、旋髂深静脉下支可作为睾丸静脉旋髂深静脉吻合治疗精索静脉曲张的选用血管;旋髂深静脉股支在股部与股部的浅静脉、旋股外侧静脉存在吻合,为施行睾丸静脉旋髂深静脉吻合术后睾丸静脉回流提供了通道。     

吻合膝上外侧血管髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为带血供髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损新术式提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,对膝上外侧动脉的起源、走行、分支、分布、吻合以及髂胫束的血供来源等进行解剖观测。结果 :膝上外侧动脉于腓骨头上缘近侧垂直距离 5 .2± 0 .9cm处起自动脉 ,起始外径1.8± 0 .4mm ,向外上蜿蜒走行 3 .0± 0 .2cm ,分为升、降支。升支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支和髂胫束穿支 ;降支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支、3～ 5支股骨外侧髁骨膜支及髂胫束穿支。其中低位髂胫束穿支距腓骨头上缘距离 6.1± 1.1cm ,膝上外侧血管髂胫束瓣蒂长 4.9± 1.0cm。结论 :根据膝上外侧血管的分支、分布特点 ,设计吻合血管髂胫束游离移植修复跟腱缺损的术式具有可行性。     

带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双髂骨膜瓣转位治疗儿童Pethes病提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 2例经动脉灌注红色乳胶的下肢标本上 ,对旋股外侧血管升支的髂棘支及髂前下棘支的走行、分支、分布进行观察 ,设计带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双骨膜瓣转移治疗儿童Perthes病的手术方法。结果 :旋股外侧血管升支髂前下棘支长度 ( 5 .3± 1.0 )cm ,距离升支起点 ( 2 .9±1.1)cm ,起点外径 ( 1.2± 0 .3 )mm ,可切取髂前下棘 2 .0cm× 2 .0cm带血管蒂的骨膜瓣 ,联合升支髂棘支骨膜瓣转移到儿童股骨头骺板上下病灶区。结论 :该方法简便、有效、实用 ,是一种治疗Perthes病的有效方法。     

髂骨螺钉骨性通道毗连血管及神经的解剖学研究

目的　探讨经髂后上棘到髂前下棘髂骨螺钉通道附近的血管、神经分布,为临床手术提供参考。 方法　采用12具防腐骨盆标本,模拟手术操作,从后向前沿骨盆经髂后上棘到髂前下棘骨性通道钻入3.5 mm 钢针,观察盆腔内重要的血管神经和钢针空间关系,找出在放置髂骨螺钉时血管神经易损伤区域。 结果　髂骨翼后部,血管、神经与髂骨之间有腰大肌相隔开,进行放置螺钉操作中不易损伤;骨盆壁侧方,闭孔血管和闭孔神经距离盆壁都很近,在进行内固定操作时,如果导针或螺钉进钉角度偏小,对这些结构就有可能造成医源性损伤;髋臼及腹股沟区,因髂前下棘与旋髂深动脉距离最近,所以此动脉损伤几率最大。 结论　由后向前植入髂骨螺钉时,髂骨翼后部较为安全,但骨盆壁侧方和髋臼及腹股沟区较危险,闭孔血管、神经和旋髂深动脉容易受到损伤。     

旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :探讨带旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖及应用要点。方法 :在 2 5侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支的走行、分支、发出点和外径等。结果 :旋股外侧动脉升支的阔筋膜张肌支上行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.1± 2 .3cm ,外径 1.2± 0 .8mm ,该支又分出 2～ 3支外径在 0 .3mm～ 0 .5mm的小分支从阔筋膜张肌后份进入肌质 ,上行至肌起始处达髂骨 ;其下行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.9± 1.8cm ,外径 1.3± 0 .8mm。结论 :旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣具有手术可行性和实际应用价值     

髂腹股沟入路相关解剖学研究

目的：为髂腹股沟入路如何避免易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法：对20侧成尸骨盆标本,按照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果：（1）髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支直径为（2.56±0.72）mm,与耻骨联合的距离为（52.41±8.12）mm。（2）股神经由腰大肌和髂肌间穿出处至腹股沟韧带间的距离为（32.58±3.97）mm,在穿腹股沟韧带处与腹股沟韧带的垂直距离为（14.33±3.00）mm。（3）坐骨神经出骨盆时,与坐骨大切迹的距离为（15.53±3.6）mm。结论：在手术先后显露耻骨上支、髂窝及坐骨大切迹时,注意不要损伤髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支、股神经和坐骨神经。     

闭膜管及闭孔神经的应用解剖

1.闭膜管为长约19.59±1.08mm的骨-筋膜-肌性管道,它的外口在耻骨结节下方36.41±1.15mm、股动脉内侧36.87±1.12mm。2.闭孔神经在入小骨盆前主要在骶髂关节线内侧上行,毗邻髂内静脉。入小骨盆后在其上口边缘下方12.23±0.84mm处贴骨盆侧壁前行,邻近膀胱外侧壁,入团膜管后紧贴耻骨上支下面的闭孔沟走行。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.