The effect of aging on insulin signalling pathway is tissue dependent: Central role of adipose tissue in the insulin resistance of aging

Insulin resistance progressively increases with age, resulting in excessively high incidence of T2D in the elderly population. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance of aging, we carried out a comparative study of insulin signalling cascade in adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle. We measured the protein levels in different subcellular compartments and the phosphorylation status of key components of the insulin signalling pathway in response to in vivo insulin infusion. White adipose tissue (WAT) from old rats shows altered subcellular distribution of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and a marked reduction in the insulin-stimulated IR tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, activation of Akt, as well as GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, is impaired. Quadriceps muscle from old rats also has a defect in GLUT4 trafficking but, in contrast to WAT, insulin signalling at the level of IR and Akt is increased. In liver, we found no major differences in the ability of insulin to induce autophosphorylation of the IR or activation of Akt between adult and old animals. These data, therefore, show at the molecular level that insulin resistance in adipose tissue precedes the development of liver and muscle insulin resistance in aged rats.     

氧化苦参碱改善高脂诱导ApoE~(-/-)小鼠的胰岛素抵抗

目的:观察氧化苦参碱对高脂诱导胰岛素抵抗小鼠的作用并初步探讨可能机制。方法:Apo E~(-/-)小鼠高脂喂养16周,分为胰岛素抵抗组以及氧化苦参碱25、50、100 mg/kg组,C57BL/6J小鼠设为对照组,每组10只。灌胃给药8周后,进行小鼠葡萄糖耐量实验;测定血清空腹血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)和空腹胰岛素(FINS)的含量;实时荧光定量PCR测定肝组织胰岛素受体(INSR)、胰岛素受体底物-2(IRS-2)和葡萄糖转运子2(GLUT_2)的mRNA表达;Western blot法测定肝组织GLUT_2、INSR、IRS-2、p-INSR、p-IRS-2、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、p-PI3K、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(AKT)和p-AKT的蛋白水平。结果:氧化苦参碱能不同程度降低FBG、TG、TC、FFA和FINS水平,改善胰岛素抵抗;氧化苦参碱组INSR、IRS-2和GLUT_2的mRNA表达比胰岛素抵抗组升高(P0.05),p-INSR/INSR、p-IRS-2/IRS-2、p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT和GLUT_2的蛋白水平也升高(P0.05)。结论:氧化苦参碱能通过PI3K/AKT通路,改善高脂诱导小鼠的胰岛素抵抗。     

参麦注射液改善3T3-L1细胞的胰岛素抵抗

 目的: 探讨参麦注射液改善3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的效果及其作用机制。方法:使用地塞米松等将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞,使用油红O染色法检测脂肪细胞分化情况;用胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞以建立胰岛素抵抗模型,并使用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞上清液中葡萄糖浓度,以评价模型建立情况。将建立胰岛素抵抗的细胞分为空白对照组、10 μmol/L罗格列酮阳性对照组、25 g/L参麦组和50 g/L参麦组。MTT检测各组药物作用8、16、24和36 h后的细胞活力。药物作用8、16和24 h后测定细胞上清液葡萄糖浓度。免疫印迹检测葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、AKT和磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)在各组中的蛋白水平。结果:成功建立3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,葡萄糖浓度数据显示参麦注射液(25、50 g/L)可以改善胰岛素抵抗并可以明显增加3T3-L1细胞GLUT4、PI3K及p-AKT的蛋白水平。结论:参麦注射液可以改善3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞的葡萄糖利用,并且与增加GLUT4、PI3K及p-AKT的蛋白水平有关。     

Opposite Effects of Quercetin, Luteolin, and Epigallocatechin Gallate on Insulin Sensitivity Under Normal and Inflammatory Conditions in Mice

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds ubiquitous in plants. Quercetin, luteolin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are flavonoids with a number of biochemical and cellular actions relevant to glucose homeostasis, but their regulation of insulin action is still uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the regulation of insulin action by quercetin, luteolin, and EGCG under normal and inflammatory conditions in mice. Oral administration of quercetin, luteolin, and EGCG impaired glucose tolerance and blunted the effect of insulin to low blood glucose. Luteolin and EGCG, but not quercetin, inhibited glucose load-induced insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) tyrosine and Akt phosphorylation in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was also inhibited by these flavonoids. We induced insulin resistance in mice by treatment with activated macrophages-derived conditioned medium (Mac-CM) and observed that quercetin, luteolin, and EGCG reversed glucose intolerance with improving insulin sensitivity. Quercetin, luteolin, and EGCG inhibited inflammation-evoked IKKβ activation and IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in adipose tissue, and thereby effectively restored glucose load-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine and Akt phosphorylation, leading to an increase in insulin-mediated glucose uptake in adipocytes. The aforementioned results showed opposite effects of quercetin, luteolin, and EGCG on insulin sensitivity in mice. The different modulation of IRS-1 function by phosphorylating modification under normal and inflammatory conditions should be a key controlling for their action in regulation of insulin sensitivity.     

白细胞介素6导致脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗机制的初步探讨

目的： 观察IL-6对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素敏感性的影响并初步探讨其机制。 方法： 用IL-6处理3T3-L1脂肪细胞48h后，观察胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取，IRS-1蛋白表达和酪氨酸磷酸化以及PKB磷酸化水平。同时观察mTOR抑制剂那巴霉素对IL-6作用的影响。结果： IL-6使胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取和PKB磷酸化下降约50％，同时明显降低IRS-1蛋白表达（约35％）和酪氨酸磷酸化（约40％）水平。IL-6的上述作用可被那巴霉素逆转。结论： IL-6导致的脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗与IRS-1表达减少和酪氨酸磷酸化水平下降有关，那巴霉素可以逆转IL-6的作用，mTOR可能参与IL-6导致的胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

罗格列酮对实验性2型糖尿病合并高脂血症大鼠骨骼肌组织IRS-1及GLUT4表达的调节

目的： 观察罗格列酮对实验性2型糖尿病合并高脂血症大鼠骨骼肌组织胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)表达的调节及大鼠骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)表达的影响，进一步探讨其可能的作用机制。方法: 采用低剂量链脲佐菌素尾静脉注射联合高脂饲料喂养建立2型糖尿病合并高脂血症大鼠模型。未予上述处理的大鼠作为正常对照组，成模大鼠随机分为糖尿病对照组和罗格列酮干预组。药物干预4周后，称重，检测血清葡萄糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯和胆固醇，应用Western印迹法检测大鼠肌肉组织中IRS-1蛋白的表达和细胞膜GLUT4的表达量。结果: (1)罗格列酮干预组大鼠空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯水平均低于糖尿病对照组(P<0.05)，高于正常对照组(P<0.05)；罗格列酮干预组血清胆固醇高于正常对照组(P<0.05)，与糖尿病对照组差异无显著(P>0.05)。(2)大鼠肌肉细胞膜GLUT4蛋白表达比较：糖尿病对照组明显少于正常对照组，罗格列酮干预组明显多于糖尿病对照组(P<0.05)。(3)大鼠肌肉组织IRS-1蛋白表达量及其酪氨酸磷酸化程度比较：糖尿病对照组明显少于正常对照组，罗格列酮干预组明显多于糖尿病对照组(P<0.05)。结论: 罗格列酮可促进大鼠肌肉细胞膜GLUT4的合成增加，可能是通过上调大鼠肌肉组织IRS-1蛋白的表达量及其酪氨酸磷酸化的程度实现的。     

快速诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成脂分化的培养体系

背景：目前常用的成脂刺激剂主要由胰岛素、地塞米松、IBMX和吲哚美辛组成,该体系涉及处理因素多、诱导周期长且对细胞毒性大,不利于脂肪形成抑制效应的研究。 目的：建立快速诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成脂分化的培养体系。 方法：大鼠全骨髓细胞原代培养,胰酶消化传代,富集形态均质的间充质干细胞,利用过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ激动剂噻唑烷二酮类药物罗格列酮和吡咯列酮体外单独诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成脂分化,设立无糖、低糖和高糖DMEM三种基础培养体系,以经典的成脂刺激剂作为阳性对照,在诱导的不同时间点对分化细胞进行形态学观察和油红O染色。 结果与结论：与经典成脂刺激剂相比,罗格列酮或吡咯列酮单独均能诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞分化,吡咯列酮诱导48 h和罗格列酮诱导72 h均可观察到富含脂滴或脂泡以及油红O染色的阳性细胞,吡咯列酮与罗格列酮的最佳诱导浓度分别为0.125 mmol/L和10 μmol/L,而高糖环境利于大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成脂分化。说明基于高糖培养环境的以吡咯列酮或罗格列酮做为成脂刺激剂的培养体系可快速诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞分化。     

Current understanding of increased insulin sensitivity after exercise - emerging candidates

Exercise counteracts insulin resistance and improves glucose homeostasis in many ways. Apart from increasing muscle glucose uptake quickly, exercise also clearly increases muscle insulin sensitivity in the post-exercise period. This review will focus on the mechanisms responsible for this increased insulin sensitivity. It is believed that increased sarcolemmal content of the glucose transporter GLUT4 can explain the phenomenon to some extent. Surprisingly no improvement in the proximal insulin signalling pathway is observed at the level of the insulin receptor, IRS1, PI3K or Akt. Recently more distal signalling component in the insulin signalling pathway such as aPKC, Rac1, TBC1D4 and TBC1D1 have been described. These are all affected by both insulin and exercise which means that they are likely converging points in promoting GLUT4 translocation and therefore possible candidates for regulating insulin sensitivity after exercise. Whereas TBC1D1 does not appear to regulate insulin sensitivity after exercise, correlative evidence in contrast suggests TBC1D4 to be a relevant candidate. Little is known about aPKC and Rac1 in relation to insulin sensitivity after exercise. Besides mechanisms involved in signalling to GLUT4 translocation, factors influencing the trans-sarcolemmal glucose concentration gradient might also be important. With regard to the interstitial glucose concentration microvascular perfusion is particular relevant as correlative evidence supports a connection between insulin sensitivity and microvascular perfusion. Thus, there are new candidates at several levels which collectively might explain the phenomenon.     

无生长追赶SGA幼鼠生长激素和胰岛素受体后信号交联对话的研究

目的：在生长激素（GH）和胰岛素（INS）共享受体后PI3K通路基础上探讨无生长追赶的出生低体重（NCU-SGA）幼鼠GH和INS抵抗的受体后机制，以及2者受体后信号通路的交联对话（cross-talk）。方法:取4周龄NCU-SGA雄性大鼠，采用Western印记及免疫共沉淀技术分别测定NCU-SGA幼鼠在基础状态下、胰岛素激发以及先给予GH受体后信号通路JAK2阻滞剂AG490后再行胰岛素激发后（AG490+INS组）肝组织胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS-1）及其下游信号磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)的表达。结果:（1）IRS-1信号表达： SGA鼠基础状态、INS激发后和AG490+INS组，3组间的IRS-1总蛋白及IRS-1磷酸化水平与正常对照组（C组）无显著差异（P＞0.05）。（2）p-Akt信号表达： C组基础状态时无p-Akt信号表达，INS刺激后表达明显增强。SGA鼠基础状态时p-Akt已有显著表达（慢性激活），INS刺激后表达较基础状态增加，但增殖显著低于正常对照组（P＜0.01）；AG490+INS组的p-Akt较JAK2未被阻断时明显增强（P＜0.01），但仍显著低于正常对照组（P＜0.01)，提示GH的信号干扰了INS受体后IRS-1至Akt的信号转导。结论:NCU-SGA幼鼠INS抵抗的发生与IRS-1-Akt通路受损有关，GH抵抗经GH和INS 2者受体后信号通路间的交联对话（cross-talk）使IRS-1至Akt间的信号转导解偶联,诱导和加重了INS抵抗；而PI3K-Akt可能是发生该解偶联的主要交汇点。     

厄贝沙坦对高血压合并2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗IRS-1/PI3K/GLUT4信号通路的影响

目的　探讨厄贝沙坦对高血压合并2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响及其作用。 方法　自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）采用高糖高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立T2DM模型,随机分为模型组、厄贝沙坦低、高剂量组。以正常大鼠作为对照组。厄贝沙坦低、高剂量组每日分别按30、60 mg/kg剂量灌服厄贝沙坦,对照组和模型组灌服等量生理盐水。测量大鼠收缩压（SBP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、胰岛素抵抗模型评估指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS-1）、磷脂酰肌醇（-3）激酶p85亚基（PI3Kp85）、蛋白激酶B（AKT）、磷酸化蛋白（p-AKT）及葡萄糖转运蛋白4（GLUT4）的表达。 结果　与对照组相比,模型组SBP、FBG、FINS和HOMA-IR升高（P<0.05）,IRS-1、PI3Kp85、p-AKT和GLUT4降低（P<0.05）;与模型组相比,厄贝沙坦低、高剂量上述指标均发生逆转（P<0.05）。 结论　厄贝沙坦可通过IRS-1/PI3K/GLUT4信号通路改善高血压合并T2DM大鼠胰岛素抵抗。     

Serum and adipocyte resistin in polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resistin and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: We compared serum resistin levels in 17 PCOS women and 10 lean, healthy, age-matched non-PCOS women and also compared levels of insulin receptor (IR), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-kinase), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein and resistin mRNA in adipocytes isolated from the omental adipose tissue of five of the PCOS patients and five age- and weight-matched, non-PCOS controls, to look for local defects in insulin action in PCOS. RESULTS: The PCOS group was hyperinsulinaemic and displayed an impaired insulin response in a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and an abnormal homeostasis model insulin resistance index. Serum resistin levels were similar in PCOS patients and controls; however, resistin mRNA levels were 2-fold higher in adipocytes from PCOS patients. No correlation was found between serum resistin levels and either the BMI or testosterone levels. Western blot analysis showed that adipocyte levels of insulin receptor, PI3-kinase, and GLUT4 were respectively decreased by 56, 39.4 and 54% in PCOS patients compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that overexpression of the resistin gene in adipocytes may be a local determinant factor in the pathogenesis of PCOS.     

糖皮质激素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞PI-3K、p38 MAPK磷酸化的影响

目的： 观察地塞米松对3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖转运活动的影响,及介导糖转运的胰岛素信号通路PI-3K/AKT、p38 MAPK途径在其中的作用,探讨糖皮质激素诱导脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的可能机制。方法: 将3T3-L1脂肪细胞与1 μmol/L地塞米松共孵育48 h,加或不加100 nmol/L胰岛素继续温育30min。以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定3T3-L1脂肪细胞中糖转运活动,以Western blotting测定3T3-L1脂肪细胞Glut4的表达及分布、Akt、phospho-Akt、p38 MAPK、phospho-p38 MAPK的蛋白表达水平。结果: 地塞米松抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞的糖转运活动。对细胞内总Glut4蛋白表达无影响,但抑制了胰岛素刺激的Glut4转位,同时抑制了胰岛素激活的Akt、p38 MAPK磷酸化水平。结论: 地塞米松抑制胰岛素激活的PI-3K/Akt、p38 MAPK信号途径,影响Glut4的转位及活性,下调胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运,并可能由此诱导胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

Acute exercise reverses TRB3 expression in the skeletal muscle and ameliorates whole body insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice

Aim: TRB3 became of major interest in diabetes research when it was shown to interact with and inhibit the activity of Akt. Conversely, physical exercise has been linked to improved glucose homeostasis. Thus, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of acute exercise on TRB3 expression and whole body insulin sensitivity in obese diabetic mice. Methods: Male leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice swam for two 3-h-long bouts, separated by a 45-min rest period. After the second bout of exercise, food was withdrawn 6 h before antibody analysis. Eight hours after the exercise protocol, the mice were submitted to an insulin tolerance test (ITT). Gastrocnemius muscle samples were evaluated for insulin receptor (IR) and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, Akt serine phosphorylation, TRB3/Akt association and membrane GLUT4 expression. Results: Western blot analysis showed that TRB3 expression was reduced in the gastrocnemius of leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice submitted to exercise when compared with respective ob/ob mice at rest. In parallel, there was an increase in the insulin-signalling pathway in skeletal muscle from leptin-deficient mice after exercise. Furthermore, the GLUT4 membrane expression was increased in the muscle after the exercise protocol. Finally, a single session of exercise improved the glucose disappearance (K_ITT) rate in ob/ob mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that acute exercise reverses TRB3 expression and insulin signalling restoration in muscle. Thus, these results provide new insights into the mechanism by which physical activity ameliorates whole body insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.     

Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the L6 myotube model of skeletal muscle

The phosphoinositide phospholipid PtdIns5P has previously been implicated in insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 into the plasma membrane of adipocytes, but its potential role in glucose transport in muscle has not been explored. The involvement of PtdIns5P in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was therefore investigated in myotubes of the skeletal muscle cell line L6. Stimulation with insulin produced a transient increase in PtdIns5P, which was abolished by the over-expression of the highly active PtdIns5P 4-kinase PIP4Kα. PIP4Kα over-expression also abolished both the enhanced glucose uptake and the robust peak of PtdIns(3,4,5)P ₃ production stimulated by insulin in myotubes. Delivery of exogenous PtdIns5P into unstimulated myotubes increased Akt phosphorylation, promoted GLUT4 relocalisation from internal membrane to plasma membrane fractions and its association with plasma membrane lawns and also stimulated glucose uptake in a tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent fashion. Our results are consistent with a role for insulin-stimulated PtdIns5P production in regulating glucose transport by promoting PI 3-kinase signalling.     

丝胶对2型糖尿病大鼠胰腺胰岛素PI3K-Akt信号通路的调节作用

目的探讨丝胶是否通过影响胰腺胰岛素PI3K-Akt信号通路发挥降血糖的作用。方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、糖尿病模型组和丝胶治疗组,每组12只。采用高脂高糖饲料喂养联合链脲佐菌素(35mg/kg,2次,1次/d)连续腹腔注射法制作2型糖尿病大鼠模型,模型成功标准是空腹血糖≥11.1mmol/L。模型成功建立后,丝胶治疗组大鼠给予丝胶灌胃35d。采用ELISA法检测大鼠血清脂联素水平,Western blotting法和Real-time PCR法分别检测大鼠胰腺胰岛素受体(IR)、胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)和Akt蛋白和mRNA的表达情况。结果与糖尿病模型组比较,丝胶治疗组大鼠血清脂联素水平,胰腺IR、IRS-1、PI3K、Akt蛋白和mRNA的表达明显升高(P0.01,P0.05)。结论丝胶可通过上调糖尿病模型大鼠胰腺IR、IRS-1、PI3K和Akt的表达,改善糖尿病时胰腺胰岛素PI3K-Akt信号转导通路的异常,从而发挥降低血糖的作用。     

Regulation of insulin sensitivity by subcellular GLUT4 targeting

SUMO conjugating enzyme Ubc9 has been shown to upregulate GLUT4 in muscle cells although the mechanism of action is unknown. We investigated the physiological significance of Ubc9 in GLUT4 turnover and subcellular targeting by adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression and by siRNA-mediated gene silencing of Ubc9 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Overexpression of Ubc9 resulted in inhibition of GLUT4 degradation and promotion of its targeting to the non-endosomal, non-TGN GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSV), leading to an up-regulation of GLUT4 expression level and insulin-responsive glucose transport. While long-term insulin stimulation caused GLUT4 down-regulation by 40-50%, which was inhibited with lysosomal inhibitors and was associated with a selective reduction in GLUT4 in GSV, overexpression of Ubc9 antagonized these long-term effects of insulin. By contrast, Ubc9 gene silencing with siRNA caused a marked decrease in the GLUT4 level, whereas overexpression of the catalytically inactive mutant of Ubc9 increased GLUT4 and insulin-stimulated glucose transport to the level comparable to that with wild-type Ubc9. These results suggest that Ubc9 up-regulates GLUT4 by inhibition of lysosomal sorting and promotes GLUT4 targeting to GSV by a mechanism unrelated to its catalytic activity. Thus, Ubc9 plays an indispensable role in the expression and maintenance of the insulin-sensitive glucose transport system in adipocytes.     

Lysophosphatidic acid regulates blood glucose by stimulating myotube and adipocyte glucose uptake

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is known to have diverse cellular effects, but although LPA is present in many biological fluids, including blood, its effects on glucose metabolism have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether LPA stimulation is related to glucose regulation. LPA was found to enhance glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner both in L6 GLUT4myc myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by triggering GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Moreover, the effect of LPA on glucose uptake was completely inhibited by pretreating both cells with LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 and Gi inhibitor pertussis toxin. In addition, LPA increased the phosphorylation of AKT-1 with no effects on IRS-1, and LPA-induced glucose uptake was abrogated by pretreatment with the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. When low concentration of insulin and LPA were treated simultaneously, an additive effect on glucose uptake was observed in both cell types. In line with its cellular functions, LPA significantly lowered blood glucose levels in normal mice but did not affect insulin secretion. LPA also had a glucose-lowering effect in streptozotocin-treated type 1 diabetic mice. In combination, these results suggest that LPA is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in muscle and adipose tissues.     

番石榴叶总三萜改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗

 目的: 观察番石榴叶总三萜(TTPGL)对3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗(IR)的改善作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法: 培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞并诱导其分化,给予TTPGL(0.3、1、3、10 μg/L),并设溶媒(0.1% DMSO)组、阳性药正钒酸钠(Van,10 μmol/L)组、正常对照(control)组和模型(model)组,药物作用48 h。MTT法检测药物对前脂肪细胞活力的影响,油红O染色法观察其对细胞分化的影响。建立IR模型后,药物处理48 h,葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法(GOD-POD)检测IR脂肪细胞上清液中葡萄糖消耗量;比色法检测游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平;ELISA法检测脂肪因子分泌水平;real-time PCR检测IR脂肪细胞蛋白酪氨酸激酶1B(PTP1B)的mRNA表达量;Western blot检测磷酸化胰岛素受体底物1/胰岛素受体底物1(p-IRS-1/IRS-1)和磷酸化蛋白激酶B/蛋白激酶B(p-Akt/Akt)的蛋白水平。结果: 与溶媒组比较,TTPGL显著提高了前脂肪细胞的活力并抑制其分化(P < 0.01)。与IR溶媒组比较,无论在基础状态下还是胰岛素刺激状态下,TTPGL(1-10 μg/L)均显著地促进了IR脂肪细胞葡萄糖消耗(P < 0.01);TTPGL(0.3~3 μg/L)显著抑制FFA的产生(P < 0.01)。与模型组比较,TTPGL(0.3和3 μg/L)显著增加IR脂肪细胞脂联素的分泌(P < 0.05)并抑制TNF-α的分泌(P < 0.01),TTPGL(3 μg/L)对抵抗素的分泌有显著抑制作用(P < 0.05),对瘦素分泌无显著作用;TTPGL(3 μg/L)显著下调IR脂肪细胞PTP1B的mRNA表达(P < 0.01);TTPGL(3 μg/L)极显著上调p-IRS-1/IRS-1的水平;TTPGL(0.3和3 μg/L)显著上调p-Akt/Akt的蛋白水平(P < 0.05)。结论: TTPGL具有显著改善3T3-L1脂肪细胞IR的作用,其作用机制可能与TTPGL下调了IR脂肪细胞PTP1B mRNA的表达、同时上调p-IRS-1/IRS-1和p-Akt/Akt的蛋白水平有关。     

Chronic aerobic exercise enhances components of the classical and novel insulin signalling cascades in Sprague-Dawley rat skeletal muscle

AIM: The aim of this study was to provide a more extensive evaluation of the effects of chronic aerobic exercise on various components of the insulin signalling cascade in normal rodent skeletal muscle because of the limited body of literature that exists in this area of investigation. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either control (n = 7) or chronic aerobic exercise (n = 7) groups. Aerobic exercise animals were run 3 day week(1) for 45 min on a motor-driven treadmill (32 m min(1), 15% grade) for a 12 week period. Following the training period, all animals were subjected to hind limb perfusion in the presence of 500 microU mL(1) insulin to determine what effect chronic aerobic training had on various components of the insulin signalling cascade, c-Cbl protein concentration and c-Cbl phosphorylation. RESULTS: Twelve weeks of aerobic training did not alter skeletal muscle Akt 1/2 protein concentration, Akt Ser 473 phosphorylation, Akt Thr 308 phosphorylation, Akt 1 activity, aPKC-zeta protein concentration, aPKC-lambda protein concentration or c-Cbl protein concentration. In contrast, chronic aerobic exercise increased insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt 2 kinase and aPKC-zeta/lambda kinase activities, as well as c-Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation, in a fibre type specific response to aerobic training. In addition, chronic aerobic exercise enhanced insulin-stimulated plasma membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein concentration. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings suggest that chronic aerobic exercise enhances components of both the classical and novel insulin signalling cascades in normal rodent skeletal muscle, which may contribute to an increased insulin-stimulated plasma membrane GLUT4 protein concentration.