连续静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗难治性心力衰竭临床疗效观察

目的 观察连续静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗难治性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效及安全性.方法 21例难治性心力衰竭患者,行床边CVVH治疗,观察治疗前、后心衰症状改善情况、血流动力学和实验室检测指标变化情况.结果 经CVVH治疗后,所有患者心衰症状均有不同程度改善,血流动力学及电解质稳定,尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、血尿酸、NT-proBNP较治疗前降低（P＜0.05）,且无严重并发症.结论 CVVH治疗充血性心力衰竭患者水钠潴留的近期疗效是有效和安全的.     

连续静-静脉血液滤过治疗心脏术后肾功能衰竭临床研究

目的 观察连续静—静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗心脏术后肾功能衰竭的疗效。方法行股静脉或颈内静脉插管术，置入三腔血透管，选用BM25型（美国百特公司）血液滤过系统进行床旁CVVH。置换液以前稀释法输入，2000—4000ml／h，血流量150—300ml／min。治疗中采用低分子肝素持续抗凝。结果 人均CVVH时间为59．3h；血肌酐（Cr）和血尿素氮（BUN）下降明显（P〈0．05）；所有患者治疗中血流动力学稳定；没有发现出血或栓塞等并发症。26例患者中治愈18例；2例转为门诊间隙性透析，等待肾脏移植；死亡6例。结论CVVH是治疗心脏术后肾功能衰竭的安全、方便和有效的方法，能够降低死亡率。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗急性肾功能衰竭

为了评价连续性肾脏替代治疗对急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的治疗效果,2年来对14例ARF患者行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗.10例(71.4%)患者恢复正常肾功能,4例死亡.治疗过程中血流动力学稳定,没有观察到明显不良反应.因此,CVVH是治疗重症ARF的有效手段.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗八十岁以上老年多器官功能衰竭患者的经验

目的:观察连续性静脉静脉血液滤过(continuousvenovenoushemofiltration,CVVH)用于老年多器官功能衰竭(multipleorganfailureintheelderly,MOFE)患者救治的临床疗效,以及治疗中并发症的情况。方法:2000年至2004年在本中心接受CVVH治疗的35例MOFE患者,年龄80～94(84.1±4.08)岁。观察CVVH疗效及治疗过程中患者血压、心率、体温、呼吸等生命体征变化,监测其肝、肾功能,同时观察CVVH治疗中并发症情况。结果:35例患者中存活时间超过15天的有23例(65.7%),最终存活率为42.9%(15/35),13例肾功能恢复正常。存活组年龄明显低于死亡组[(85.1±4.11)岁vs(82.3±3.41)岁,P<0.05],同时呼吸衰竭及肝功能衰竭的发生率均明显低于死亡组,所有患者对CVVH治疗均耐受良好,治疗过程中血压、心律平稳,血流动力学稳定,存活组患者APACHEⅡ积分在治疗过程中明显下降。治疗中并发症发生率低,其中4例出现导管继发的感染,9例患者并发出血,4例患者体温不升,经积极处理后好转。结论:CVVH治疗用于MOFE患者的救治,可有效缓解患者病情,保护脏器功能,提高患者存活率,治疗过程中患者耐受良好,血流动力学稳定,并发症少,是MOFE患者救治中重要的治疗手段之一。     

连续性静脉静脉血液滤过在心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭中的疗效及应用时机

目的 探讨连续性静脉静脉血液滤过(CVVH)在心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭中的疗效及应用时机.方法 回顾性分析48 例心脏术后并发急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者的临床资料,按出现尿量减少(<0.5 ml·kg-1·h-1)至开始CVVH 治疗的时间间隔分为两组:A 组<4 h(27 例),B 组>4 h(21 例).分别对两组患者治疗前后的血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)、胱抑素C(Cysc),以及CVVH 治疗时间、呼吸机使用时间、ICU 住院时间等指标进行比较.结果 两组患者经过CVVH 治疗后,BUN、Cr、Cysc 等指标均明显改善,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A 组的CVVH 治疗时间、呼吸机使用时间、ICU 住院时间较B 组患者短,死亡率亦较B 组低,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 CVVH 是治疗心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭的有效方法.及时诊断,尽早(出现少尿4 h 内)行CVVH 治疗,可明显加快ARF 患者肾功能恢复,减少并发症,减少住院时间,降低死亡率.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在48例难治性心力衰竭患者中的治疗作用

目的探讨连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)对难治性心力衰竭患者的治疗作用及安全性。方法48例难治性心力衰竭患者经常规强心、利尿等治疗效果不佳后接受CVVH治疗共167例次。观察治疗前后心率、血压、呼吸频率、肺部罗音、肝颈静脉回流征和水肿等的变化,并判断心功能的改变;测定治疗前、后左心室射血分数、肾功能及电解质等。结果经CVVH治疗后大部份患者(77.1%)呼吸困难缓解,心率逐渐恢复,血压维持正常,肺部罗音减少,肝颈静脉回流征转为阴性,水肿消退,左心室射血分数增加,心功能从Ⅳ级提高到Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;38例合并肾功能不全的患者经CVVH治疗后血尿素氮、肌酐降低;28例合并电解质紊乱者经治疗后高钾血症和低钠血症得到纠正。9例合并严重心律失常的患者有6例经CVVH治疗后心率、心律恢复正常。结论CVVH能平稳地清除水分及溶质并保持血流动力学的稳定,可以安全有效地应用于难治性心力衰竭的治疗。     

连续性静脉静脉血液滤过对多脏器功能障碍综合征患者脏器功能的影响

对ICU的多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）21例患者行床旁连续性静脉静脉血液滤过（CVVH）,观察CVVH治疗前后MODS患者的临床指标、实验室检查结果及APACHEⅡ评分,对患者各脏器病理生理的影响进行评估。结果21例患者CVVH治疗后心率、平均动脉压、pH、氧合指数、血尿素氮、血肌酐、血钾、血钠、APACHEⅡ评分均有显著改善（P〈0．05）,外周血白细胞、血小板、血红蛋白、血胆固醇及甘油三脂、血清总胆红素及谷丙转氨酶、心肌酶谱包括肌酸激酶及其同工酶、乳酸脱氢酶和α-羟丁酸脱氢酶、Glasgow昏迷评分均无变化（P〉0．05）。认为CVVH可使MODS患者循环稳定,提高肺氧合水平,改善肾功能,纠正酸中毒及电解质紊乱,而对肝、脑、心等重要脏器无不良影响。     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过联合血液灌流治疗SIRS疗效观察

目的观察连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）联合血液灌流（HP）治疗全身性炎症反应综合征（SIRS）的疗效。方法将20例SIRS患者随机分为两组,治疗组予CVVH联合HP,对照组单独予CVVH。结果与治疗前比较,两组治疗后体温、心率、白细胞计数及血浆内毒素、细胞因子均明显下降（P〈0．05）,治疗组下降更明显（P〈0．05）。结论CVVH联合HP治疗SIR安全有效。     

维持性血液滤过治疗心脏手术后急性肾损伤

目的探讨持续性血液滤过（CVVH）对心脏手术后急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury，AKI）的治疗作用。方法回顾性分析12例心脏手术后AKI患者采用CVVH治疗的临床资料。结果11例存活，1例死亡。存活患者心率及平均动脉压在CVVH过程中波动于正常范围，血肌酐、尿素氮、血钾水平在治疗后显著下降，肾功能均恢复正常。结论CVVH是救治心脏手术后AKI患者的有效手段，此结果仍需扩大样本进一步研究。     

连续肾脏替代疗法在急性肾功能衰竭及多脏器功能衰竭中的临床应用

目的　观察不同年龄组急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)及多脏器功能衰竭 (MOF)时 ,连续肾脏替代疗法 (CR RT)治疗效果及影响预后的因素。方法　 2 6例ARF患者按年龄分为中青年组 8例 ,老年组 9例 ,高龄组 9例 ;应用连续动静脉血液滤过或连续动静脉血液透析滤过 (CAVH或CAVHDF) 11例 ,连续静静脉血液滤过或连续静静脉血液透析滤过 (CVVH或CVVHDF) 15例。结果　CRRT能满意清除尿毒症毒素 ,较快纠正水、电解质、酸碱平衡失调。 3个年龄组病死率无显著差异 ,死亡与器官衰竭数目呈显著负相关 ,3个或 3个以上器官衰竭 ,病死率接近 10 0 %。结论　CRRT在救治少尿型ARF及MOF时 ,不受年龄限制 ,其血流动力学稳定 ,是有效的治疗方法。     

Global left atrial failure in heart failure

The left atrium plays an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular and neurohumoral homeostasis in heart failure. However, with progressive left ventricular dysfunction, left atrial (LA) dilation and mechanical failure develop, which frequently culminate in atrial fibrillation. Moreover, LA mechanical failure is accompanied by LA endocrine failure [deficient atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) processing‐synthesis/development of ANP resistance) and LA regulatory failure (dominance of sympathetic nervous system excitatory mechanisms, excessive vasopressin release) contributing to neurohumoral overactivity, vasoconstriction, and volume overload (global LA failure). The purpose of the present review is to describe the characteristics and emphasize the clinical significance of global LA failure in patients with heart failure.     

Renal failure in acute liver failure.

Renal failure develops in approximately 55% of all patients referred to specialized centres with acute liver failure. The renal failure may be secondary to the liver failure itself (and is termed the hepatorenal syndrome) or the renal failure may be a secondary insult that directly affects both liver and kidney alike (for example paracetamol overdose). The pathogenesis of the hepatorenal syndrome involves the development of a hyperdynamic circulation, with a lowering of renal perfusion pressure, the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which renders the kidneys more susceptible to modest decreases in perfusion pressure, and increased synthesis of a variety of vasoactive mediators. These mediators can cause renal vasoconstriction, but more importantly they can also decrease the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf), thus causing a decline of glomerular filtration rate over and above that caused by renal vasoconstriction alone. The treatment of the renal failure in acute liver failure involves the optimization of renal haemodynamics and haemofiltration. Renal failure will always recover when there is recovery of liver function, and in the absence of a spontaneous hepatic recovery, liver transplantation will reverse the hepatorenal syndrome.     

Cryomap failure

Background The use of cryomapping at a temperature of −30° to produce reversible lesions has been reported to improve the safety of accessory pathways ablation performed close to the normal conduction system while maintaining efficacy. Materials and methods We reviewed all the ablation cases in which cryothermal technology was employed in our institution. Cryoablation and cryomapping temperature settings, number and time of the applications, recorded cardiac electrograms and ablation outcomes were analyzed. Results In three of nine cases where cryoablation was used for accessory pathway ablation, cryomapping failed to identify the location of the pathway or to prevent AV block. Conclusions We postulate that currently recommended cryomapping settings are inadequate for all accessory pathways ablation.     

Intestinal failure

Abstract The recognition of intestinal failure (IF) as a distinct clinical entity over the past 20 years has primarily come about through the emergence of increasingly successful treatment based on use of intravenous nutrition delivered both in hospital and at home. Intestinal failure has many and varied causes, and may be complete or partial, acute and short lived, or chronic and permanent. If the latter, lifetime dependence on parenteral nutrition will usually be indicated and where possible patients are trained in the techniques of home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The success of HPN is itself primarily dependent on meticulous catheter care protocols. Sufficient numbers of such patients have now been entered into randomized controlled trials for there to be an evidence base for this aspect of IF treatment. The balanced delivery of nutrients, especially when an enteral component is included, can prevent many of the complications, such as liver and bone disease, recorded as being associated with prolonged total parenteral nutrition. However, nutritional balance is difficult to achieve in the presence of total gut resection, multiple intestinal fistulas or persisting sepsis. Surgical approaches involving bowel lengthening and reversed loops are indicated in selected patients. They have limited success and carry with them the risk of further loss of precious residual bowel. Greatest promise is held out by intestinal transplantation, but the problems associated with the powerful immunosuppression required reduce the value of this treatment. Specialized referral units for patients with severe and persistent IF can produce a high percentage of clinically effective and cost-effective outcomes.     

Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure

Summary An elderly female with an acute episode of congestive heart failure, unaccompanied by any periods of hypotension, developed fulminant hepatic failure with an accompanying coagulopathy. Attempts to establish an etiology for her acute hepatic insufficiency, other than cardiac failure, proved negative. Fulminant hepatic failure as a consequence of congestive heart failure, without prolonged periods of hypotension preceding alteration in hepatic function, has not heretofore been described. Liver function is adversely effected in congestive heart failure. Hepatic ammonia clearance is impaired in cardiac failure and may be diminished to the point of resulting in hepatic encephalopathy. Coagulopathy is a frequent concomitant of fulminant hepatic failure. Establishing a clear etiology for a coagulopathy in the face of concomitant liver disease is difficult, thus making any therapeutic intervention fraught with peril.Dr. Kisloff is supported by a training grant in gastroenterology AM 0567-08 from the National Institutes of Health. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. Harold J. Fallon for his suggestions.