对甲氨基苯甲酰谷氨酸二乙酯的合成方法

目的:寻找一条合成N-[4-(甲氨基)苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸二乙酯的最佳方法.方法:以对氨基苯甲酰谷氨酸二乙酯(2)为起始物,经苄基化、甲基化组合成的"一锅"反应,高产率地制备了N-[4-(N-苄基-N-甲氨基)苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸二乙酯(3),化合物3经Pd/C催化氢化脱苄基,得到了目标化合物N-[4-(甲氨基)苯甲酰基]-L广谷氨酸二乙酯(1).结果:合成目标化合物只需2步反应,反应时间仅6 h,总产率达到88%,目标化合物通过1HNMR和Ms鉴定结构正确.结论:利用上述方法可以方便高效地制备N-[4-(甲氨基)苯甲酰基]-L-谷氨酸二乙酯.     

手性镍络合物介导的2,6-二甲基-L-酪氨酸的合成

目的:采用经济?可靠的方法合成2,6-二甲基-L-酪氨酸?方法:通过O-乙氧甲酰基-3,5-二甲基-4-氯甲基苯酚和(S)-2-[N-(苄基脯氨酰基)-氨基]-二苯甲酮-Ni-甘氨酸[(S)-BPB-Ni-Gly,手性Ni络合物]络合物缩合的方法立体选择性地合成2,6-二甲基-L-酪氨酸?结果:由3,5-二甲基苯酚出发经4步反应得到2,6-二甲基-L-酪氨酸,总收率34.3%?结论:该法具有原料廉价易得?反应条件温和?可重复的特点?     

艾拉莫德的合成工艺改进

目的 改进艾拉莫德合成中的胺基甲酰化反应工艺.方法 通过活性酯法,甲酸(2)与N,N-羰基二咪唑(CDI)反应得到中间态甲酰基咪唑(33),再与起始原料2-氨基-1-(2-甲氧基-4-甲磺酰胺基-5-苯氧基苯基)乙酮盐酸盐(44)缩合得到甲酰胺基甲基-2-甲氧基-4-甲磺酰胺基-5-苯氧基苯基酮(5),收率由67.3％...     

N-［4-（2，4-二氨基吡啶并［3，2-d］嘧啶-6-甲氨基）-苯甲酰］-L-谷氨酸二乙酯的合成方法改进

目的：改进抗叶酸类药物关键中间体N-［4-（2,4-二氨基吡啶并［3,2-d］嘧啶-6-甲氨基）-苯甲酰］-L-谷氨酸二乙酯的合成方法。方法：6-乙酰氧基甲基-2,4, 二氧代吡啶并［3,2-d］嘧啶（1）经过水解反应、氯代反应、对氨基苯甲酰谷氨酸二乙酯缩合、氨解反应生成N-［4-（2,4-二氨基吡啶并［3,2-d］嘧啶-6-甲氨基）-苯甲酰］-L-谷氨酸二乙酯（5）。结果：改进了N-［4-（2,4-二氨基吡啶并［3,2-d］嘧啶-6-甲氨基）-苯甲酰］-L-谷氨酸二乙酯的合成路线,该合成路线共4步反应,分别为水解反应、氯代反应、对氨基苯甲酰谷氨酸二乙酯缩合反应和氨解反应, 4步反应总收率为36.7%,化合物通过磁共振氢谱、磁共振碳谱和质谱分析法鉴定后结构正确。新路线避免了溴化反应产物的不稳定,改善了氨解反应苛刻的反应条件。结论：新合成路线改善了反应条件和中间体的稳定性,增加了化合物的衍生化范围,对抗叶酸类抗肿瘤抑制剂的合成研究具有重要意义。     

基于4-氨基-5-甲酰基-8,10-二去氮杂四氢叶酸二乙酯侧链的水解反应条件优化

目的：改进经典抗叶酸类药物关键中间体4-氨基-5-甲酰基-8,10-二去氮杂四氢叶酸二乙酯侧链的水解条件。方法：以经典叶酸拮抗剂侧链N-(4-氨基苯甲酰)-L-谷氨酸二乙酯(1)为反应原料,尝试了氢氧化钠（NaOH）和氢氧化钾（KOH）2种碱催化、20~180 min 5种反应时间和0.175~1 mol/L 3种碱浓度的反应条件,用高效液相色谱法检测目标产物和副产物,最终确定副产物为单酯水解产物以及酰胺键水解产物,并以此为依据完成了4-氨基-5-甲酰基-8,10-二去氮杂四氢叶酸二乙酯(5)水解条件的优化。结果:改进后的4-氨基-5-甲酰基-8,10-二去氮杂四氢叶酸二乙酯侧链的水解条件为0.3 mol/L KOH溶液中室温条件反应60 min,在该反应条件下,水解反应收率为95.6%。反应产物通过磁共振氢谱（1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H NMR）、磁共振碳谱（13C nuclear magnetic resonance,13C NMR）和电喷雾飞行时间质谱（electrospray ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,ESI-MS）分析鉴定后结构正确,并通过高效液相色谱法确定其纯度为96%。新的水解反应条件避免了副产物的生成,提高了反应收率。结论：利用新的水解条件可以简便、高效地完成4-氨基-5-甲酰基-8,10-二去氮杂四氢叶酸二乙酯的水解反应,该条件对经典叶酸拮抗剂的合成和生产工艺的改进也有重要的意义。     

3-噻吩甲氧基乙酸-2-二烷氨基乙酯盐酸盐的合成及对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

[目的]合成3-噻吩甲氧基乙酸-2-二烷氨基乙酯盐酸盐,探讨其对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响.[方法]以3-甲基噻吩为原料,经过Whol-Ziegler反应、Williamson反应及酯化反应等合成得到3-噻吩甲氧基乙酸-2-二烷氨基乙酯盐酸盐.采用一次性被动回避反应检测所合成的化合物对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响.[结果]3-噻吩甲氧基乙酸-2-烷氨基乙酯盐酸盐具有促进小鼠学习记忆能力的作用.     

噻吩酮,醛缩氨硫脲衍生物的合成

采用A,B两法合成2-乙酰噻吩缩氨硫脲、2-甲酰噻吩缩氨硫脲(Ⅴ)及3-取代-4-氧噻唑烷-2叉-(2′-乙酰噻吩)腙(Ⅵ)等化合物,计31个。A法:以肼基二硫代羧酸甲酯与乙酰噻吩或噻吩醛缩合,再与各种胺反应制得化合物Ⅴ。B法:N~4取代的氨基硫脲中间体,与乙酰噻吩或噻吩醛缩合得化合物Ⅴ,再与氯乙酸环合而成化合物Ⅵ。对上述化合物进行伯氏鼠疟的抑制性治疗作用和约氏鼠疟的病因性予防作用筛选,未发现有明显的抗疟活性。对其中13个化合物及两个中间体进行体外抑菌试验,中间体3-[1-(2-噻吩)甲叉]肼基二硫代酸甲酯(Ⅳ_2)对革兰氏阳性菌有较好的抑制作用,对革兰氏阴性菌仅有中度以上的敏感性。     

抗肿瘤药物NSC-639829的合成

目的 合成抗肿瘤药物NSC-639829。方法 以4-氨基-2-甲基苯酚为起始原料，经亲核取代、异氰酸酯化合成4-(5-溴-2-嘧啶氧基)-3-甲基苯基异氰酸酯，再与2-二甲氨基苯甲酰胺缩合得目标化合物NSC-639829。结果 目标化合物经质谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析确证其化学结构，经HPLC分析纯度达99.5%，总收率达40.2%。结论 此工艺路线原料易得，产品收率高，操作安全，适用于工业化生产。     

抗炎镇痛药替尼达普钠的合成

替尼达普钠 (tenidap sodium,1 )是含吲哚结构的新型的非甾体抗炎镇痛药 ,它不仅可以抑制环氧酶 ,而且还可以抑制脂氧酶 ,调控细胞因子的活性 ,这些多重作用是以往药物所不具备的特点 ,还可以显著地快速降低急性期反应指标 ,如 C-反应蛋白、血清淀粉样蛋白、红细胞沉降率和白介素 - 6,这表明替尼达普钠具有真正有效的治疗价值 [1-3]。文献报道[4 -6] 以 5-氯 - 2 -氧 - 2 ,3-二氢 - 1 - H吲哚为起始原料 ,与异丙甲酰异氰酸酯反应 ,生成 1 -[N- (2 ,2 -二甲基乙酰基 ) ]氨基甲酰基 - 2 -羟基 - 5-氯吲哚 ,经碱水解开环 ,生成 5-氯 - 2 -脲…     

氨噻肟唑头孢菌素的合成

本文以7-ACA为原料制备了7-ACT,再以DCC为缩合剂与侧链2(2-氯乙酰氨基噻唑-4)-(Z)-2甲氧亚胺乙酸进行缩合,使用N-甲基二硫代氨基甲酸甲胺盐脱保护基,以葡聚糖凝胶LH-20精制合成了氨噻肟唑头孢菌素;总收率35.8％。产物经~1H核磁确证为顺式构型化合物。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.