重建钉治疗股骨粗隆间合并粗隆下骨折

自2001年10月~2004年12月,笔者使用重建钉治疗股骨粗隆间合并粗隆下骨折32例,疗效满意,报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料本组32例均为闭合性损伤,男13例,女19例;年龄66~89岁,平均72·8岁。交通事故伤8例,生活伤24例。股骨粗隆间骨折按Evans标准分类,Ⅱ型4例,ⅢA型18例,ⅢB型5例     

钉板内固定结合AO外固定架治疗复杂Pilon骨折

复杂Pilon骨折多源于高能量损伤,除骨折严重粉碎外,一般都合并严重软组织损伤,这无疑给治疗带来更大的难度。2001年4月-2006年1月,采用有限钉板内固定结合AO外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折33例,疗效满意,报告如下。1临床资料本组33例,其中男23例,女10例;年龄21~61岁,平均38.6岁。按AO分型:C1型12例,C2型8例,C3型13例。损伤原因:交通事故伤18例,高处坠落伤9例,重物砸伤6例。闭合性骨折21例,开放性骨折12例(按Gustilo分型:Ⅱ型5例,ⅢA型3例,ⅢB型4例)。损伤后至就诊时间:2h~14d。损伤至手术时间:开放性损伤行急诊手术,闭合性损伤伤后7~14d…     

经皮可吸收螺钉内固定治疗Maisonneuve骨折

M aisonneuve骨折是一种特殊类型的踝关节损伤,表现为腓骨近段(上1/3部位)骨折,下胫腓韧带撕裂,外踝与胫骨下端分离,向外后方移位,三角韧带前部纤维撕裂或内踝骨折,内踝与距骨分离。自1999年7月至2005年7月采用可吸收螺钉经皮内固定治疗18例,术后配合U形石膏固定,疗效满意,现报告如下。1临床资料本组18例,男13例,女5例;年龄18~65岁,平均32·7岁;致伤原因:摩托车伤7例,行走扭伤6例,运动伤5例。伤后至手术时间2 h~13 d,平均2·3 d。腓骨损伤部位为腓骨干上段骨折11例,腓骨颈骨折5例,上胫腓联合分离2例。合并内踝骨折4例,内踝并后踝骨折1例。2…     

股骨远端骨折并腘动脉损伤26例治疗体会

自2000年1月~2006年12月,笔者共收治股骨远端骨折并动脉损伤26例,现将治疗体会报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料本组26例,男18例,女8例;年龄17~58岁,平均32·5岁。致伤原因:车祸伤16例,机器挤压伤6例,摔伤4例;开放性损伤9例,闭合性损伤17例。受伤至就诊时间0·5~24h,平均1·2     

手术治疗Pilon骨折34例

Pilon骨折是涉及胫骨踝关节面损伤的胫骨远端干骺端骨折,近年来随着高能量损伤的增多,该类型骨折有增加的趋势,自2000-2005年,采用切开复位内固定的方法治疗Pilon骨折34例,疗效满意,现总结报告如下。1临床资料本组34例,男28例,女6例;年龄13~73岁,平均为40.6岁。车祸伤16例,高处坠落伤18例。开放骨折4例。合并颅脑损伤2例,胸腰椎骨折5例,跟骨骨折1例,腓骨下1/3骨折19例、中段骨折7例。其中按R櫣edi-Allg wer分型[1]:Ⅱ型骨折13例,Ⅲ型骨折21例。伤后就诊时间1h~5d,伤后至手术时间2h~14d,平均9.5d。2治疗方法2.1闭合损伤软组织肿胀严重者,先…     

基层医院开展椎弓根螺钉内固定术探讨

2000年3月~2004年9月,笔者采用AF钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折脱位30例,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组30例,男22例,女8例,年龄18~56岁。致伤原因:高处坠落伤18例,交通事故伤8例,塌方伤4例。损伤节段:T112例,T128例,L110例,L26例,L32例,T11~12及T12L3跳跃性损伤各1例。按Den     

胫腓骨骨折并骨筋膜室综合征Ⅱ期微创治疗

胫腓骨骨折常易合并骨筋膜室综合征,治疗上比较棘手。2003年6月~2004年12月,我科收治此类型损伤13例,采用Ⅰ期切开减压、Ⅱ期微创内固定的治疗方法,取得较好疗效。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组13例,男9例,女4例,年龄17~52岁。致伤原因:交通伤8例,压砸伤5例。受伤至救治时间1~32     

T形骨块植骨结合锁定钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折

<正>2009年8月~2011年8月,我院应用T形骨块植骨结合锁定钢板治疗31例胫骨平台骨折患者,疗效较满意,报道如下。1材料与方法 1.1病例资料本组31例,男18例,女13例,年龄34~62岁。均为SchatzkerⅢ型胫骨平台骨折。左侧11例,右侧20例,均为新鲜闭合骨折。合并伤:腓骨小头骨折8例,半月板损伤4例,副韧带损伤2例。1.2手术方法腰硬联合麻醉。采用膝前外侧切口,长7~10 cm,显露胫骨     

沙袋垫枕配合功能锻炼治疗胸腰段单纯性压缩骨折

自1997年6月-2004年12月,采用沙袋垫枕配合功能锻炼,治疗胸腰段椎体单纯性压缩骨折86例,取得了满意的疗效,现总结如下。1临床资料86例患者中男52例,女34例;年龄26~71岁,平均为41岁。高处坠落损伤15例,摔倒损伤54例,重物砸伤13例,其他原因致伤4例。86例均为住院患者,住院时间11~     

双钢板治疗Schatzker Ⅴ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折

<正>2010年6月~2012年6月,我科采用双钢板固定手术治疗18例SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ型胫骨平台骨折患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组18例,男13例,女5例,年龄19~68岁。按Schatzker标准分类:Ⅴ型13例,Ⅵ型5例。合并伤:副韧带和交叉韧带损伤2例,外侧半月板损伤4例,内侧半月板损伤2例。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.