具有考研意向大学生的心理健康状况及相关因素的研究

目的 探讨具有考研意向大学生的心理健康状况及与相关应激源的关系。方法 采用自编《大学生考研意向及相关应激源调查表》和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对200名在校大学生进行调查。结果 ①具有考研意向大学生的SCL-90各因子与全国青年组常模比较,阳性项目数,强迫、偏执、精神病性3因子得分显著高于全国常模组（P〈0.05）。②SCL-90与考研树关应激源的相关性统计结果显示,考研压力与SCL-90各因子均呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）．备研时间与躯体化,人际关系敏感,偏执,精神病性呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。结论 考研学生的心理健康状况不容乐现,加强对这一人群的心理辅导及心理健康教育,刻不容缓。     

对精神科医生了解程度的中英对比

目的：考察人们对精神科医生的了解程度，比较中国、英国不同文化背景的差异。方法：采用Williams（2001）的问卷进行调查，中国被试97名，英国被试165名。结果：在训练时间方面，正确选择的比率是，中国被试心理专业学生25％、非心理专业学生22％，英国被试普通民众5％、心理专业学生31％；在入院途径方面，英国心理专业学生选择“自己”的比例（55％）显著高于中国被试（34％）（x^2=4.17，P〈0．05）．而中国选择“亲属”的比例（83％）显著高于英国（45％）（x^2=15．26，P〈0．001）；在治疗方面，中英被试都高比率地选择了精神科医院（中国92％的心理专业学生和46％的非心理专业学生；英国95％的心理专业学生和68％的普通民众），中国学生选择“药片”（93％）和“注射”（70％）的比率显著高于英国学乍（分别74％，18％，x^2=-5．98，P〈0．05；x^2=-28．28，P〈0．001），英国对“咨询”的选择（94％）显著高于中国（34％）（x^2=42．67，P〈0．001）。结论：中英被试对精神科医生的了解程度既有共同点也有差异，它同时进一步支持了民众对精神疾病，特别是精神科医生了解程度有限的观点。     

医务人员压力反应与社会支持、生活事件、应对方式的相关研究

目的：研究生活事件、应对方式、社会支持等应激有关因素对医务人员应激反应的影响。探讨在应激系统中各应激有关因素的作用途径。方法：使用领悟社会支持量表、生活事件量表、特质应对方式问卷和自编压力反应问卷对556名医务人员进行调查。结果：单因素相关分析显示：压力反应与生活事件、应对方式、社会支持之间相关均有显著性意义。多因素回归分析和路径分析表明生活事件、应对方式、社会支持对压力反应均有预测性。其中消极应对方式是影响医务人员压力反应的最主要因素；积极应对方式通过影响消极应对方式间接影响压力反应；生活事件可以直接导致压力反应，也可通过应对方式间接影响压力反应；社会支持对压力反应没有直接影响，而是通过生活事件和应对方式来影响压力反应。结论：心理压力是多因素相互作用的系统。     

成都医学院贫困生压力源分析

目的:探讨医学院贫困生的心理压力状况及压力来源。方法:采用大学生心理压力感问卷、社会支持评定量表、特质应对方式问卷、一般自我效能感量表对成都医学院238名贫困生进行调查。结果:1医学院贫困生心理压力总体偏高;2男贫困生和女贫困生在心理压力水平上(t=2.289,P0.05)有显著性差异,尤其是在人际交往、学习、就业方面(t=2.513,3.131,2.221;P0.05);3社会支持与人际交往压力呈显著负相关(r=-0.198,P0.01);4采用消极应对方式的被试压力得分显著高于采用积极应对方式的被试压力得分(t=4.744,P0.001);5高自我效能感被试和低自我效能感被试在人际交往(t=-3.41,P0.01)、经济与地位(t=-2.587,P0.05)、学习(t=-2.583,P0.01)、就业(t=-3.189,P0.01)和心理压力总分上(t=-3.504,P0.01)呈显著性差异。结论:压力源主要包括人际交往、学习、经济与地位、就业、体能与生活、社会支持、自我效能感、应对方式。     

神经症患者压力反应与应激有关因素关系的对照研究

目的：研究生活事件、应对方式、社会支持等应激有关因素与神经症患者压力反应的关系。方法：使用生活事件量表、特质应对方式问卷、领悟社会支持量表和压力反应问卷对88例神经症患者和100例健康人群作调查和分析。结果：神经症组的心理反应、躯体反应、社会行为反应、家庭事件和消极应对分高于健康组（P〈0．01）．家庭外支持和积极应对分低于健康组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归分析显示，神经症组进入方程的是消极应对和社交事件（R^2=31．9）；健康组进入方程的是消极应对和家庭事件（R^2=40．6）。路径分析也表明类似的结果。结论：神经症患者在心理应激有关因素方面大多差于健康人群；神经症患者压力反应与消极应对和社交事件关系较大．而健康人群压力反应与消极应对和家庭事件关系较大；神经症患者的压力反应受本研究范围内各应激有关因素的影响相对较小。     

不同学校学生生活应激初探

随着社会的发展，人们生活节奏不断加快，这会给人们的心理造成巨大压力，对身心健康带来严重威胁，作为现代的大学生心理健康也不可避免的面临着这种威胁。本研究对师范院校和医学院校的学生进行了调查，以了解不同类型学校学生所面临的应激源及其产生的应激反应的差异。1对象与方法1．互对象本研究共采用被试465名，男218名（46．9％）．女247名（53．1％）；平均年龄199岁。其中中等师范学校学生188名，大学师范院校的学生119名．医学院校的学生158名。数据输入微机，由SPSS6．0统计软件进行ANOVA处理与分析。1．2方法采用B．M．Gad…     

潜艇艇员心理应激与个性特征、应对方式及社会支持的关系研究

目的探讨潜艇艇员心理应激与个性特征、应对方式及社会支持的关系。方法对460名游艇艇员进行量表测评，包括心理社会应激调查表（PSSG）、卡特尔16种人格因素问卷（16PF）、特质应对问卷（TCSQ）和领悟社会支持量表（PSSS），数据采用SPSS15．0和Amos7．0进行统计分析。结果①潜艇艇员不同衔级组间心理应激水平存在高度显著性差异（F=12．12，P〈0．01），其中高级士官及军官组（51．46±25．19）心理应激水平最高，而义务兵组（35．63士16．94）最低；②潜艇艇员心理应激水平与适应与焦虑型（0．68）和消极应对（0．63）等呈高度显著性正相关，与内向与外向型（-0．41）、社会支持（-0．33）、积极应对（-0．32）和感情与安详型（-0．30）等呈高度显著性负相关；③多元逐步回归分析标准回归系数排在前3位的变量依次为：适应与焦虑型、消极应对、社会支持（标准回归系数依次为0．441、0．300、-0．107）；④路径分析显示适应与焦虑型对潜艇艇员心理应激既有直接效应又有间接效应，且以直接效应为主（总效应0．682，直接效应0．441）；消极应对和社会支持对心理应激具有直接效应（分别为0．300和-0．107）；积极应对和内向与外向型对心理应激具有间接效应（分别为-0．027和-0．005）。结论潜艇艇员心理应激水平受个性特征、应对方式及社会支持的影响。     

不同年级大学生生活应激比较研究

随着高考招生并轨的完成和高校毕业生走向市场、双向选择就业机制的逐步建立，对作为跨世纪的大学生的要求越来越高，使得在校大学生面临着竞争挑战、挫折、矛盾、冲突等多种压力，随之产生一系列应激生理、心理和行为反应。当压力过大，应激状态时间持续过长，势必会影响大学生的心动理健康状况。本研究对部分大学生在校所面临的生活应激体验及其反应进行了调查，以了解处在我国政治体制和经济体制改革的社会变迁过程中的大学生所面临的生活应激源及其产生的反应。1材料和被试1.1材料采用美国学者B.M．Gadzella1991年编制的“学生生活应…     

不同程度的心理压力下研究生的应对方式

目的研究不同程度的心理压力下研究生的应对方式。方法采用自编问卷，运用分层随机取样、抽取重庆市5所高校的420名研究生进行调查，获得有效问卷400份。其中，男生208份，女生192份；研一150份．研二132份．研三118份。结果高、中、低各压力组在应对方式每个题项上的得分及其标准差分别是：2．56±0．49、2．59±0．47、2．78±0．54。结论总体上看．各压力组的研究生都不倾向于采用“放弃自我和回避”的应对方式，而更倾向于采用其他4种方式。在应对方式上，存在着压力组×性别、压力组×年级的交互作用。     

2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁情绪与社会心理因素的关系

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者焦虑、抑郁情绪与心理压力、应对方式和社会支持的关系。方法：采用自填式问卷，对172名2型糖尿病患者进行调查，了解患者的一般情况、心理压力来源、病人应对措施、社会支持等社会心理因素，同时用医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）测量其焦虑与抑郁情况。结果：焦虑得分≥9分者35人，占20．3％；抑郁得分≥9分者33人，占19．2％。控制性别、年龄、婚姻状况、学历、经济收入等潜在的混杂因素后的多因素logistic回归分析表明，感受“担心疾病可能造成的伤害”（OR=1．76，95％CI=1．12-2．77）、“疾病造成的社会／家庭危机感”（OR=1．85，95％CI=1．18-2．92）、“担心身体／生理功能下降”（OR=2．16，95％CI=1．28～3．67）和“担心经济条件降低”（OR=2．03，95％CI=1．27～3．26）的压力越大，对疾病越多采取“消极应对”的措施（OR=1．94，95％CI=1．26-2．97），越容易出现焦虑情绪：感受“疾病造成的社会／家庭危机感”（OR=1．79，95％CI=1．09～2．96）、“担心身体／生理功能下降”（OR=2．89，95％CI=1．59-5．24）的压力越大，对疾病越多采取“消极应对”的措施（OR=1．95，95％CI=1．23～3．11），越容易出现抑郁情绪，较多采取“逃避”的应对措施者较少出现抑郁情绪（OR=0．52，95％CI=0．30-0．90）。结论：2型糖尿病人的焦虑、抑郁情绪与疾病引起的心理紧张和病人采取的应对方式有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.