Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: A longitudinal study of the relationship between NSSI,psychological distress and perceived parenting

ObjectiveThe present study investigates whether either adolescents' psychological distress and/or perceived parenting predicted the occurrence of NSSI. Furthermore, the consequences of NSSI are examined in a three-wave longitudinal study.DesignThe sample at time 1 (age 12) consisted of 1396 adolescent reports and 1438 parent reports. At time 2 (age 13), 827 adolescent reports and 936 parent reports were obtained. Time 3 (age 14) included 754 adolescent reports and 790 parent reports. Psychological distress of adolescents was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Perceived parenting behaviors were examined by the Parental Behavior Scale and the Psychological Control Scale.ResultsA total of 10% of the adolescents engaged in NSSI at least once before age 15. Higher psychological distress of adolescents at time 1 was associated with the presence of NSSI at time 2 or 3. The association between psychological distress at time 1 and perception of decreased parental rule setting at time 3 was mediated by the presence of NSSI at time 2.ConclusionsThe present study showed that psychological distress at age 12 predicts NSSI over time and that parental awareness of NSSI changes the perception of parenting behaviors.     

Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: A longitudinal study

Little work has been conducted that examines the effects of positive environmental experiences on brain development to date. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the effects of positive (warm and supportive) maternal behavior on structural brain development during adolescence, using longitudinal structural MRI. Participants were 188 (92 female) adolescents, who were part of a longitudinal adolescent development study that involved mother–adolescent interactions and MRI scans at approximately 12 years old, and follow-up MRI scans approximately 4 years later. FreeSurfer software was used to estimate the volume of limbic-striatal regions (amygdala, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens) and the thickness of prefrontal regions (anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices) across both time points. Higher frequency of positive maternal behavior during the interactions predicted attenuated volumetric growth in the right amygdala, and accelerated cortical thinning in the right anterior cingulate (males only) and left and right orbitofrontal cortices, between baseline and follow up. These results have implications for understanding the biological mediators of risk and protective factors for mental disorders that have onset during adolescence.     

Maternal parenting behavior and functional connectivity development in children: A longitudinal fMRI study

Parenting behavior is associated with internalizing symptoms in children, and cross-sectional research suggests that this association may be mediated by the influence of parenting on the development of frontoamygdala circuitry. However, longitudinal studies are lacking. Moreover, there is a paucity of studies that have investigated parenting and large-scale networks implicated in affective functioning. In this longitudinal study, data from 95 (52 female) children and their mothers were included. Children underwent magnetic resonance imaging that included a 6 min resting state sequence at wave 1 (mean age = 8.4 years) and wave 2 (mean age = 9.9 years). At wave 1, observational measures of positive and negative maternal behavior were collected during mother-child interactions. Region-of-interest analysis of the amygdala, and independent component and dual-regression analyses of the Default Mode Network (DMN), Executive Control Network (ECN) and the Salience Network (SN) were carried out. We identified developmental effects as a function of parenting: positive parenting was associated with decreased coactivation of the superior parietal lobule with the ECN at wave 2 compared to wave 1. Thus our findings provide preliminary longitudinal evidence that positive maternal behavior is associated with maturation of the connectivity between higher-order control networks.     

中学生学习压力和手机游戏沉迷的关系：自我控制的中介作用

目的 探讨中学生学习压力、自我控制与手机游戏沉迷现状,并检验自我控制的中介作用。方法 采用方便抽样法纳入750名中学生为研究对象,均接受中学生学习压力问卷、简式自我控制量表（SCS）和手机游戏沉迷量表评定。采用PROCESS中介效应检验分析自我控制在中学生学习压力和手机游戏沉迷之间的中介作用。结果 共682名中学生完成调查。中学生学习压力问卷、SCS和手机游戏沉迷量表评分分别为（58.56±11.34）分、（38.42±6.94）分和（34.23±12.14）分;中学生学习压力问卷总评分及各维度评分与手机游戏沉迷量表总评分均呈正相关（r=0.189～0.259,P均<0.01）,与SCS评分均呈负相关（r=-0.348～-0.196,P均<0.01）;手机游戏沉迷量表总评分及各维度评分与SCS评分均呈负相关（r=-0.336～-0.252,P均<0.01）。学习压力可以负向预测自我控制（β=-0.205,t=-9.288,P<0.01）以及正向预测手机游戏沉迷（β=0.281,t=7.084,P<0.01）;自我控制可负向预测手机游戏沉迷（β=-0.480...     

Effects of pubertal timing on alcohol and tobacco use in the early adulthood: A longitudinal cohort study in Taiwan

We aimed to examine the effects of pubertal timing on adolescents’ alcohol and tobacco use from late adolescence to young adulthood. In addition, we separately explored associative factors of the use of these substances stratified by pubertal timings. A longitudinal cohort of 7th- and 9th-grade students was recruited in Taiwan. Pubertal timing was classified according to the Pubertal Developmental Scale. Effects of pubertal timing on self-reported drinking and smoking at age 20 were evaluated using generalized estimating equation analysis. Furthermore, we assessed the predictive roles of parental monitoring, parent–child relationships, peer influence, and school adhesion among participants, stratified by pubertal timing using multiple logistic regression analysis. A survey of 2290 participants was analyzed, with 51.2% being female. The smoking rate is 19.2% (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–2.00) and the alcohol drinking rate is 41.6% (adjusted OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07–1.69) for early maturing adolescents as compared to 12.3% and 41.6% respectively for on-time peers. A satisfactory parent–child relationship is a protective factor and strict parental monitoring is a risk factor for future tobacco and alcohol use in logistic regression analyses. Early maturation confers risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in young adulthood. Health professionals and parents should be advised of the potential associative factors with future substance use among adolescents with different maturation tempo. Emphasis could be placed on promoting positive parenting strategies and intra-familial interactions.     

Unraveling the covariation of low self-control and victimization: A behavior genetic approach

A growing body of literature examining the antecedents of victimization experiences has suggested that personality constructs play a role in the origins of victimization. Low self-control, in particular, represents a trait thought to directly increase the risk of victimization. At the same time, different lines of evidence suggest that genetic factors account for portions of the variance in both self-control and victimization. These findings leave open the possibility that the two traits might covary because of previously unmeasured genetic factors. The current analysis seeks to test this possibility. Additionally, we examine whether the covariation between self-control and victimization persists once genetic effects are held constant. Our findings suggest a nuanced explanation for the relationship between self-control and experiences of victimization.     

Exploring the longitudinal association between interventions to support the transition to secondary school and child anxiety

School transition at around 11-years of age can be anxiety-provoking for children, particularly those with special educational needs (SEN). The present study adopted a longitudinal design to consider how existing transition strategies, categorized into cognitive, behavioral or systemic approaches, were associated with post-transition anxiety amongst 532 typically developing children and 89 children with SEN. Multiple regression analysis indicated that amongst typically developing pupils, systemic interventions were associated with lower school anxiety but not generalized anxiety, when controlling for prior anxiety. Results for children with SEN differed significantly, as illustrated by a Group × Intervention type interaction. Specifically, systemic strategies were associated with lower school anxiety amongst typically developing children and higher school anxiety amongst children with SEN. These findings highlight strategies that schools may find useful in supporting typically developing children over the transition period, whilst suggesting that children with SEN might need a more personalized approach.     

Maternal risk status and outcome measures: A three-stage study in Israel

Maternal risk for child inadequate development and disturbed parentchild interaction was assessed in a sample of 262 Israeli mothers by considering maternal history, pregnancy situation, and current medical and psychosocial conditions. Outcome measures included the assessment of maternal perceptions of their infants characteristics and their perceptions of their families and themselves; infants' developmental status and weight/height gains; Bayley, Bates, and HOME scales; and wellbaby clinic data. Maternal risk was significantly differentiated between many of these outcome measures. The implications for predicting outcome measures from an early assessment of maternal risk for problems in child development are discussed.     

As they wait: Anticipatory neural response to evaluative peer feedback varies by pubertal status and social anxiety

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by substantial biological, neural, behavioral, and social changes. Learning to navigate the complex social world requires adaptive skills. Although anticipation of social situations can serve an adaptive function, providing opportunity to adjust behavior, socially anxious individuals may engage in maladaptive anticipatory processing. Importantly, elevated social anxiety often coincides with adolescence. This study investigated cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) responses during anticipation of evaluative feedback in 106 healthy adolescents aged 12–17 years. We examined differences in anticipatory event-related potentials (i.e., stimulus preceding negativity [SPN]) in relation to social anxiety levels and pubertal maturation. As expected, the right frontal SPN was more negative during feedback anticipation, particularly for adolescents with higher social anxiety and adolescents who were at a more advanced pubertal stage. Effects for the left posterior SPN were the opposite of those for the right frontal SPN consistent with a dipole. Anticipatory reactivity in adolescence was related to social anxiety symptom severity, especially in females, and pubertal maturation in a social evaluative situation. This study provides evidence for the development of social anticipatory processes in adolescence and potential mechanisms underlying maladaptive anticipation in social anxiety.     

Hurricane Katrina and youth anxiety: The role of perceived attachment beliefs and parenting behaviors

This study sought to examine the role of attachment beliefs and parenting behaviors on youth's anxious response to disaster by testing a theoretical model which posits youths’ perceptions of attachment beliefs and parenting behaviors as moderators of the relation between pre and post disaster anxiety symptoms. Seventy-four youth (ages 6–17 years) and their parents exposed to Hurricane Katrina participated in pre and post disaster assessments. Results indicated that both youths’ pre disaster perceived attachment beliefs (i.e., trust and communication) and perceptions of parenting behaviors (i.e., acceptance and firm control) moderated the relation between pre and post Katrina anxiety symptoms. Exploratory analyses demonstrated no age, gender, or ethnicity differences in post Katrina anxiety symptoms. Findings are discussed in terms of how parents may influence youths’ pre and post disaster anxiety symptoms in the face of natural disasters and the implications for intervention.     

伴非自杀性自伤行为青少年抑郁症患者述情和家庭教育方式研究

目的了解青少年抑郁症患者非自杀性自伤行为的现状,并对比分析伴或不伴非自杀性自伤行为患者的述情方式和家庭教育方式差异。方法回顾性连续纳入2018年1月至2019年2月四川大学华西医院心理卫生中心收治的241例青少年抑郁症患者为调查对象,采用多伦多述情障碍量表、家庭教育方式量表、患者健康问卷抑郁量表对其进行调查,并对比伴非自杀性自伤行为(研究组)和不伴非自杀性自伤行为(对照组)患者的差异。结果241例患者中,44.8%(108/241)的青少年抑郁症患者有非自杀性自伤行为。与对照组(133例)比较,研究组家庭教育方式量表中父亲的惩罚/严厉[(24.80±7.36)分比(21.41±6.89)分]、过分干涉[(23.56±5.02)分比(21.74±4.66)分]、拒绝/否认[(13.44±4.39)分比(11.35±3.81)分]、过度保护因子[(12.56±3.28)分比(11.20±2.94)分]得分较高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),母亲的过分干涉/保护[(42.23±8.06)分比(37.73±7.80)分]、拒绝/否认[(18.65±5.85)分比(15.70±5.72)分]、惩罚/严厉因子[(19.13±6.52)分比(15.97±6.20)分]得分较高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在述情障碍量表中,研究组难以识别自己的情感及难以描述自己的情感因子得分高于对照组[分别为(25.19±6.23)分比(22.12±7.09)分,(18.06±4.19)分比(15.90±4.52)分],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论青少年抑郁症患者中,伴非自杀性自伤行为的发生率较高,其述情方式和家庭教育方式与不伴非自杀性自伤行为患者存在差异。     

Relating psychological and social factors to academic performance: A longitudinal investigation of high-poverty middle school students

We investigated the relations between middle school students' psychological factors (academic commitment and emotional control), social perceptions (family involvement and school climate), and academic performance over time. Gender differences in these relations were also examined. Based on a two-year longitudinal data set of 942 middle-school students from a high-poverty district in the United States, we found that all four factors measured in 6th grade were predictive of GPA at the end of the 7th grade above and beyond gender, race, and home intellectual materials. Among these factors, emotional control had the strongest relation with GPA, and the importance of family involvement increased over time, especially for female students. The results also revealed the indirect effects of the social factors on GPA through the psychological factors, and mostly through emotional control. These findings highlight the complex relation between the social-emotional factors and academic outcomes in early adolescence.     

The role of parenting and goal selection in positive youth development: a person-centered approach

Using a person-centered approach, we examined the relations between goal selection, various indicators of parenting, and positive development among 510 Grades 9 to 11 participants (68% female) in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), a longitudinal study involving U.S. adolescents. Goal selection was operationalized by the "Selection" (S) subscale of the Selection, Optimization, and Compensation intentional self-regulation measure. Using Configural Frequency Analysis, we assessed the association between Selection, parenting (warmth, monitoring, and school involvement), and PYD. Results indicated that, while having the combination of consistently high Selection and above-median levels of the parenting variables was the most common path to PYD, having consistently low levels of Selection across grades was also related to positive development at Grade 11, regardless of parenting factors. We interpret these findings based in relation to the PYD and the identity development literatures and discuss implications for applied programs.     

Developmental trajectories of cortical thickness by functional brain network: The roles of pubertal timing and socioeconomic status

The human cerebral cortex undergoes considerable changes during development, with cortical maturation patterns reflecting regional heterogeneity that generally progresses in a posterior-to-anterior fashion. However, the organizing principles that govern cortical development remain unclear. In the current study, we characterized age-related differences in cortical thickness (CT) as a function of sex, pubertal timing, and two dissociable indices of socioeconomic status (i.e., income-to-needs and maternal education) in the context of functional brain network organization, using a cross-sectional sample (n = 789) diverse in race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status from the Lifespan Human Connectome Project in Development (HCP-D). We found that CT generally followed a linear decline from 5 to 21 years of age, except for three functional networks that displayed nonlinear trajectories. We found no main effect of sex or age by sex interaction for any network. Earlier pubertal timing was associated with reduced mean CT and CT in seven networks. We also found a significant age by maternal education interaction for mean CT across cortex and CT in the dorsal attention network, where higher levels of maternal education were associated with steeper age-related decreases in CT. Taken together, our results suggest that these biological and environmental variations may impact the emerging functional connectome.     

A longitudinal study of socioeconomic status,family processes,and child adjustment from preschool until early elementary school: the role of social competence

Objective

Using a short-term longitudinal design, this study examined the concurrent and longitudinal relationships among familial socioeconomic status (SES; i.e., family income and maternal and paternal education levels), marital conflict (i.e., constructive and destructive marital conflict), parenting practices (i.e., positive and negative parenting practices), child social competence (i.e., social skills), and child behavioral adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems) in a comprehensive model.

Methods

The sample included a total of 1604 preschoolers aged 5 years at Time 1 and first graders aged 6 years at Time 2 (51.5% male). Parents completed a self-reported questionnaire regarding their SES, marital conflict, parenting practices, and their children’s behavioral adjustment. Teachers also evaluated the children’s social competence.

Results

The path analysis results revealed that Time 1 family income and maternal and paternal education levels were respectively related to Time 1 social skills and Time 2 internalizing and externalizing problems, both directly and indirectly, through their influence on destructive and constructive marital conflict, as well as negative and positive parenting practices. Notably, after controlling for Time 1 behavioral problems as mediating mechanisms in the link between family factors (i.e., SES, marital conflict, and parenting practices) and behavioral adjustment, Time 1 social skills significantly and inversely influenced both the internalization and externalization of problems at Time 2.

Conclusions

The merit of examining SES, marital conflict, and parenting practices as multidimensional constructs is discussed in relation to an understanding of processes and pathways within families that affect child mental health functioning. The results suggest social competence, which is influenced by the multidimensional constructs of family factors, may prove protective in reducing the risk of child maladjustment, especially for children who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.

     

A comparison of the effects of directive visuomotor intervention versus nondirective supportive intervention in kindergarten and elementary school children

To compare the efficacy of a directive visual motor intervention (DVMI) versus a nondirective supportive intervention (NDSI) on psychological-adjustment, self-esteem, and visuomotor-integration (VMI) skills in mainstream elementary school and kindergarten children. A total of 168 poor VMI children of low socioeconomic status attending regular kindergarten or first grade were randomly allocated to receive 12 weeks of DVMI, NDSI, or no treatment. Psychological adjustment, self-esteem, and VMI skills were evaluated before and after the intervention period. In the kindergarten subset, NDSI significantly improved VMI skills compared to DVMI and no treatment. In the first-graders, NDSI and DVMI yielded a similar, significant, improvement in VMI compared to no treatment. There were no significant differences among the NDSI, DVMI, and control groups in improvement in psychological-adjustment or self-esteem. This study, conducted in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population, suggests that kindergarten children with poor VMI might benefit from the positive and meaningful relationships inherent in NDSI.     

社区痴呆患者的家庭照料者心理状况研究

目的：为了社区痴呆患者的家庭照料者心理状况及相关因素，方法：采用MMSE，ADL，GDS，Be-AD和GHQ对103例社区痴呆患者的家庭照料者心理状况进行调查并分析。结果：家庭照料者的焦虑失眠症状明显，主要是痴呆患者的精神／行为问题相关，与照料者本身的年龄，文化和对痴呆知识的了解程度有关。结论：对老年痴呆的照料以及照料者的心理健康状况值得重视。