Age specific differences in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Background

Some have suggested that younger children have a more severe form of obstructive sleep apnea than older children and therefore are at a higher risk for respiratory compromise after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. However, at present there are few studies that have identified any significant correlation between age and severity of obstructive sleep apnea.

Objective

To determine if age specific differences in obstructive sleep apnea are present in children.

Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care children's hospital.

Patients

The records of children (1-18 years of age) with obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed by overnight polysomnography between January 1998 and January 2001 were reviewed. Children included in the study also had evidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy and had no other co-existing medical problems.

Main outcome measures

Overnight polysomnography was performed in all children. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), baseline and lowest O₂ saturation, baseline and peak end tidal CO₂, and total number of obstructive apneas, hypopneas, central apneas and mixed apneas were measured during each polysomnogram. Children were subdivided into the following age groups: 1-2, 3-5, 6-11 and 12-18 years. Polysomnograms were classified into normal, mild, moderate and severe categories.

Results

Three hundred and sixty-three children were studied; 45 children were ages 1-2 years, 159 children were ages 3-5 years, 137 children were 6-11 years and 22 children were 12-18 years. Although there appears to be a trend towards a greater mean number of obstructive apneas, hypopneas, central apneas, mixed apneas, a higher mean AHI, lower mean SaO₂ nadir, and a higher mean PETCO₂ in the younger age groups when compared to the older groups, a Student's t-test demonstrates that there is no statistical significance for most OSA parameters. An analysis of variance using the F-test reveals statistical significance (p < 0.01) when children ages 1-2 were compared to those 3-5, 6-11 or 12-18 years of age for the variables AHI, mean number of central apneas, hypopneas and mixed apneas. When comparing patients in the various severity categories, children ages 1-2 years show a distinct distribution with a larger percentage in the moderate to severe categories. Chi square analysis reveals a significant difference between the frequency distribution of children in age group 1-2 years and that of the other age groups (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

There is a predilection for children less than 3 years of age to have more severe obstructive sleep apnea as documented by polysomnography. Central apnea also appears to be more common in this age group. These findings may be explained by anatomic and physiologic differences related to age and support a period of observation following adenotonsillectomy in younger children.     

Polysomnography outcomes for partial intracapsular versus total tonsillectomy

Objective

To demonstrate similar improvement in pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) as determined by polysomnography (PSG) with microdebrider-assisted partial intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (PITA) versus Bovie electrocautery complete tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A).

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, 30 children found to have SDB by PSG who have undergone either PITA (15 participants) or T&A (15 participants) as treatment were evaluated with standardized history and physical examination and unattended home overnight PSG.

Results

Median change in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 1.7 (−4.9 to 29.8) for the PITA group and 2.3 (−10.9 to 64.1) for the T&A group, although there was substantially more variability in the T&A group. A mixed linear model evaluating the relation of surgical group with change in AHI demonstrated no significant differences in group means (F[1,13] = 0.31, P = .590) but the variances differed significantly (residual likelihood ratio chi-square = 5.24, df = 1, P = .022). Five of 15 (33%) PITA patients and 4 of 15 (27%) T&A patients had postoperative AHI scores of ≤5; this difference was not statistically significant (Fisher exact test P = 1.000). There was no significant interaction or substantial confounding effect of age, sex, race, preoperative tonsil size, preoperative AHI, or body mass index in the model relating surgery type to reduction of postoperative AHI to ≤5.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates no clinically or statistically significant differences in PSG and clinical outcomes between PITA and T&A for treatment of pediatric SDB in otherwise healthy children.     

Lower-pole intracapsular tonsillectomy in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Conclusion: Lower-pole intracapsular tonsillectomy (LPIT) is a valuable surgical technique capable of decreasing post-operative bleeding in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients.

Objective: This study performed LPIT to simultaneously reduce post-operative bleeding of lower pole and prevent recurrent tonsillitis of upper pole and compared its effects to extracapsular tonsillectomy (ET).

Methods: ET was performed in the extracapsular plane, with complete monopolar dissection. In LPIT, the upper pole of palatine tonsil was removed by electrocautery with the extracapsular plane, followed by removal of the lower-pole by plasma ablation with the intracapsular plane. Post-operative bleeding incidence, bleeding site, and degree of pain were compared between the two groups.

Results: Three hundred and forty-seven patients diagnosed of OSA with polysomnography were enrolled. ET was performed in 152 patients and LPIT in 195 patients. There were no significant differences in post-operative pain between the two groups. The LPIT group showed significantly lower total bleeding incidence than the ET group (4.1% vs 9.2%; p?=?.05). In particular, lower-pole bleeding incidence was lower in the LPIT group than the ET group (1.0% vs 5.3%; p?=?.02).     

Debates in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea treatment

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is among the most common sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) diseases in children. Its high prevalence and multiple systemic complications lead to increasing numbers of children and families affected by OSA. Timely diagnosis and effective intervention in children with this condition is extremely important in improving their prognosis. The major approaches in the treatment of OSA in children are to eliminate the causes of upper airway obstruction and prevent and treat complications. Considering the specific individual differences in children's growth and development, as well as the diversity of etiologies in children's OSA, pediatric treatment strategies need to be precise, multidisciplinary, and individualized. First-line clinical treatment consists of surgical (adenotonsillectomy) and non-surgical therapies [including anti-inflammatory medications and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)]. However, a considerable controversy exists concerning the indications, treatment standards, and the evaluation of the efficacy of the aforementioned treatment methods. In this review, reviews and assessment of literature studies and multidisciplinary clinical experience were performed to analyze the application of each treatment and discuss controversial issues and future research directions. We suggest that the above interventions should be tailored to each child's needs, comorbidities, and the availability and expertise of the practitioner. The ideal case is when a multidisciplinary team of doctors together with the patients and their parents, or guardians, have a thorough discussion regarding the benefits and risks of all available treatment options and all agree on an effective treatment plan.     

Beyond adenotonsillectomy: Outcomes of sleep endoscopy-directed treatments in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Objectives

In this study we determine the subjective and objective outcomes of pediatric patients with refractory OSA undergoing drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)-directed surgical treatment.

Methods

31 consecutive children with OSA following TA underwent DISE. 26 completed DISE-directed operative management of the level(s) of ongoing upper airway obstruction. Pre- and postoperative OSA were assessed through a detailed history (of nighttime symptoms (NS) and daytime symptoms (DS)), physical examination, and polysomnography.

Results

Age ranged 5–18 years (mean 9.7 ± 3.4). Fourteen of 26 had trisomy 21 (51%). Operations were performed in the following frequencies: lingual tonsillectomy (LT) (22), midline posterior glossectomy (MPG) (16), revision adenoidectomy (11), inferior turbinate submucosal resection (7), uvulopalatoplasty (2), and supraglottoplasty (2). Overall, 92% reported subjective improvement. NS improved from 5.8 ± 2.9 preoperatively to 2.1 ± 2.5 postoperatively (p < 0.05), while DS improved from 2.1 ± 1.3 preoperatively to 0.6 ± 1.1 postoperatively (p < 0.05). Seventeen patients completed preoperative polysomnography, while only 11 of them also completed postoperative polysomnography. Mean OAHI fell from 7.0 (±5.8) events/hr to 3.6 (±1.8) events/hr (t-test, p = 0.09).

Conclusions

Individualized, multilevel, DISE-directed operative therapy was associated with substantial improvement in subjective measures of sleep.     

扁桃体下极被膜保留的扁桃体切除术在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停治疗中的应用

目的 观察扁桃体下极被膜保留的扁桃体切除术在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)中的可行性及优势。方法 将2018年8月—2019年12月行扁桃体下极被膜保留扁桃体切除术(91例)与2017年1月—2018年7月行传统扁桃体切除术(100例)治疗儿童OSA患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。比较两组手术时间、术中出血、术后疼痛评分、术后并发症、随访1年的情况。结果 两组手术时间及术中出血无明显差异,下极被膜保留组术后第1天、第3天疼痛评分显著低于传统手术组(P＜0.05)。术后出血率传统手术组(7/100,7％)高于下极被膜保留组(2/91,2.19％)(P＜0.05)。术后随访1年,两组均未出现局部感染及再发扁桃体肥大情况。结论 扁桃体下极被膜保留的扁桃体切除术是儿童OSA的一种安全可行的手术方式,可以有效降低术后出血风险及术后疼痛。     

Complications of microdebrider-assisted powered intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

OBJECTIVES: To study complications of powered intracapsular tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (PITA) in pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review and long-term follow-up in office or by telephone interview. METHODS: We studied 278 patients who underwent PITA between September 2000 and October 2002. Outcome measures were postoperative bleeding, velopharyngeal insufficiency, need for hospital readmission, tonsil regrowth, and return of snoring or sleep apnea symptoms. RESULTS: All 278 children treated by PITA had immediate resolution of symptoms of OSA. Complications were noted in 11 patients (3.9%). Nine patients (3.2%) experienced tonsil regrowth with snoring, two of whom evolved to a return of OSA that was definitively managed by means of a complete tonsillectomy. Two patients (0.7%) had self-limited bleeding. None of the patients developed persistent velopharyngeal insufficiency or required hospital readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Microdebrider-assisted PITA is a safe and effective alternative for children otherwise treated with traditional tonsillectomy for symptoms of OSA due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. This series suggests a 3.9% overall rate of complications, with the most common noted as tonsillar regrowth without recurrence of OSA. Prospective trials with longer follow-up may define higher complication rates.     

等离子射频消融术在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停中的应用和进展

精准微创的科学理念推动耳鼻咽喉头颈外科手术方式不断进步,等离子射频消融术的应用与发展为典型代表.分析等离子射频消融术在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停手术(扁桃体腺样体切除术)中的使用特点,包括操作简便,手术时间短;术野清晰,出血量少;温度较低,避免热灼伤且创面光滑平整,术后疼痛轻,恢复正常饮食较早;术后白膜形成早,但在炎性细胞...     

Child behavior after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To study the behavior of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) before and after adenotonsillectomy using a standardized behavioral rating scale completed by caregivers. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study of children with OSAS at the University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque, New Mexico. METHODS: Children between 2.5 and 18 years of age were included in the study and underwent adenotonsillectomy if the results of polysomnography showed an obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 5 or greater. Caregivers completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) before surgery and a second time within 6 months of surgery. Pre- and postoperative BASC t scores were compared using a paired t test. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the contributions of several covariants to these change scores. RESULTS: The study population included 52 children. The mean age was 7.1 (range 2.5-14.9) years, and the mean AHI was 16.2 (range 5.0-88.0). Preoperative mean BASC t scores for all behavioral scales and composites were greater than 50. The behavioral scales that showed significant improvement after adenotonsillectomy were aggression, atypicality, depression, hyperactivity, and somatization (p < or = .001). Age, ethnicity, parental education, parental income, and AHI were not correlated with changes in BASC scores. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of children with OSAS have externalizing (hyperactivity and aggression) and internalizing (anxiety, depression, and somatization) behavioral problems. These problems improve significantly after adenotonsillectomy. The improvement is dramatic regardless of sex, age, ethnicity, parental education, parental income, or the relative severity of OSAS.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿扁桃体腺样体切除术临床疗效分析

目的 评价扁桃体腺样体切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿的临床疗效。方法 行扁桃体及腺样体切除术患儿80例,术前、术后3个月或6个月行多道睡眠描记术（PSG）监测及OSA-18量表生活质量调查,分析手术疗效、PSG参数及OSA-18评分的变化。结果 80例患儿治愈70例（87%）,显效8例（10%）,有效2例（3%）,总有效率为100%。显效及有效的10例中8例合并变应性鼻炎经治疗变应性鼻炎后症状明显改善,另2例肥胖者经控制体质量后症状减轻。术后呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、OSA-18总分与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 扁桃体、腺样体切除术是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效方法,同时应治疗合并的其他上呼吸道阻塞因素。PSG结合OSA-18调查表可对患儿进行手术前后主客观的综合评价。     

男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血液学指标与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数的关系

目的 了解男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的血液常规及生化指标和睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）的关系。方法 对2011年1月—2019年12月住院手术治疗且入院前整夜睡眠监测数据完整的474例成年男性患者进行回顾性研究。根据AHI将患者分为4组：A组（AHI<30次/h,56例）、B组（30次/h≤AHI<60次/h,162例）、C组（60次/h≤AHI<90次/h,217例）和D组（AHI≥90次/h,39例）。收集的数据包括睡眠参数、Epworth嗜睡量表评分（ESS）、血液常规及生化指标和人口统计学特征。结果 4组患者的红细胞计数、血小板计数、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、AST/ALT、葡萄糖、尿酸、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;高密度脂蛋白和甘油三酯与AHI的线性相关性较好,且前者呈负相关,后者呈正相关（r=-0.252,r=0.192）;多元线性回归分析表明红细胞计数（β=0.140,P=0.004）和甘油三酯（β=0.122,P=0.017）与AHI独立相关,多个相关系数R²=0.332。结论 高密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯与AHI的线性相关性较好,且前者呈负相关（r=-0.252）,后者呈正相关（r=0.192）,红细胞计数、甘油三酯与AHI独立相关,有潜力成为判断经多导睡眠监测（PSG）检查后诊断为OSAHS患者综合严重程度的辅助指标。     

改良UPPP手术治疗小儿OSAHS的疗效观察

目的观察改良腭咽成型术治疗小儿睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床疗效。方法 180例小儿睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者随机分为治疗组(n=90)和对照组(n=90),均行常规扁桃体切除术后,治疗组加行改良腭咽成形术,对照组则否。比较两组术后疗效及并发症情况。结果治疗组显效28例,有效60例,总有效率97.8%;对照组显效21例,有效56例,总有效率85.6%。治疗组无1例并发出血,对照组并发出血4例(4.44%),组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良腭咽成型术有利于扩大咽腔,避免术后原发性出血。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征60例报告

为探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的治疗方法，对６０例本病患者行悬雍垂腭咽成形术，其疗效分布是：显效５０％，进步３３．３％，无效１６．７％，总有效率为８３．３％。需要注意的关键是：①严格选择病例；②局麻下手术；③术中心电，血氧及血压监测；④重度ＯＳＡＳ患者术前行气管切开术；⑤术前吸氧，应用抗炎，止血药物，避免术后并发症发生。     

The safety and efficacy of pediatric lingual tonsillectomy

ObjectiveLingual tonsillar hypertrophy is recognized as a cause of persistent obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after adenotonsillectomy in children. However, little has been reported regarding the complications, postoperative course and effectiveness of lingual tonsillectomy (LT). Our objective was to review the safety and effectiveness of LT in children.MethodsRetrospective review of children undergoing LT from January 2009 to December 2015 at a tertiary children's hospital. Complications, postoperative course and polysomnographic (PSG) outcomes were recorded for all patients.ResultsWe identified 92 children (mean age = 8.6 years, 50% female) who underwent LT; 43.5% had a syndromic diagnosis. The most common complications were emergency department presentation for bleeding (4.4%) and poor oral intake (3.3%). The readmission rate was 4.4% including 2 children (2.2%) who required operative control of hemorrhage. No children required unplanned reintubation or ICU admission. In children with PSG data (n = 18), the median apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) decreased from 8.5 to 3.8 events/hour (p = 0.022) and the median obstructive AHI (oAHI) decreased from 8.3 to 3.1 events/hour (p = 0.021). In addition, the oxygen saturation nadir increased from 83.8% to 89.0% (p = 0.0007). After surgery the percentage of patients with oAHI<5 events/hour increased from 27.8% to 61.1% (p = 0.08).ConclusionsReadmission and bleeding rates after lingual tonsillectomy in children were similar to that seen with tonsillectomy. Polysomnographic data showed that lingual tonsillectomy resulted in a significant reduction of both AHI and oAHI with a postoperative oAHI <5 achieved in 61% of patients.     

超声刀在治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征中的应用

目的 探讨超声刀辅助下手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的可行性。方法 将38例入选儿童OSAHS患者分为A、B两组,A组(18例)用超声刀辅助下手术,B组(20例)采用传统方法手术,对术中出血量、手术时间、术后疼痛程度、术后伤口愈合情况及术后出血等几个方面进行对照观察研究。结果 术中出血量、手术时间及术后出血概率超声刀组较传统手术组明显减少,差异有统计学意义。超声刀术组与传统手术组在创面白膜生成及脱落时间、术后切口生长情况及术后疼痛方面差异无统计学意义。结论 超声刀辅助手术治疗儿童OSAHS具有微创、安全及可行性等特点,是一种治疗儿童OSAHS较好的方法。     

口腔矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的近期疗效研究

目的探讨矫治器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的方法、机制及适应症并进行疗效分析.方法选择诊断为OSAS的患者7例,男5例,女2例,戴入矫治器进行治疗.治疗前后摄头影测量片,并做PSG监测以评价疗效.结果7例OSAS患者戴入矫治器后,下颌骨位置改变至前伸位,咽腔结构及其周围软组织的位置关系均发生相应变化.Ve-PVe由4.8±0.82mm增加到6.3±1.9mm(P＜0.001),气道通气量增加.结论口腔矫治器是OSAS保守治疗的有效方法,对于下颌后缩、低角及无悬雍垂过长和软腭松驰下垂的轻中度OSAS患者效果良好.