经皮射频消融术与根治性切除术在小肝癌治疗中的疗效研究

目的探讨经皮射频消融术(RFA)治疗小肝癌的效果。方法将经影像学、病理学检查证实的小肝癌患者116例分为两组,分别行RFA和手术切除治疗,比较两组术后并发症的发生、术后1年两组肿瘤复发率及1、2、3年生存率。结果 RFA治疗组并发症发生率明显低于手术组,两组术后1年肿瘤复发率及1、2、3年生存率无统计学差异。结论对于小肝癌,肝功能不能耐受手术治疗或肿瘤实质位于靠近主要血管、胆管,切除困难的患者,RFA治疗具有与手术相同的效果,且并发症少。     

复发性小肝癌再次手术与射频消融的临床分析

目的:总结复发性小肝癌的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年6月第1次手术后复发的小肝癌35例患者的临床资料,分为再次手术组和射频消融组,比较两组术后3年生存及复发情况。结果再次手术组18例,均行肿瘤局部切除术,射频消融组17例,均行局部射频消融治疗。再次手术组3年无瘤存活率(66.1%,11/18)高于射频消融者(47.1%,8/17)(P<0.05),手术切除肿瘤局部复发率(22.2%,4/18)低于射频消融(35.6%,5/17)(P<0.05),直径<3cm的肿瘤,采用手术或射频消融治疗3年生存率和复发率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),3～5cm肿瘤采用手术治疗者3年生存率高于射频消融治疗,复发率低于射频消融治疗(均P>0.05)。结论对复发性小肝癌瘤体小于3mm者应根据患者情况并充分考虑患者意愿进行治疗,对肿瘤为者则以手术为宜。     

彩色多普勒超声引导射频消融治疗肝硬化合并小肝癌的疗效观察

目的观察彩色多普勒超声引导下,射频消融治疗肝硬化合并小肝癌患者的临床疗效。方法将120例合并肝硬化的小肝癌患者采用超声引导射频消融治疗,观察其术后近、远期疗效及生存率。结果 120例患者共165个肿瘤,首次完全消融达到80.0%,术后第1、3、5年的总体无瘤生存率分别为80.0%、32.5%、30.0%。肿瘤直径≤3 cm组和>3 cm组比较,≤3 cm组近期疗效优于>3 cm组。结论彩色多普勒超声引导射频消融治疗肝硬化合并小肝癌治疗效果好,对肝功能影响小,并发症少。     

清醒镇静镇痛状态下肝癌射频消融术临床观察

射频消融术(RFA)被认为是目前治疗小肝癌有效的微创手术,因其具有创伤小、疗效确切、操作方便、手术时间短、受患者因素影响小等优点,被越来越多的患者所接受,特别适合于肿瘤长径≤3 cm的单个或多个原发性、继发性和术后复发的小肝癌,及近大血管及肝门部位手术切除困难、肝功能较差及年老体弱不宜手术的肝癌患者[1].     

肝动脉化疗栓塞对肝细胞癌切除术后预防复发的研究

目的探讨预防性TACE对原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)根治性切除术后复发的影响。方法回顾性分析2008年5月—2012年3月行根治性切除并经病理学确诊的557例HCC患者,根据术后2个月内是否行预防性TACE分为两组:预防性介入组(n=327)和未施预防性介入组(n=230),分析两组间的一般临床病理资料的差异,利用Kaplan-Meier计算复发时间,log-rank检验评估不同组别患者的复发差异,采用Cox比例风险模型分析HCC术后复发的独立危险因素,并对相关独立危险因素按是否接受预防性介入进行分层分析。结果两组患者在一般临床病理资料比较差异无统计学意义。经Cox比例风险模型多因素分析发现,年龄(≤50岁)、血清甲胎蛋白(AFP,>20 ng/ml)水平、肿瘤直径(>5 cm)、手术切缘(<1 cm)、微血管癌栓(MVI)以及术后行预防性TACE是影响HCC术后复发的独立危险因素。进一步分层分析,上述5个因素的患者中,预防性TACE组的复发率较未预防性TACE组低且差异有统计学意义。结论 HCC根治性切除术后,预防性TACE可降低肝癌的总体复发率;对于肝癌确诊年龄小、术前AFP阳性、肿瘤直径>5 cm、手术切缘<1 cm和有MVI的HCC患者,预防性TACE可显著降低术后的复发率。     

特殊部位小肝癌超声引导下微波消融与手术切除的对比研究

【摘要】 目的 对比研究超声引导下经皮微波消融（MWA）与手术切除治疗特殊部位原发性小肝癌的疗效。 方法 分析240例特殊部位原发性小肝癌患者的资料,对比超声引导下MWA组与手术切除组近、远期疗效。 结果 MWA组与手术切除组围手术期均未出现严重并发症,对比两组肿瘤首次完全消除率、复发率,差异均无统计学意义（P=0.072,P=0.233）。MWA组患者术后肝功能、术中出血量、手术时间、术后体温、术后住院天数以及住院费用均优于手术切除组（P＜0.05）。MWA组与手术切除组1、3、5年总生存率分别为96.6%、86.4%、64.2%,95.1%、88.0%、70.3%,P=0.852。1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为84.4%、62.8%、42.9%,81.3%、62.0%、57.7%,P=0.341。 结论 超声引导下MWA治疗特殊部位原发性小肝癌与手术切除具有相似的生存疗效,相比于手术切除更经济微创、简便易行。     

液化碘油混合无水乙醇栓塞治疗小肝癌的临床研究

目的分析超液化碘油与无水乙醇混合后栓塞治疗小肝癌的临床疗效,探讨治疗小肝癌的新方法。方法对经彩超CT或MRI检查发现并经病理证实的小肝癌患者88例共126个病灶,进一步行肝动脉造影,经数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实后,对小肝癌供血动脉行超选择性插管,并以超液化碘油混入无水乙醇(1:0.5)对发现的126个小肝癌病灶充分栓塞。结果 88例患者共126个小肝癌病灶全部行超选择性插管栓塞术,术后无严重并发症发生.术前病灶直径0.8～3.0 cm,平均直径2.75 cm,术后3月复查,肿瘤完全消失16例,72例肿瘤不同程度缩小,肿瘤平均直径1.45 cm。术后1、3、5年复发率分别为17%(15/88)、25%(22/88)、36%(32/88)。术后1、3、5年生存率分别为100%(88/88)、86%(76/88)、68%(60/88)。结论超液化碘油混合无水乙醇栓塞治疗小肝癌疗效显著,术后并发症少,术后复发率低于外科手术治疗,可作为治疗小肝癌的选择方法之一。     

肝癌相关基因的研究

1　概述肝癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一 ,其死亡率居我国恶性肿瘤的第二位。目前 ,手术切除仍然是肝癌治疗的首选方法。对于那些不能手术切除的患者 ,介入治疗是个较好的选择。然而无论是手术切除还是介入治疗 ,术后癌肿的复发率均很高。肝癌的复发与它的转移、血管再生以及恶性程度密切相关。通过一系列肝癌相关基因的研究 ,可以及早地预测癌细胞的转移 ,阻止肿瘤的生长 ,判定患者的预后 ,最终达到满意控制肿瘤的目的。2　肝癌与转移相关基因的研究近 2 0年来 ,我国在肝癌的治疗方面取得了较大的进展 ,然而肝癌术后复发率较高 ,即使是小肝癌也不…     

121例原发性肝癌治疗结果分析

目的 分析原发性肝癌不同治疗方法的效果，探讨最佳治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析1991年5月－1998年5月121例原发性肝癌患者，早期34例（Ⅰ期2例，Ⅱ期32例），中晚期87例（Ⅲ期3例，Ⅳa期84例）。按不同治疗方法各分成4组：（1）保守治疗组：仅行口服化疗药物或中医中药及保肝支持治疗；（2）化疗组：经股动脉行肝动脉插管栓塞化疗或手术置化疗泵栓塞化疗，化疗次数1－7次；（3）手术切除组：仅行肿瘤的病灶切除或肝叶切除；（4）手术切除＋化疗组；在手术切除肿瘤前或后行经股动脉插管栓塞／化疗或术中肝动脉和／或门静脉置化疗泵，术后行栓塞／化疗。87例中晚期肝癌中24例并发门脉癌栓，42例直径≥10cm,45例直径＜10cm，分别分成3组：保守组、化疗组及手术切除或＋化疗组。结果 34例早期肝癌和87例中晚期肝癌的中位生存时间分别为24．0月和7．0月，其1、2、3年的生存率分别为：67．6％、55．9％、44．1％和27．6％、9．2％、5．7％。57例行化疗和24例并发门脉癌栓的中晚期肝癌中位生存时间为6．0月和5．0月，其1、2、3年的徨存率分别为28．1％、10．5％、7．0％和12．5％、4．2％、0。42例直径≥10cm和45例直径＜10cm的中晚期肝癌中位生存时间为6．5月和8．0月，其1、2、3年的生存率分别为21．4％、4．8％、2．4％和33．3％、13．3％、8．9％。结论 手术切除辅助肝脏局部化疗，可明显提高各期原发性肝癌患者的生存率，改善生存质量。对中晚期肝癌行化疗最好2－3次，同时与其它治疗特别是免疫治疗联合应用。对合并门静脉癌栓及直径＜10cm的肝癌的病人也应积极行手术切除肿瘤、术中取净癌栓、术后辅以栓塞化疗及免疫治疗等措施。对直径≥10cm的肝癌应慎选手术治疗。     

不同血流阻断技术对肝癌切除患者术中出血及术后恢复影响研究

目的比较不同血流阻断技术对肝癌切除患者术中出血及术后恢复的影响。方法选取自2017年5月至2018年5月就诊于北部战区总医院的62例肝癌合并肝硬化的患者为研究对象。根据血流阻断方式将患者分为A、B两组,每组各31例。A组通过全入肝血流阻断法行肝切除;B组通过区域性血流阻断行肝切除。观察并比较两组患者的手术时间、出血量、住院天数,以及术后1、3 d的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)改善情况。结果两组患者手术时间、住院天数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组患者的术中出血量低于A组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1、3 d,两组患者的ALT水平均较术前升高,两组术后ALT与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05),且术后B组ALT水平显著低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同的血流阻断技术对于肝癌切除患者的术中出血及术后恢复影响的差异较大,其中,区域性血流阻断技术对于肝癌切除患者的术中出血量及术后恢复速度存在较大优势。     

Resection vs thermal ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma: What's the first choice?

Nowadays, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently diagnosed at an early stage, opening good perspectives to radical treatment by means of liver transplantation, surgical resection, or percutaneous ablation. Liver transplantation is considered the best option, but the lack of liver donors represents a major limitation. Therefore, surgical resection, offering a 5-year-survival rate of over 50%, is considered the first-choice treatment for patients with early stage HCC, whereas percutaneous ablation is usually reserved to patients who are not candidate to surgery. However, in the recent years some trials showed that percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can be as effective as surgical resection in terms of overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates in patients with small HCC, and a retrospective comparative study reported 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates and recurrence-free survival rates significantly better in patients with central HCC measuring 2 cm or smaller treated with RFA than in those treated with surgical resection. RFA is less expensive, less invasive, with lower complication rate and shorter hospital stay than surgical resection, and on the basis of the results of these studies it should be considered the first option in the treatment of very early HCC. However, RFA is size-dependent, so at present the need to achieve an adequate safety margin around the tumor limits to about 2 cm the diameter of the nodules that can be ablated with long-term outcomes comparable to or better than surgical resection. The main goal of the next technical developments of the thermal ablation systems should be the achievement of larger ablation areas with a single needle insertion. In this regard, the recent improvements in microwave energy delivery systems seem to open interesting perspectives to percutaneous microwave ablation, which could become the ablation technique of choice in the next future.     

Therapeutic efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma abutting the gastrointestinal tract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas abutting the gastrointestinal tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with hepatocellular carcinomas abutting the gastrointestinal tract underwent sonographically guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Forty-one tumors (1.2-4.3 cm in maximum diameter) had parts 5 mm or greater (or at least one quarter of their circumferences) abutting the stomach in 23 patients and the colon in 18 patients. Thirty tumors were ablated with internally cooled electrodes and 11 with multitined expandable electrodes. All patients were followed up for at least 1 year after ablation. Therapeutic efficacy and safety were evaluated with follow-up sonography and multiphase helical CT. RESULTS: At 1-month follow-up CT, three (7%) of the 41 tumors showed residual unablated tumor in the ablation zone. Of the remaining 38 hepatocellular carcinomas (93%) with no evidence of residual unablated tumor, four (11%) showed local tumor progression in the ablation zones on subsequent follow-up CT. We observed one major complication-a small perihepatic abscess-that needed specific treatment. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is an effective and safe technique for treating hepatocellular carcinomas abutting the gastrointestinal tract.     

Intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of the pattern and risk factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pattern and risks for intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 62 patients with 72 HCCs (< or =4 cm) who were treated with percutaneous RF ablation. The mean follow-up period was 19.1 months (6.0-49.1). We assessed the incidence and cumulative disease-free survival of local tumor progression (LTP) and intrahepatic distant recurrence (IDR). To analyze the risk factors, we examined the following, for the LTP: (1) tumor diameter, (2) contact with vessels, (3) degree of approximation to hepatic hilum, (4) contact with hepatic capsule, (5) presence of ablative safety margin, (6) degree of benign periablational enhancement and (7) serum alpha-fetoprotein; for the IDR: (1) severity of hepatic disease, (2) presence of HBsAg, (3) serum alpha-fetoprotein, (4) whether RF ablation was the initial treatment and (5) multiplicity of tumor for IDR. RESULTS: The incidence of overall recurrence, LTP and IDR was 62.9%, 26.4% and 53.2%, respectively. The cumulative disease-free survival rates were 52%, 82% and 56% at 1 year, 26%, 63% and 30% at 2 years, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the significant risk factors for LTP were: a tumor with a diameter >3 cm, contact of HCC with a vessel and an insufficient safety margin (p<0.05). A multivariate stepwise Cox hazard model showed that the measurement of a tumor diameter >3 cm and insufficient safety margin were independent factors. Only the increased serum alpha-fetoprotein was a significant risk factor for IDR (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous RF ablation is common. Large HCC (>3 cm) with high serum alpha-fetoprotein should be treated more aggressively because of higher risk for recurrence.     

Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinomas

Although surgical resection remains the best option as potentially curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, radiofrequency thermal ablation has begun to receive much attention as an effective minimally invasive technique for the local control of unresectable malignant hepatic tumors. Most recent radiofrequency devices equipped with a powerful generator and larger needle electrode permit larger thermal lesions, up to 5 cm in diameter, with a single ablation. In this article, the author reviews the technical developments and early clinical results obtained with radiofrequency ablation techniques.     

The combined effect of radiofrequency and ethanol ablation in the management of large hepatocellular carcinoma

Only a small percentage of patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may benefit out of surgical resection. Thus, most of these patients are in need of a form of local control, such as ethanol ablation, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiofrequency thermal ablation (RF), or laser induced thermotherapy (LITT). The purpose of this study was to assess the short-term effect of sequential RF and ethanol ablation in the management of large HCC (>5 cm). Our series included 40 patients with large HCC tumors (>5 cm in diameter). We adopted a protocol of overlapping RF applications, followed by repeated ethanol ablation sessions. Our results showed that the volume of tumor coagulative necrosis initially induced by RF has significantly risen after adjuvant ethanol ablation sessions (P < 0.001). Patients who achieved complete tumor necrosis after RF ablation were 52.5% of the series. This percent has jumped to 80% of the series at the end of the protocol. This indicates that such combined protocol is more effective than RF alone. Besides, it is valuable in reducing the number of RF sessions.     

Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: percutaneous radiofrequency ablation after hepatectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the liver after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with 53 recurrent HCC tumors in the liver underwent percutaneous RF ablation with ultrasonographic guidance. All patients had a history of hepatic resection for HCC. The mean diameter of recurrent tumors was 2.1 cm (range, 0.8-4.0 cm). All patients were followed up for at least 10 months after ablation (range, 10-40 months; mean, 23 months). Therapeutic efficacy and complications were evaluated with multiphase helical computed tomography (CT) at regular follow-up visits. Overall and disease-free survival rates were calculated. RESULTS: At follow-up CT after initial RF ablation, 11 (21%) of 53 ablated HCC tumor sites showed residual tumor or local tumor progression. After additional RF ablation, complete ablation of 46 (87%) of 53 tumors was attained. Also at initial follow-up CT, before either additional RF ablation or other treatment was performed, 21 (47%) of 45 patients were found to have 41 new HCC tumors at other liver sites. Of these, nine tumors in eight patients were treatable with a second application of RF ablation. Overall survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 82%, 72%, and 54%, respectively. No deaths or complications requiring further treatment occurred as a result of RF ablation. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous RF ablation is an effective and safe method for treating recurrent HCC in the liver after hepatectomy, with a good overall patient survival rate.     

Radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: using contrast-enhanced harmonic power doppler sonography to assess treatment outcome

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the accuracy of contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler sonography in assessing the outcome of radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with 65 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules (1-5 cm in diameter; mean diameter, 2.5 cm) were studied using unenhanced and contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler sonography before and after IV administration of a microbubble contrast agent. The examinations were repeated after treatment of the tumors with radiofrequency ablation. Findings of the Doppler studies were compared with those of dual-phase helical CT, which were used as points of reference for assessing treatment outcome. RESULTS: Before radiofrequency treatment, intratumoral blood flow was revealed by unenhanced power Doppler sonography in 48 (74%) of 65 hepatocellular carcinoma nodules. After injection of the contrast agent, intratumoral enhancement was observed in 61 (94%) of 65 hepatocellular carcinomas (p < 0.01). After radiofrequency treatment, all 51 (84%) of the 61 hepatocellular carcinomas found to be necrotic on helical CT scans failed to show enhancement on power Doppler sonograms. In nine of the 10 lesions that showed a residual viable tumor on helical CT scans, persistent intratumoral enhancement-matching the enhancing areas on helical CT images-was revealed by power Doppler sonography. These nine hepatocellular carcinomas were subjected to repeated radiofrequency thermal ablation with the guidance of contrast-enhanced power Doppler sonography. Complete necrosis was seen after the second treatment session in six of the nine lesions. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced harmonic power Doppler sonography is an accurate technique for assessing the outcome of radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma and may be useful in guiding additional treatment in patients with incomplete response to initial efforts.     

Liver abscess after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinomas: frequency and risk factors

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the frequency and risk factors of liver abscess formation after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 4-year period, 603 patients with 831 hepatocellular carcinomas measuring 5 cm or less in maximum diameter who underwent a total of 751 percutaneous radiofrequency ablation procedures were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and analyzed the overall frequency of liver abscess, risk factors for abscess, and clinical features of the patients. The relationships between liver abscess and potential risk factors were analyzed using either generalized estimating equations or multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Liver abscess developed in 14 tumors of 13 patients after 13 (13/751 [1.7%]) ablation procedures. Generalized estimating equations and multiple logistic regression analysis of various potential risk factors revealed that preexisting biliary abnormality prone to ascending biliary infection (p = 0.0088), tumor with retention of iodized oil from previous transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (p = 0.040), and treatment with an internally cooled electrode system (p = 0.016) were associated with a significant risk of liver abscess formation. No patient died of liver abscess, and all successfully recovered from liver abscess with parenteral antibiotics and percutaneous clearance of pus. CONCLUSION: Although liver abscess formation was infrequent in patients who underwent percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma, the patients with significant risk factors-preexisting biliary abnormality prone to ascending biliary infection, tumor with retention of iodized oil, and treatment with an internally cooled electrode system-for liver abscess formation should be closely monitored after treatment.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融补救性治疗晚期肾癌

目的探讨射频消融治疗肾细胞癌（RCC）的有效性及安全性。 方法收集56例不适宜外科切除治疗的RCC患者。肿瘤直径为2.6～8.6 cm,平均（5.6±1.2）cm。CT引导下行经皮穿刺射频消融术。随访评估临床效果、肾功能和并发症状况。 结果本组56例患者中,病灶直径<4 cm的35患者射频治疗后1、3、6个月复查时均未见病灶强化,病灶直径>4 cm的21例,在术后3个月复查时13例出现治疗边缘强化,活检证实为复发病灶,再次行射频消融治疗。截止随访时间内,50例存活,6例死于非肿瘤原因。射频治疗前后肾功能变化差异无统计学意义。并发症轻微,无肾脏出血、感染、肾盂损伤等严重并发症。 结论经皮穿刺射频消融治疗可使无外科手术机会的RCC患者生存获益,并能很好的保护患者肾功能,同时并发症轻微,可作为一种重要的治疗手段。