三维DSA在主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术中的应用

目的 探讨旋转三维重建数字减影血管成像(3D DSA)在主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术中的应用价值.方法 2006年1月至2010年5月,25例胸主动脉夹层患者接受腔内隔绝术治疗,其中5例患者CTA以及常规DSA均不能显示破口位置,我们对其采用了3D DSA检查.结果 通过3D DSA清楚显示破口,成功实施支架置入术.结论 3D...     

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography in non-specific aorto-arteritis

We have studied 40 patients with non-specific aorto-arteritis (Takayasu's disease) using intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The aorta, its major branches and (in 18 patients) pulmonary arteries were evaluated to determine the degree and extent of involvement. No complications related to the procedure were encountered. Good quality diagnostic images were obtained in 39 out of 43 instances. The unsuccessful examinations were in patients with congestive cardiac failure, and in one patient who would not co-operate. Aortic wall thickness and mild involvement of the descending aorta in the region of the diaphragm could not be assessed. Intravenous DSA is acceptable for the diagnosis and follow-up of aorto-arteritis in suitable patients.     

腔内覆膜支架治疗B型主动脉夹层对腹部分支血管供血的影响

目的探讨覆膜血管内支架置人术对主动脉夹层腹部重要血管分支血流的影响。方法35例B型主动脉夹层接受覆膜血管内支架治疗，通过术前后电子束CT、MRI与DSA资料分析，比较术前后腹部重要血管分支影像学变化。结果35例共计140支腹腔内脏主要血管分支(包括腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉及左右肾动脉)，术前经影像学资料综合判断，血流受损血管58支，其中14支为动力型受损，占10．0％(14／140支)；44支为静力型血流受损，占31．4％(44／140支)。覆膜血管内支架置人后14支动力型受损的血管分支血流全部改善；44支静力型分支均显示不同程度血流改善，管腔狭窄程度减轻，对比剂充盈和排空速度加快，术后无缺血并发症。结论覆膜血管内支架置人术不仅能改善B型主动脉夹层所致的血管分支动力型缺血，对多数静力型受损的血管也有明显的即时血流改善作用，但中远期效果有待进一步观察。     

Descending thoracic aortic diseases: stent-graft repair

PURPOSE: To evaluate endovascular treatment of descending thoracic aorta with commercially available self-expanding stent-grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients with aortic dissection, intramural hemorrhage, degenerative and posttraumatic aneurysm, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer, and pseudoaneurysm underwent endovascular treatment. Eleven patients had impending rupture and were treated on an emergency basis. Stent-grafts were customized or selected on the basis of spiral computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging measurements. Preprocedure diagnostic angiography was performed in patients with aortic dissection and in other selected patients. All procedures were performed in an operating room and monitored with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Follow-up was at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment and yearly thereafter. RESULTS: Stent positioning was technically successful in 68 cases. At DSA and TEE, complete aneurysm or false-lumen exclusion was achieved in 66 (97%) cases. No intraoperative mortality or complications occurred. In-hospital complications included transient monoparesis (one patient) and extension of dissection into ascending aorta (one patient) that was repaired surgically. Early endoleak was observed in five (7%) patients: In three (type 2), endoleak resolved spontaneously; in one (type 1), it was persistent; and in one (type 1), treatment was converted to surgery. At long term, one (1%) patient died of aortic rupture; another, of respiratory insufficiency. Five (7%) late endoleak (type 1, one caused by migration of the stent) cases were observed. In three (4%), endovascular treatment was successful; in two (3%), surgery was performed. In one patient with persistent postimplantation syndrome, treatment was converted to surgery after successful aneurysm sealing. Procedure failure (ie, aortic disease-related mortality or conversion to surgery) occurred in six (9%) patients. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stent-graft repair is less invasive in patients with chronic and acute descending thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection.     

Follow-up of aortic dissection: Contribution of MR angiography for evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its branches

Spin-echo MR is an established method to evaluate thoracic aortic dissections, but is not well suited to study the abdominal aorta. In this study we evaluated whether MR angiography could provide a complete examination of the abdominal aorta. In 28 patients (40 MR studies) with suspected (n=6) or known (n=34) aortic dissection, MR studies were performed. Thoracic aorta was evaluated with spinecho and gradient-recalled-echo MR imaging. Axial two-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography with thin overlapping slices was used to study the abdominal aorta. Intermediate and high signal intensity on MR angiography was interpreted as patent flow, and low signal was interpreted as thrombus. The presence of an intima flap and the re-entry site could be depicted in all MR studies. Thrombus in the false channel was seen in 8 studies. The origin of the abdominal visceral branches and their relation to the false-true channel could be depicted, except in 4 of 80 renal arteries studied. Extension of the dissection into the coeliac trunk was seen in 2 and in the superior mesenteric artery in 10 studies. Dilatation of the suprarenal abdominal aorta was seen in 20 studies, and of the infrarenal aorta in 9 studies. MR angiography provides valuable information about the abdominal aorta and its branches in patients with aortic dissection. This makes MR imaging appealing as the preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis and follow-up of aortic dissection.     

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography in patients with aortic isthmus stenoses

The authors report on 18 patients with stenoses of the aortic isthmus in whom digital subtraction angiography had been carried out. In three patients DSA yielded the primary diagnosis of a postductal stenosis of the aortic isthmus. In all postoperative patients, restenosis of the aorta could either be excluded or confirmed. In three cases with complications after an operation, DSA supplied diagnostic information which was decisive for proceeding further. According to the authors' experience, intravenous DSA can replace conventional angiography in the majority of postoperative controls and in future also in primary diagnosis.     

头颈部动脉夹层多层螺旋CT成像

目的：探讨头颈部动脉夹层（CAD）多层CT血管成像（MSCTA）表现及其临床应用价值。方法：对经DSA证实的35例CAD患者的临床及MSCTA资料进行回顾性分析。结果：35例患者共累及38支血管,3例患者病变累及2支血管段。其中颈内动脉系统夹层22支（57．9％）,椎基底动脉系统16支（42．1％）。双腔征（27支）、珠线征（11支）、锥状闭塞（8支）、瘤样扩张（13支）、内膜瓣（2支）是CAD特征性MSCTA表现。以DSA结果为标准,MSCTA诊断头颈部动脉夹层的敏感度为97．4％,特异度为99．1％,阳性预测值为92．5％,阴性预测值为99．7％,符合率为99．0％。结论：MSC—TA对头颈部动脉夹层的诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性,可以作为评价头颈部动脉夹层的首选无创性检查手段。     

Contrast-enhanced subtraction MR angiography in occlusive disease of the pelvic and lower limb arteries: results of a prospective intraindividual comparative study with digital subtraction angiography in 76 patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical use of MR angiography (MRA) for examining the pelvic and lower limb arteries in patients with arterial occlusive disease. METHOD: Seventy-six patients with clinical signs of peripheral arterial occlusive disease were included in the study. MRA was performed using a fast contrast-enhanced high-resolution 3D technique that covered the area from the distal abdominal aorta to the distal lower limbs in two examination steps. RESULTS: In all patients, diagnostic images comparable with those of conventional intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) could be obtained. No false-negative findings were seen in the iliac, femoral, or popliteal arteries. Ten to 16% of the mild stenoses and 6-14% of the severe stenoses, mainly in the crural vessels, were overgraded compared with intraarterial DSA. Particularly in patients with proximal severe obstructions or occlusions, the crural segments could be depicted more clearly due to decreased arterial runoff in conventional angiography. CONCLUSION: The consistency of the excellent depiction of the vascular territories of the distal aorta and the pelvic and lower limb arteries in a standardized setting suggests great potential for the use of MRA in the primary diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.     

Improved diagnosis of vascular dissection by ultrasound B-flow: a comparison with color-coded Doppler and power Doppler sonography

The purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic results of different ultrasound techniques: color-coded Doppler (CCD), power Doppler (PD) and B-flow in the diagnosis of vascular dissection. Findings from 68 patients with arterial dissection proven either by vascular ultrasound (US) or by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were reviewed in retrospect. The study compared results from three different modes of ultrasound, i.e., CCD, PD and B-flow, in dissections of the carotid artery (n=11), of the vertebral artery (n=9), of the abdominal aorta (n=13), of the iliac artery (n=12) and of the femoral artery (n=23). MRA, CTA and DSA were considered as reference standard. The sensitivity of CCD for detecting all dissections was 78%, 84% for the PD and 98% for B-flow. For carotid artery dissection, the sensitivity of CCD, PD and B-flow was 82, 91 and 98%, for the vertebral artery 67, 78 and 98%, for the abdominal aorta 85, 85 and 98%, for the iliac artery 67, 75 and 98%, for the femoral artery 83, 87 and 98%, respectively. Intima flaps, fissures of membranes and residual flow within the true and false lumen were better detected by B-flow than by CCD and PD. The lack of angle dependence of the US probe in B-flow made the examination procedure easier. In the cine mode of B-flow, the pulse synchronic movement of the membrane was more apparent than in any other imaging method. With B-flow, accuracy for the diagnosis of arterial dissection is improved compared to CCD and PD. Flow within the true and false lumen, low-echo thrombi, intramural hematoma and even movements of the dissection membrane are clearly distinguished.     

外伤性主动脉夹层的CT诊断(附2例报告)

目的：探讨外伤性主动脉夹层的早期CT表现。方法：回顾性分析在我院漏诊及确诊的外伤性主动脉夹层的CT表现。2例中1例行3次CT平扫,1例行CT平扫和增强扫描。结果：2例均为DeBakeyIU型主动脉夹层,1例3次CT平扫示降主动脉管腔进行性增宽,伴双侧胸腔积液;此例因漏诊,患者于2周后死亡。另1例CT平扫示降主动脉增粗,CT增强扫描明确诊断,主要表现为降主动脉扩张,可见真腔、假腔及内膜线;此例患者行支架植入术后,患者预后良好。结论：对于胸部外伤患者,CT平扫时应注意观察主动脉的直径,如果降主动脉增粗、尤其是进行性增粗时,应考虑主动脉夹层的可能。     

Peripheral arterial disease. Contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the lower leg and foot compared with conventional angiography

PURPOSE: To determine whether contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography (CE MRA) could replace digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the evaluation of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease of the lower leg and foot. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with symptoms of atherosclerotic disease of the leg were examined prospectively with CE MRA of the foot and the lower legs as well as with DSA from the aorta to the pedal arches. The MRA technique was focused on optimal imaging of the arteries of the foot. RESULTS: The agreement between CE MRA and DSA for grading of stenosis was moderate to good (weighted kappa-values 0.48-0.80). The sensitivity of CE MRA for detection of significant stenosis (> or = 50%) was 92% and the specificity was 64% with DSA as gold standard. CONCLUSION: CE MRA is a fairly accurate method for the demonstration of atherosclerotic disease below the knee including the pedal arches. It can replace DSA for the assessment of distal arteries in patients with impaired renal function. However, image quality and resolution still needs to be improved before CE MRA can become the method of choice in all patients.     

主动脉瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨螺旋CT血管造影在主动脉瘤中的诊断价值。方法:24例主动脉瘤患者行多层螺旋CT(MSCTA)血管造影并进行二维和三维图像重组,重组方法包括多平面重组(MPR),容积重组(VR),表面遮盖成像(SSD),最大密度投影(MIP)。结果:真性主动脉瘤6例,主动脉夹层动脉瘤17例,1例假性动脉瘤。多种重组图像与轴位图像相结合能清晰地显示动脉瘤的解剖细节及其与周围器官的空间解剖关系。结论:MSCTA对主动脉瘤有较高的临床诊断价值。     

Infrarenal aortic and lower-extremity arterial disease: diagnostic performance of multi-detector row CT angiography

PURPOSE: To compare multi-detector row spiral computed tomographic (CT) angiography with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in evaluation of the infrarenal aorta and lower-extremity arterial system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease were evaluated with multi-detector row CT angiography and DSA. Arteries depicted at CT angiography and DSA were graded separately for degree of stenosis as 23 anatomic segments (infrarenal aorta, right and left common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, external iliac artery, common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery, deep femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery, tibioperoneal trunk, posterior tibial artery, and peroneal artery). Grades included the following: 1, normal patency; 2, moderate (< or =50%) stenosis; 3, focal severe (>50%) stenosis; 4, multiple severe stenoses; and 5, occlusion. Three readers independently interpreted the images, and statistical analysis was performed. The results of image interpretation were evaluated for strength of agreement by using Cohen kappa statistics. On the basis of consensus readings, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detection of stenotic lesions were calculated, with findings at DSA used as the reference standard. RESULTS: Substantial to almost perfect interobserver agreement was achieved in all cases. At DSA, 349 diseased segments were found among the 1,137 segments evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, based on a consensus reading of multi-detector row CT angiograms, were 96%, 93%, and 94%, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P <.05) between DSA and multi-detector row CT angiography was present only in arteries graded 1 or 2. Interobserver agreement was almost perfect among the three readers for treatment recommendations based on findings at CT angiography and DSA. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT angiography appears consistent and accurate in the assessment of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.     

Trauma of the extremities: prospective comparison of digital and conventional angiography

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and conventional film angiography (CFA) were compared prospectively in 50 patients with trauma of the extremities. Each patient underwent both procedures with comparable imaging parameters and injections. Three angiographers reviewed the angiograms for the presence of seven angiographic signs of arterial injury. The two modalities showed pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous fistulas, vessel displacement, occlusion, and focal narrowing equally well. CFA was superior to DSA in delineating intimal dissection; DSA was better for demonstrating extravasation. Clinical follow-up demonstrated that both procedures had a sensitivity of 100%; the specificity was 94% for DSA and 97% for CFA. Neither procedure produced a false-negative result.     

Cine-MR in dissection of the thoracic aorta

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracic aorta, including cine-MRI, was performed in 25 patients suspected of having dissection of the thoracic aorta. MRI was correlated with echocardiography, CT and angiography. The sensitivity of MRI (100%) was most closely followed by CT and angiography (83% and 77% respectively). The specificity of MRI and angiography was equally good, at 100% each. MRI was able to demonstrate the intimal flap in all 9 cases of aortic dissection, and there were no false-positive results. Differentiation of thrombosis and slow flow was possible on proton density images, gradient echo images permitted detection of the entry and re-entry sites. The nature of the dissection was determinated correctly in 8 out of 9 cases. MRI is capable of providing all the relevant parameters necessary to decide appropriate treatment of dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta.     

DSA下经皮带膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床应用

目的 评价DSA下经皮带膜支架腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层(AD)的价值及临床意义.资料与方法 对20例MSCTZ诊断为Stanford B型AD患者行带膜支架腔内隔绝术(EVGE)治疗.结果 20例Stanford B型AD中,单纯行EVGE治疗共植入支架22枚,支架释放成功率100%,造影复查15例无明显渗漏和假腔显影(75%),5例少许渗漏(25%)以适应性球囊逐段贴覆后渗漏消失, 术后6天因右肾出血伴感染死亡1例, MSCT复查19例无明显支架移位或渗漏,回访3个月生存质量良好.结论 DSA下EVGE治疗Stanford B型AD可有效提高EVGE治疗的成功率和预防并发症的发生.     

Three-dimensional angiography using rotational digital subtraction angiography: usefulness in transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors

Purpose: To assess the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) angiography using rotational digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors.

Material and Methods: Thirty-one 3D angiographies were conducted using rotational DSA during abdominal angiography for transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors. The quality of visualization of the tumor and feeder arteries as imaged by 3D angiography versus DSA anterioposterior (AP) images was compared.

Results: 3D rotational angiography provided excellent 3D visualization of the vascular structures of the hepatic artery, and was especially useful in patients with overlapping tumors on DSA AP images and in patients with complex vascular anatomies. Compared to DSA AP images, however, tumor stains could not be detected on 3D-A, but could be detected on DSA in four patients (13%). In 9 patients, feeding arteries could not be detected on 3D-A, but could be detected on DSA (29%).

Conclusion: 3D rotational angiography alone may not be suitable for pre-procedural mapping in transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors, but may be of value when information supplementary to DSA AP images is needed.     

Computed tomography in pre- and postoperative evaluation of aortic dissection

Thirty-seven patients with angiographically or operatively confirmed acute, chronic or postoperative aortic dissection were examined by means of dynamic CT and the results compared with those obtained by angiography and ultrasonography (US). The diagnostic accuracy was 87 per cent for CT, 97 per cent for angiography, and 76 per cent for US, although US was only available in less than half of the cases. The highest accuracy (95%) of CT was achieved in the pre-operative group, which is comparable with the 97 per cent accuracy achieved using angiography. Three patients in the postoperative group had false negative CTs, resulting in an overall accuracy of 82 per cent as compared with 100 per cent for angiography. Despite its diagnostic capacity, CT could not define the complete extent of dissection in four patients. The descending thoracic aorta was the area most difficult for CT examinations because of frequent artifacts in the images.     

DCE-MRA在腹部大血管中的应用初探

目的 探讨动态增强磁共振血管造影（ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ－ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ ＭＲ ａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｌｈｙ,ＤＣＥ－ＭＲＡ）在腹部大血管疾病中的应用价值。槽糕与方法 肾性高血压或大动脉炎患者７例,均行ＭＲＩ平行及ＤＣＥ－ＭＲＡ检查中,其中４例行血管造影（ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ ｓｕｂｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎ－ｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＤＳＡ）检查。结果 ＤＣＥ－ＲＭＡ可显示肾动脉变细６处,肾动脉受压１处     

Echocardiographic gating in non-cardiac digital angiography

This paper reports the results of the ECG-gating in non-cardiac digital subtraction angiography (DSA). One hundred and fifteen patients underwent DSA (126 examinations); ECG-gating was applied in 66/126 examinations: images recorded at 70% of R wave were subtracted. Artifacts produced by vascular movements were evaluated in all patients: only 40 examinations, carried out without ECG-gating, showed vascular artifacts. The major advantage of the ECG-gated DSA is the more efficient subtraction because of the better images superimposition: therefore, ECG-gating can be clinically helpful. On the contrary, it could be a problem in arrhythmic or bradycardic patients. ECG-gating is helpful in DSA imaging of the thoracic and abdominal aorta and of the cervical and renal arteries. In the examinations of peripheral vessels of the limbs it is not so efficient as in the trunk or in the neck.