不同类型城市社区的特征及其社会资本对居民自评健康的影响探讨

目的 在“健康中国”背景下,面向城市居民,分析不同类型城市社区的特征及其社会资本对居民自评健康的影响,为促进社区居民健康提供参考。方法 运用分层随机抽样方法于2018年10—11月,在成都市选取农转非集中安置小区(807份)、单位宿舍(393份)、商住楼盘小区(426份)的居民进行问卷调查。运用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析方法探究居民自评健康的影响因素。结果 农转非社区、单位社区和商住楼盘社区的居民在性别(χ²=16.305)、年龄(χ²=33.386)、婚姻状况(χ²=22.344)、教育程度(χ²=193.373)、社保情况(χ²=14.428)、商业保险购买情况(χ²=6.234)、到医疗点的最快用时(χ²=41.344)、自评健康方面(χ²=10.439)均存在统计学差异(P<0.05);三类社区在个体(F=3.875)、家庭(F=11.329)、社区(F=21.209)、工作单位(F...     

Understanding behaviour change in context: examining the role of midstream social marketing programmes

This research examines how midstream social marketing programmes that adopt a relational and community‐based approach create opportunities for individuals to make incremental changes to health behaviour. Specifically, it applies Bourdieusian theory to explore how interactions between community healthcare workers (CHWs) and members of the public generate impetus for change and foster individual agency for improved health. Qualitative interviews were carried out with members of the public and CHWs engaged in a Smokefree home and cars initiative. The findings suggest that although CHWs are challenged by resource constraints, their practices in working with individuals and families build trust and enable dialogue that bridges smoking‐related health insight with home logics. These interactions can promote individual agency with a transformative effect through small changes to smoking‐related dispositions, norms and practices. However, tensions with the habitus of other household members and other capital deficits can inhibit progress towards embedding new practices. The study concludes that interventions built upon community relationships show potential for addressing limitations of information‐focused campaigns but there is a need to also respond to key social structures relating to the field of action for new health dispositions to become embedded in practice.     

Acculturating Indian Immigrant Men in New York City: Applying the Social Capital Construct to Understand Their Experiences and Health

This study qualitatively explored social capital available to individuals (N = 17) within a community-based purposive sample of adult male immigrants from India in New York City (NYC). Analysis of in-depth interview data identified possible pathways for social capital’s influences upon acculturative stress. The study defined social capital in terms of the participants’ social relationships among peers, in the workplace, and with their ethnic community. Their relationships were assessed in terms of support, trust, and reciprocity. Among the recent immigrants, hopelessness and frustration about future work prospects were associated with symptoms of depression and substance abuse. The participants identified wealth as a distinct marker of social class and they described social class as a combination of education and occupation. Social class largely determined the particular peer and community networks each participant joined. Participants relied upon ongoing connections with family in India, despite their geographic separation, to relieve acculturative stress. Social support from peers was the participants’ most useful and immediate resource for alleviating acculturative stress. For participants of lower socioeconomic status, acculturative stress was compounded by social-relationship expectations and norms from India that persisted within NYCs immigrant community. Namely, lower-SES participants were more likely to experience frustration and setbacks when they sought out intimate social relationships with women.     

青少年社会资本与健康行为间的相关性

探讨中国西南地区青少年社会资本与其健康行为间的关系,为推进学校健康促进工作提供参考.方法 在重庆市主城区及周边区县学校,根据年级及学校地理位置,采用分层随机抽样,共抽10所学校1 885名学生,采用“社会资本量表”和“健康行为量表”收集资料,并对获得的数据运用探索性及典型相关分析方法进行处理.结果 青少年的社会资本越多,则越能养成良好的健康行为(第1典型相关系数R=0.78,P<0.05),表现为家庭氛围越好、亲子关系越好、手足互动越好、亲友互动越好、社区参与越多、代间沟通越多、亲师关系越好、同伴关系越好、师生关系越好、社团参与越多的青少年,其健康行为越好(负荷量分别为-0.705,-0.687,-0.567,-0.705,-0.536,-0.521,-0.542,-0.711,-0.612,-0.688);社区参与越多、亲师关系越好、同伴关系越差、社团参与越多的青少年(负荷量分别为0.475,0.411,-0.504,0.426),则越能落实营养行为、健康责任行为及运动行为(第2典型相关系数R=0.45,P<0.05);家庭氛围越好、亲子关系越好、同伴关系越差、社团参与越少(负荷量分别为0.547,0.431,-0.415,-0.362),则越能履行营养行为(第3典型相关系数R=0.31,P<0.05).结论 青少年的社会资本与健康行为密切相关,家庭内、外社会资本及学校社会资本对其健康行为养成具有正向效应.     

Peer Relationships and Play Behaviors of Children in Three Different Sized Classes Over a Four Month Period

Class size effects on children's social interaction with peers and teachers were studied. Studies show that large class sizes negatively influenced the quality of adult‐child interactions. However, based on previous studies, it is suspected that large class sizes may not negatively affect children's peer relationships. Subjects were 70 preschoolers and seven teachers in three 40, three 30, and one 20 sized classes in Korea. Early in a semester and at the end of the semester, sociometric interviews were done to identify peer relationships. Children's play behaviors and teachers’ behaviors were observed. Results showed that teachers’ behaviors did not significantly differ when their education and training backgrounds were similar. However, children in various sized classes showed differences in their relationship formations and play behaviors with peers across the semester. This study concludes class size affects children's peer networks, and the differences in play behavior may be related to the differences in peer relationships.     

Qualitative evaluation of a community‐based intervention to reduce social isolation among older people in disadvantaged urban areas of Barcelona

This study analyses participants' and coordinators' perceptions of the implementation process and perceived benefits of a community‐based intervention to reduce social isolation among older adults. The ‘School of Health for Older People’ is a weekly community intervention that promotes resources among individuals and communities in order to enhance their ability to identify problems and activate solutions, encouraging participation in the community. A qualitative approach was employed, based on semi‐structured interviews and focus groups (FGs). This study was carried out in Barcelona. Two coordinators (community nurses) and 26 community‐dwelling people aged 65 and over who attended the School of Health for Older People in the neighbourhoods of Besòs and Guineueta, participated in in‐depth interviews and FGs between January and February 2016. Views and experiences about the intervention were explored. The main perceived effects of the intervention were expanding knowledge of health issues and of community activities, encouraging participants to go out, giving them a feeling of being heard, and peer relationships, increasing participants' contacts and knowledge while the main negative features were related to repetition of certain contents. The benefits identified included learning something about health and their own neighbourhood and breaking the habit of staying at home. Social isolation might be prevented by increasing the number of contacts with peers and sharing a common interest, since it could help to give them a sense of belonging to a community .     

An explorative evaluation study of the mechanisms underlying a community‐based fitness centre in Denmark – Why do residents participate and keep up the healthy activities?

Health‐risk behaviour like physical inactivity is more evident in deprived neighbourhoods than in nondeprived neighbourhoods, and in the former knowledge is lacking as to what causes effects in interventions on physical activity. A possible contribution to physical activity interventions is community engagement, which has been shown to be effective for changing health‐risk behaviour, but more knowledge is needed on “the active ingredients” or mechanisms that make interventions work. The aim of this study was to give more insight into the possible mechanisms within an intervention on physical activity using community engagement. The study applied a theory‐based evaluation approach using theory of change to uncover the underlying mechanisms of a community‐based fitness centre in a deprived Danish neighbourhood. Data were gathered from documents about the intervention, semistructured interviews with three front‐line workers on the intervention and ten residents participating in the centre as either volunteer instructors or members. The following mechanisms of the intervention to improve participation and health were anticipated by the front‐line workers; the creation of meaningful communities through social interaction, the presence of relatable role models, residents taking responsibility and feeling co‐ownership and the experience of being of value as an instructor. Interviews with members and volunteer instructors showed that the anticipated mechanisms did facilitate participation and improved health; however, with some individual variations and with the physical and mental benefits of the particular activities also functioning as mechanisms for participation and engagement. Furthermore, the study found potential unintended consequences related to engagement, such as difficulties in balancing the needs of others with own needs. Findings indicate that both the social aspect and the activities should be prioritised, as should a continued focus on the inclusion of different residents in the area. Furthermore, unintended consequences should be considered and prevented through support for volunteering residents.     

Grassroots Participation, Peer Education, and HIV Prevention by Sex Workers in South Africa

OBJECTIVES: This microqualitative case study of a community-based peer education program led by sex workers at a South African mine examined the role of grassroots participation in sexual health promotion. METHODS: The study involved in-depth interviews with 30 members of the target community. The interviews were analyzed in terms of social capital, empowerment, and identity. RESULTS: The study yielded a detailed analysis of the way in which community dynamics have shaped the peer education program's development in a deprived, violent community where existing norms and networks are inconsistent with ideal criteria for participatory health promotion. CONCLUSIONS: Much remains to be learned about the complexities of translating theoretically and politically vital notions of "community participation" into practice among hard-to-reach groups. The fabric of local community life is shaped by nonlocal structural conditions of poverty and sexual inequality in ways that challenge those seeking to theorize the role of social capital in community development in general and in sexual health promotion in particular.     

Peer Relationships and Play Behaviors of Children in Three Different Sized Classes Over a Four Month Period

Class size effects on children's social interaction with peers and teachers were studied. Studies show that large class sizes negatively influenced the quality of adult-child interactions. However, based on previous studies, it is suspected that large class sizes may not negatively affect children's peer relationships. Subjects were 70 preschoolers and seven teachers in three 40, three 30, and one 20 sized classes in Korea. Early in a semester and at the end of the semester, sociometric interviews were done to identify peer relationships. Children's play behaviors and teachers' behaviors were observed. Results showed that teachers' behaviors did not significantly differ when their education and training backgrounds were similar. However, children in various sized classes showed differences in their relationship formations and play behaviors with peers across the semester. This study concludes class size affects children's peer networks, and the differences in play behavior may be related to the differences in peer relationships.     

Peer education,gender and the development of critical consciousness: participatory HIV prevention by South African youth

Despite the growing popularity of participatory peer education as an HIV-prevention strategy worldwide, our understandings of the processes underlying its impact on sexual norms are still in their infancy. Starting from the assumption that gender inequalities play a key role in driving the epidemic amongst young people, we outline a framework for conceptualizing the processes underlying successful peer education. We draw on the inter-locking concepts of social identity, empowerment (with particular emphasis on Freire's account of critical consciousness) and social capital. Thereafter we provide a critical case study of a school-based peer education programme in a South African township school, drawing on a longitudinal case study of the programme, and interviews and focus groups with young people in the township. Our research highlights a number of features of the programme itself, as well as the broader context within which it was implemented, which are likely to undermine'the development of the critical thinking and empowerment which we argue are key preconditions for programme success. In relation to the programme itself, these include peer educators' preference for didactic methods and biomedical frameworks, unequal gender dynamics amongst the peer educators, the highly regulated and teacher-driven nature of the school environment and negative learner attitudes to the programme. In relation to the broader context of the programme, we point to factors such as limited opportunities for communication about sex outside of the peer educational setting, poor adult role models of sexual relationships, poverty and unemployment, low levels of social capital and poor community facilities. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of peer educational activities, and point to a number of broader social and community development initiatives that would maximize the likelihood of programme success.     

也谈藏传佛教与藏族文化的关系

  目的   了解中国西藏自治区藏族居民社会资本对睡眠障碍的影响,为改善其睡眠质量提供依据。  方法  于2018年5月 — 2019年9月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取7 737名西藏藏族居民进行问卷调查,分析其睡眠障碍以及健康相关社会资本（家庭资本和社区/社会资本）情况,应用多因素logistic回归探究西藏藏族居民社会资本对其睡眠障碍的影响。  结果  西藏藏族居民睡眠障碍发生率为31.41 %（2 430/7 737）,家庭社会资本和社区/社会资本得分均值分别为8.2和10.0分。在控制人口学特征及健康危险因素的情况下,家庭社会资本越多的西藏藏族居民睡眠障碍发生风险越低（OR = 0.97,95 % CI = 0.95～0.99）;社区/社会资本对睡眠障碍的影响无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。按年龄分层后, ≥ 50岁西藏藏族居民的家庭社会资本越多,睡眠障碍的发生风险越低（OR = 0.95,95 % CI = 0.92～0.99）;而 < 50岁西藏藏族居民中的家庭社会资本和社区/社会资本对睡眠障碍的影响均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。  结论  西藏藏族居民的社会资本与睡眠障碍具有相关性,应增加其社会资本以改善睡眠质量。     

Milking the cow: Young women's construction of identity and risk in age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo,Mozambique

Abstract

Sexual relationships between young women and older men involving economic transactions have been offered as a likely explanation for gender differences in HIV prevalence in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This study employed peer ethnography to explore young women's construction of social identity and risk within age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo, Mozambique. Peer ethnography, a rapid approach derived from the anthropological method and based upon training members of the target group to carry out in-depth qualitative interviews with their peers, was adopted in order to gather ethnographic data within a short timeframe to produce actionable results for the design of a communications intervention. The study highlights young women's perception of agency and power in these relationships. Through a strategy of extracting financial and material resources from men based on the power of their sexuality, young women construct a positive identity and esteem linked to perceptions of modernity and consumption and their ability to access consumer goods. Current behaviour change HIV prevention messages have little meaning in relation to young women's perceived goals, in a context in which structural conditions offer few opportunities and limited hope for a secure economic future.     

Marital Conflict and Adolescents' Peer Aggression: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Mother‐Child Emotional Reciprocity

This study examined the role of mother‐adolescent emotional reciprocity in connections between marital conflict and adolescent aggression with peers. Data were collected from a racially diverse community sample of 268 adolescents and their mothers. Adolescents reported on parents' marital conflict, and mother‐adolescent positive and negative emotional reciprocity were coded from videotaped observations. Teachers provided assessments of adolescents' overt and relational aggression with peers. Structural equation modeling revealed both direct and indirect paths in connections between marital conflict and adolescents' peer aggression. Mother‐adolescent emotional reciprocity both mediated and moderated the association between marital conflict and peer aggression. Patterns of association linking marital conflict to peer aggression were similar for African American and European American adolescents; however, differences were observed for men and women.     

PEER EFFECTS IN ADOLESCENT BMI: EVIDENCE FROM SPAIN

This paper extends the recent literature on the influence of peers on adolescent weight on three new fronts. First, based on a survey of secondary school students in Spain in which peers are formed by nominated classmate friends, we find a more powerful positive and significant causal effect of friends’ mean BMI on adolescent BMI than previous US‐based research. These results are in line with international data, which show that peer group contact tends to vary across countries. Our findings cover a large set of controls, fixed effects, the testing of correlated unobservables, contextual influences and instrumental variables. Second, social interactions are identified through the property of intransitivity in network relationships. Finally, we report evidence of a strong, positive effect of peer pressure on several subgroups of adolescents in an attempt to study their vulnerability to social influences. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measuring sense of community: a view from the streets

Increasing social capital in poor communities has become a common pursuit among policy-makers, social scientists and community practitioners alike. In this paper, we examine one dimension of social capital, sense of community (SOC), and argue that the dominant instruments used by scholars to measure it are limited. We examine qualitative data from surveys, focus groups and interviews with community leaders and residents in Baltimore, Maryland, to understand how community members conceptualize SOC and how they might measure it. We conclude with a discussion about how our findings can inform and strengthen future community-based research and community building initiatives.     

Community perspectives on the impact of policy change on linking social capital in a rural community

Understanding what undermines or builds social capital is important when estimating the impact that changes in social capital have on people's lives. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how the consequences of neo-liberal policy initiatives have impacted on linking social capital in one small and vibrant rural community in Australia. Policy changes affecting all levels of government and various commercial agencies have undermined people's capability for a range of actions which bring personal and community-wide social and economic returns. Rationalisation and regionalisation of services and commercial agencies, including local government amalgamation, and increased workloads have undermined people's capabilities for community engagement. Policy outcomes are at odds with the stated policy agenda of building community capacity.     

Grey spaces: the wheeled fields of residential care

Many individuals living in residential care use a wheelchair as their primary means of mobility. Although studies have documented challenges encountered by residents in these facilities, few have addressed the role that wheelchairs, as potential enablers and barriers to mobility and participation, play in their lives. To better understand residents' experiences, an ethnographic study was conducted drawing on Bourdieu's theoretical constructs of capital, field, and habitus. Participant observations were conducted at two facilities, and residents, family members and staff took part in in-depth individual interviews. Our analysis revealed three themes. Ready to roll detailed how residents used wheelchairs as a source of comfort and means for expanding their social space, while staff could use them as a means to move and control some residents. Squeaky wheels described how residents solicited assistance from staff and family amid having to wait to perform activities of daily living. In, out and about revealed diversity in the places residents went, spaces they shared and the social activities in which they engaged inside and outside their residential facilities. The study findings emphasise how wheelchairs constitute capital that governs many fields of practice for residents and staff and suggest how practice and policy might be adjusted.     

Preschoolers' Informal Peer Contacts

The opportunities young children have to form and develop ongoing relationships with their peers is a key factor influencing their social development. The primary goal of the present study was to describe the extent and characteristics of children's peer contacts outside kindergarten. Ten mothers of four year old children completed structured questionnaires about their child's peer contacts. Findings were that although the number and frequency of peer contacts varied, girls had greater peer contact opportunities than boys. Few of the peer contacts reported resulted from involvement in the kindergarten setting or other organised activities. The majority of children's peer contacts were long-term relationships with relatives or children of family friends. Comparisons made between low, medium and high levels of peer contact revealed that children's peer contact opportunities were predominantly influenced by the availability of peers in the family social network.