妊娠期糖尿病孕妇甲状腺功能及妊娠结局的研究

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇的甲状腺功能及妊娠结局情况。方法:检测569例GDM孕妇及1221例正常孕妇的血清促甲状腺素(TSH)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)水平。根据结果将两组孕妇进一步分为甲减组、甲亢组、正常组,比较各组的流产、早产及新生儿窒息发生率。结果:GDM组:甲减91例(1例临床甲减、90例亚临床甲减),甲亢64例(14例临床甲亢、50例亚临床甲亢),正常414例;对照组:亚临床甲减113例,甲亢36例(3例临床甲亢、33例亚甲亢),正常1072例。GDM组的TPOAb总体阳性率显著高于对照组(12.8%vs 8.6%,P0.01)。GDM-甲减组的TPOAb总体阳性率显著高于GDM-正常组(P0.01),GDM其余各组间及对照各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。GDM合并甲状腺功能异常孕妇的流产、早产率高于甲功正常的GDM孕妇及甲功异常和正常的非GDM孕妇;其分娩的新生儿窒息率亦高于甲功正常的GDM孕妇和甲功正常的非GDM孕妇。其中GDM合并亚临床甲减孕妇的流产、早产率高于单纯GDM孕妇及单纯亚临床甲减孕妇(P0.01),GDM合并甲亢孕妇的新生儿窒息率显著高于甲功正常的GDM孕妇(P0.05)。结论:GDM孕妇出现甲状腺功能异常的风险较高,GDM孕妇同时合并甲状腺功能异常,对母儿风险大。临床应重视孕妇特别是GDM孕妇的甲状腺疾病。     

超声预测妊娠期糖尿病胎儿体质量与胎儿出生后实际体质量的相关性及其价值

目的:探讨超声预测妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇胎儿体质量的与胎儿出生后实际体质量的相关性,评估超声预测GDM孕妇胎儿体质量的价值。方法:随机收集2017年6月至2018年6月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院产科入院分娩的GDM孕妇200例(GDM组)及妊娠期无合并症孕妇200例(正常组),分娩前1周内行超声检查,通过测量胎儿双顶径、头围、腹围、股骨长,运用Hadlock公式计算胎儿体质量。分析超声预测GDM组及正常组胎儿体质量与其出生后实际体质量的相关性。GDM组孕妇根据胎儿出生后实际体质量大小分为4组,分析各组超声预测体质量与实际体质量的相关性。结果:正常组胎儿体质量超声预测值与实际体质量相关系数(r)为0.936,拟合优度(r~2)为0.877;GDM组孕妇胎儿体质量超声预测值与实际体质量r=0.762,r~2=0.581;超声预测正常组胎儿体质量r~2高于GDM组孕妇。胎儿体质量超声预测值与出生后胎儿实际体质量3000 g组、3000～3500 g组、3500～4000 g、4000 g组的r、P分别为r=0.565、P0.05,r=0.184、P0.05,r=0.337、P0.05,r=0.333、P0.05。结论:超声评估GDM孕妇胎儿体质量的准确性较正常孕妇胎儿体质量低。超声评估不同范围GDM孕妇胎儿体质量与实际体质量相关性不一,3000 g组相关性最强,3000～3500 g组无相关性。     

妊娠糖尿病母亲血清视黄醇结合蛋白4水平与巨大儿发生率的相关性研究

目的:探讨妊娠糖尿病(GDM)母亲血清视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)水平与巨大儿(MS)发生率的相关性。方法:随机选取2011年6月至2014年7月在我院住院的500例产妇,其中46例GDM产妇(研究组),分娩巨大儿(体重4000g)16例,正常体重儿30例;糖耐量正常(NGT)产妇454例(对照组),分娩巨大儿37例,正常体重儿417例。采用ELISA法检测患者血清RBP4水平。分析RBP4与GDM及巨大儿发生率之间的相关性。结果:研究组的巨大儿发生率高于对照组26.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组正常体重儿产妇及对照组巨大儿产妇血清RBP4水平均高于对照组正常儿产妇,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组中巨大儿产妇的血清RBP4水平高于正常体重儿产妇,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清RBP4水平是分娩巨大儿的危险因素,呈正相关(P=0.000)。结论:GDM巨大儿发生率高于正常产妇;RBP4是巨大儿发生率高的影响因素之一,与巨大儿发生率呈正相关关系。     

妊娠期糖尿病阴式分娩安全性分析

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)阴式分娩的安全性.方法 2005年1月至2007年6月在辽阳市第三医院对92例单胎头位自愿选择阴式分娩的GDM产妇资料进行分析,并与同期单胎头位选择阴式分娩的非GDM产妇3273例进行时照比较.观察两组的分娩方式、孕产妇及胎婴儿分娩结局及对新生儿痛率的影响.结果 GDM组剖宫产率为19.57%,稍高于非GDM组(16.62%),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组产后出血、胎儿窘迫、死产发生率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).巨大儿发生率GDM组为15.22%,非GDM组为7.52%,两组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05).新生儿窒息GDM组为2.17%,非GDM组为0.67%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组新生儿吸入综合征、缺氧缺血性脑病、低血钙、高胆红素血症及新生儿硬肿症的发生率比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).新生儿低血糖发生率GDM组为5.41%,非GDM组为0,有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 GDM组剖宫产率并未明显增加,说明GDM有阴式分娩指征者阴式分娩是较为安全的.但一旦出现延期妊娠或并发症,不宜过度等待,应适时终止妊娠.     

妊娠期糖尿病75g OGTT不同时点血糖异常孕妇的临床特点与妊娠结局分析

目的:分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)75g葡萄糖耐量试验(75g OGTT)不同时点血糖异常孕妇的临床特点与妊娠结局。方法:选取2013年1月至2015年3月在华北理工大学附属医院行产前检查并住院分娩的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇150例,孕24~28周均直接行75g OGTT,检测结果中仅其中1项时点血糖异常为GDMⅠ组、2项时点血糖异常为GDMⅡ组、3项时点血糖均异常为GDMⅢ组。结果:(1)GDMⅢ组的孕前体重指数(BMI)高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)GDMⅢ组的胰岛素使用率高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组(P0.05),GDMⅡ组与GDMⅠ组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。GDMⅢ组使用胰岛素的风险是GDMⅠ组的23.05倍(OR=23.05,95%CI 2.61~203.18);(3)GDMⅢ组的OGTT结果 3项时点血糖水平、FINS和胰岛素抵抗指数均高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)GDMⅢ组的巨大儿发生率高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组(P0.05),GDMⅡ组与GDMⅠ组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。GDMⅢ组发生巨大儿的风险是GDMⅠ组的5.029倍(OR=5.029,95%CI 1.789~14.132)。结论:OGTT结果 3项时点均异常的GDM孕妇的孕前体重指数、胰岛素使用率、胰岛素抵抗水平均明显升高,也是发生巨大儿的高危人群。此类高危GDM孕妇临床应高度重视并积极干预。     

正常妊娠分娩前后母胎凝血功能动态变化的研究

目的 探讨正常妊娠分娩前后母胎凝血功能改变及动态变化.方法 2005年6月至2006年8月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院等3家医院采用ELISA法检测40例正常妊娠妇女分娩前后母胎以及20例正常非妊娠妇女血浆中的组织因子(TF)、组织因子途径抑制物(TFPI)、血管性血友病因子(vWF)、纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)和D-二聚体水平.结果 正常妊娠妇女vWF、TFPI 和D-二聚体在分娩时、产后1d、5d均显著高于非妊娠妇女(P均＜0.01);妊娠妇女TF在分娩时(53.3±5.7)ng/L显著高于非妊娠妇女(38.7±3.0)ng/L(P＜0.05);妊娠妇女FPA在分娩时、产后1d、5d与非妊娠妇女比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).妊娠妇女分娩后的vWF和TF呈下降趋势,TFPI和D-二聚体呈上升趋势,FPA无明显变化(P均＞0.05).胎儿脐血TF(69.0±5.9)ng/L显著高于母血(56.2 ±5.7)ng/L(P＜0.01),脐血TFPI和vWF(41.7±3.8)μg/L和(871.4±119.0)U/L显著低于母血(93.4±4.9)μg/L和(2436.0 ±155.1)U/L(P均＜0.01).脐血FPA和D-二聚体低于母血,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 正常妊娠晚期孕妇抗凝功能和纤溶活性增高,保持着高水平的动态平衡.与母体的高凝状态相比,胎儿处于更明显的高凝状态.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者胎盘组织和血清Gal-13、TBX5、FGF19表达水平与妊娠结局的关系

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者胎盘组织和血清半乳糖凝集素-13(Gal-13)、T-框蛋白5(TBX5)、纤维细胞生长因子19(FGF19)表达水平与妊娠结局的关系。方法:选取本院足月分娩的GDM孕妇200例,分为血糖控制不良组(GDM1)100例,血糖控制良好组(GDM2)100例,以及糖代谢正常的健康孕妇100例为对照组进行研究。取各组孕妇分娩前血清及分娩后胎盘组织样本,用免疫组织化学法测定Gal-13、TBX5、FGF19阳性表达率,对比分析3组数据,统计不良妊娠结局,并进行相关性分析,随访不良妊娠发生率,并进行危险因素分析,并根据妊娠后6个月血糖恢复情况将GDM患者分为血糖恢复正常组和血糖未恢复正常组,比较两组Gal-13、TBX5、FGF19表达。结果:(1)GDM1组和GDM2组血清中Gal-13、FGF19表达水平显著低于对照组,且GDM1组显著低于GDM2组,GDM1组和GDM2组TBX5表达水平显著高于对照组,且GDM1组高于GDM2组(P0.05);胎盘组织中GDM1组和GDM2组Gal-13、FGF19的阳性表达率均显著低于对照组,且GDM1组显著低于GDM2组,GDM1和GDM2组TBX5的阳性表达率高于对照组,且GDM1组显著高于GDM2组(P0.05);血清Gal-13、FGF19与空腹血糖(FPG)及胰岛系抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈负相关(r0,P0.05),与空腹胰岛素(FINS)呈正相关(r0,P0.05),血清TBX5与FPG、HOMA-IR呈正相关(r0,P0.05),与FINS呈负相关(r0,P0.05)。(2)GDM1组和GDM2组各项不良妊娠结局发生率均高于对照组,且GDM1组显著高于GDM2组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);GDM孕妇的胎儿窘迫、产后出血、巨大儿、胎膜早破、羊水过多等不良妊娠结局与Gal-13、FGF19表达负相关(r0,P0.05),与TBX5表达呈正相关(r0,P0.05);多因素分析显示Gal-13、FGF19与FPG是发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素。(3)随访6个月显示,145例GDM患者血糖恢复正常,55例未恢复正常,恢复正常组者较未恢复正常者血清Gal-13、FGF19水平偏高,TBX5偏低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:患者胎盘组织中Gal-13、FGF19低表达与不良妊娠结局负相关,TBX5高表达与不良妊娠结局正相关。Gal-13、TBX5、FGF19可能参与了GDM的发生发展,具有重要诊断价值,期望能为临床治疗和预防提供指导和帮助,降低不良妊娠结局。【     

不同类型子宫畸形及手术治疗对生育能力及妊娠结局的影响

目的:研究不同类型子宫畸形及纵隔子宫手术治疗对生育能力、妊娠并发症及妊娠分娩结局的影响。方法:将361例子宫畸形分类进行对比分析,并对58例纵隔子宫进行术前、术后对比研究。结果:单角子宫组的不孕症发生率、早产率、胎位异常率、胎儿宫内发育受限率及围产儿死亡率均高于其它子宫畸形组(P0.05),纵隔子宫早期胎儿丢失率最高(P0.05)。纵隔子宫术后胎儿丢失率较术前下降(P0.05),而足月产率、出生体质量增高(P0.05)。结论:单角子宫对妊娠及其结局影响较大,纵隔子宫易导致早期胎儿丢失,宫腔镜子宫纵隔电切术有助于改善妊娠与分娩结局。     

妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期糖尿病及糖代谢指标的关系

目的探究妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)及糖代谢指标的关系。方法抽取妊娠9～13~(+6)周常规产检正常(正常组)、甲状腺功能减退(甲减组)妊娠早期孕妇各80例,于妊娠中期行口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)及糖代谢指标检测,记录GDM发生情况及妊娠结局。结果甲减组GDM发生率明显高于正常组(P0.05),甲减组GDM孕妇剖宫产率、并发症发生率均显著高于无GDM孕妇(P0.05)。与正常组相比,甲减组娠中期OGTT各时相血糖、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)均显著高(P0.05)。妊娠早期血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)与妊娠中期OGTT各时相血糖、FBG、2 h PG及HbAlc明显相关(P0.05)。孕前体质量指数(BMI)27.2 kg/m~2、TSH上升2.2 μIU/ml、FT4下降1.8 pmol/L是GDM的危险因素(P0.05)。结论妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退可增加GDM发生风险,且与妊娠中期糖代谢指标变化相关。     

主动脉峡部血流指数(IFI)评价孕晚期妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心功能临床价值研究

目的:探讨应用主动脉峡部血流指数(IFI)评价孕晚期妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)胎儿心脏功能的临床价值。方法:选择2015年6月至2016年8月就诊于中国医科大学附属盛京医院的孕晚期GDM患者61例,其中血糖控制良好组31例,血糖控制不良组30例。另选取同期正常妊娠孕妇59例为对照组。超声多普勒测定胎儿心脏IFI。结果:血糖控制不良组的IFI低于对照组、血糖控制良好组,差异有统计学意义(1.07±0.03vs 1.09±0.03、1.09±0.04,P0.05);后两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:IFI是评价孕晚期GDM胎儿心脏功能的敏感指标,GDM母体血糖水平与胎儿心脏功能密切相关,孕期严格控制血糖可对胎儿心脏功能产生积极影响。     

Mild gestational hyperglycemia, the metabolic syndrome and adverse neonatal outcomes

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its effect on neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with different degrees of hyperglycemia. METHODS: One hundred and fifty women with gestational diabetes, 100 with one abnormal value on the oral glucose tolerance test, 100 with a normal oral glucose challenge test and 350 with an abnormal challenge test and normal tolerance test were enrolled. RESULTS: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was: 0%, 4.9%, 20% and 18% in the normal challenge test, abnormal challenge and normal tolerance test, one abnormal value and gestational diabetes patients, respectively. Offspring birth weights, prevalence of large-for-gestational age babies and icterus were significantly higher in women with an abnormal challenge test (both with a normal tolerance test or one abnormal value or gestational diabetes). Metabolic syndrome was the best predictor of the presence of large-for-gestational age babies in patients with an abnormal challenge and normal tolerance test (OR = 3.15), one abnormal value (OR = 3.53) and gestational diabetes (OR = 4.15). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome in mid-pregnancy was an independent predictor of macrosomia in women with any degree of gestational hyperglycemia; the oral glucose challenge test identifies pregnancies with metabolic abnormalities and adverse neonatal outcomes also in the presence of a normal oral glucose tolerance test.     

Low values on 50 gram glucose challenge test or oral 100 gram glucose tolerance test are associated with good perinatal outcome.

We set out to reevaluate the hypothesis that high normal (negative) results of 50 g oral glucose challenge test or high normal glucose level on 100 g oral glucose tolerance test are associated with complications of pregnancy and delivery. This was a prospective study involving 735 nondiabetic women. The first group (n=352) was made up of pregnant women with normal 50 g oral glucose challenge test without previous history of diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes. The second group (n=383) was made up of pregnant women without previous history of diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes with an abnormal 50 g oral glucose challenge test and with normal 100 g oral glucose tolerance test and not more than one previous delivery. In nondiabetic women, we demonstrated a positive correlation between high normal 50 g glucose challenge test values and the incidence of preeclampsia, caesarean section rate, macrosomia, neonatal hyperlipidaemia and minor congenital abnormalities. We failed to confirm any relationship to any pregnancy complication in pregnant women with 2-hour glucose levels in the range 6.7-9.1 mmol/l on the 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. We have demonstrated a positive relationship between the incidence of premature rupture of membranes and 1-hour glucose level, caesarean section rate and maternal 1-hour glucose level or 1-hour glucose level minus fasting glucose level of 4.2 mmol/l, instrumental delivery rate and maternal 3-hour glucose level, incidence of neonatal macrosomia and 1-hour glucose level, and incidence of neonatal hyperlipidaemia and at least one high but normal glucose level on the 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. With regard to pregnancy and delivery complications there were no significant difference if the high normal value is on the 50 g glucose challenge test or on the 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. It is concluded that one high normal 100 g oral glucose tolerance test or high normal 50 g glucose challenge test are associated with adverse pregnancy and delivery outcome. Nondiabetic women with 50 g glucose challenge test value of 6.1 mmol/l and/or 100 g oral glucose tolerance test values of 5 mmol/l have a favourable pregnancy and delivery outcome.     

Glucose tolerance in pregnancy in South India: relationships to neonatal anthropometry

BACKGROUND: The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, most rapidly in developing countries such as India. Exposure as a fetus to maternal gestational diabetes is thought to be a risk factor for developing the disease. This study was set up to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in one urban maternity unit in South India and to examine its effect on the offspring's neonatal anthropometry, childhood growth, and glucose/insulin metabolism. This paper reports neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty five women were recruited consecutively from the antenatal clinic of the Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore and underwent a 100 g, 3-hr oral glucose tolerance test at 30 +/- 2 weeks gestation. Gestational diabetes was defined using Carpenter and Coustan criteria. The babies were measured in detail at birth. RESULTS: Mean maternal age and body mass index were 23.6 years and 23.1 kg/m(2). The incidence of gestational diabetes was 6.2%. Mothers with gestational diabetes had babies that were heavier (3339 g compared with 2956 g for non-diabetic mothers) and larger in measurements of fat, muscle, and skeleton. Even in non-diabetic pregnancies, neonatal weight, head circumference, and ponderal index were positively related to maternal fasting glucose concentrations (P < or = 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gestational diabetes was high in this unselected sample of mothers booking into one urban Indian maternity unit. Community-based studies are required to confirm this. The effect of maternal glucose concentrations on neonatal anthropometry is continuous and extends into the "normal" glycemic range.     

妊娠期糖尿病产后糖代谢异常的危险因素

目的通过对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者进行产后随访,回顾性分析影响GDM患者产后糖代谢变化的高危因素。方法收集2009年1月至2011年6月在河北省沧州市中心医院门诊产前检查并分娩的GDM患者236例,产后42d回访者158例,记录其孕前和孕期信息,包括:孕期年龄、身高、孕前体重、有否糖尿病家族史、孕期使用胰岛素情况、孕期并发症及合并症情况、新生儿出生时情况;并按OGTT试验结果分为研究组和对照组,进行高危因素筛查。结果研究组为60例糖耐量异常者,包括39例IGT/IFG患者和21例DM患者;对照组为98例糖耐量正常者,比较两组患者孕前、孕期和妊娠结局情况,结果可见高龄、糖尿病家族史、孕期应用胰岛素、合并子痫前期、早产是产后发生糖代谢异常的高危因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论存在高危因素的GDM患者产后糖代谢异常发生率较高,应针对性地对GDM患者进行产后临床筛查和随访。     

Effects of new criteria for type 2 diabetes on the rate of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the impact of the 1997 American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus on the rate of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes. STUDY DESIGN: Women identified as having gestational diabetes were instructed to undergo a 75-g, 2-hour glucose tolerance test 4 to 6 weeks after delivery. The results were retrospectively categorized with both the 1979 National Diabetes Data Group criteria and those recommended by the American Diabetes Association in 1997. RESULTS: Though the rate of overt diabetes mellitus did not increase when the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria were used (7.8% vs 5.6%, P = not significant), the rate of impaired glucose metabolism was higher (20.1% vs 5%, P <.001). Most women (28/30, 93%) with a nondiagnostic glucose tolerance test result by the older criteria had abnormal results by the newer criteria. Fifty women had abnormalities of glucose metabolism under 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria; 34% of these women had fasting plasma glucose values in the normal range. Of the 25 women with impaired glucose tolerance, 16 (64%) had only an abnormal 2-hour value, with normal fasting glucose values. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of postpartum abnormalities in glucose metabolism more than doubles when the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria are applied; more women are identified with lesser degrees of impairment. However, relying on fasting glucose levels alone, without glucose tolerance testing, may miss one third of women with such abnormalities.     

妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇产程中血糖监测的前瞻性研究

目的　探讨妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇在产程中行血糖监测和处理后对新生儿血糖变化的影响。方法　选择妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇 4 0例 ,其中妊娠期糖尿病孕妇 30例 ,糖耐量低减孕妇8例 ,糖尿病合并妊娠孕妇 2例。产程中对其进行血糖动态监测 ,血糖异常者及时使用低剂量短效胰岛素静脉滴注 ,观察分娩后新生儿的血糖水平变化。结果　产程中糖代谢异常孕妇的血糖波动范围为 3 8～ 11 2mmol/L。其中 ,17例进行了胰岛素静脉滴注 (胰岛素用量范围为 1 5～ 3 0U) ,占糖代谢异常孕妇总数的 4 2 5 % (17/40 ) ,分娩后新生儿即刻血糖水平平均为 (4 0± 1 5 )mmol/L ,分娩后 2 4h的新生儿血糖水平为 (3 9± 1 0 )mmol/L ,发生新生儿低血糖 2例 ;2 3例未用胰岛素孕妇的新生儿生后即刻血糖水平平均为 (4 2± 1 5 )mmol/L ,分娩后 2 4h的新生儿血糖水平为 (3 9± 1 0 )mmol/L ,发生新生儿低血糖 1例。结论　妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇 ,在产程中行血糖监测和控制 ,可避免新生儿低血糖的发生。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常并发新生儿低血糖的相关研究

目的:探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常与新生儿低血糖的关系.方法:对我院2006年1月1日至2007年6月30日在我院产前检查及分娩的1221例单胎孕妇及其分娩的新生儿,按50 g葡萄糖筛查(GCT)和75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)检查结果将产妇分为:血糖正常孕妇组、GCT阳性组、妊娠期糖耐量减低组(GIGT组)、妊娠期糖尿病组(GDM组),同时根据GDM组患者是否应用胰岛素分为无胰岛素治疗组(GDM-A1组)和胰岛素治疗组(GDM-A2组).分别统计5组产妇分娩的新生儿中低血糖发生率及血糖均值之间的变化情况.结果:GDM-A2组的新生儿与血糖正常孕妇组、GCT阳性组、GIGT组、GDM-A1组相比,其新生儿低血糖发生率、血糖均值之间差异均有高度统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:GDM-A2组孕妇虽经系统治疗,其分娩的新生儿仍应加强产后2小时血糖的监测,做到早发现、早处理新生儿低血糖.     

妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的妊娠结局分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并糖代谢异常孕妇的发生率变化趋势及经规范治疗后的不同类型糖代谢异常的母、儿结局。方法 1995年1月至2004年12月,在北京大学第一医院妇产科分娩的妊娠合并糖代谢异常患者共1490例,按照糖代谢异常情况分为糖尿病合并妊娠79例（DM组）,妊娠期糖尿病777例（GDM组,其中A1型355例,A2型316例,分型不明106例）,妊娠期糖耐量异常634例（GIGT组）。采用回顾性分析的方法对3组的母、儿结局进行分析,并对糖代谢异常孕妇的发生率进行统计。同期分娩的19013例糖代谢正常孕妇作为对照组。结果 （1）妊娠合并糖代谢异常的总发生率为7．3％,呈逐年上升的趋势。第一阶段即1995年1月至1999年12月,发生率呈缓慢增长,平均为4．3％（376／8739）;第二阶段即2000年1月至2001年12月,发生率呈快速增长趋势,平均为10．8％（445／4133）;第三阶段为2002年1月至2004年12月,基本稳定于8．9％（678／7640）。（2）3组糖代谢异常孕妇总的巨大胎儿、子痫前期、早产的发生率分别为12．1％（180／1490）、9．5％（141／1490）和9．4％（140／1490）,均明显高于对照组孕妇（P〈0．01）。3组糖代谢异常孕妇子痫前期、早产、宫内感染、羊水过多、酮症的发生率相互比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而3组的巨大儿发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）3组糖代谢异常孕妇围产儿总死亡率为1．19％（18／1513）,其中,DM组为4．93％（4／81）,显著高于GDM组的1．14％（9／787）和GIGT组的0．78％（5／645）（P〈0．05）。而且,DM组新生儿窒息、低血糖及转诊的发生率均高于GDM组和GIGT组（P〈0．01）。（4）3组1505例新生儿中仅有0．6％（9／1505）发生呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）,均发生于早产儿。结论 （1）妊娠合并糖代谢异常的发生率逐年上升,应重视提高对孕期糖尿病的筛查、诊断和处理。（2）经过孕期规范化管理,巨大儿、子痫前期和早产仍是糖代谢异常孕妇最常见的并发症,DM孕妇的母、儿合并症显著高于GDM和GIGT孕妇,今后应进一步加强该类型糖尿病孕妇管理。（3）新生儿RDS已不再是新生儿的主要合并症。     

Abnormal glucose tolerance is associated with preterm labor and increased neonatal complications in Taiwanese women

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between abnormal degrees of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and pregnancy outcomes.Materials and methodsA total of 7513 singleton pregnancies screened for gestational diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this retrospective observational study. The pregnancy outcomes of six different groups with different degrees of glucose intolerance using the OGTT were compared [both the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) and Carpenter and Coustan (C&C) criteria were used]. The pregnancies were classified into the following groups: the normal group, consisting of pregnancies with a negative 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT), and Grade 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 groups, consisting of pregnancies with positive 50-g GCT, and abnormal values of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 from the 100-g OGTT, respectively.ResultsThe adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for preterm labor and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were shown to be increased in the Grade 4 groups [3.31 (1.47–7.43) and 6.31 (3.14–12.70) by the NDDG criteria; 4.13 (2.30–7.43) and 5.25 (3.00–9.19) by the C&C criteria] compared with the normal group.ConclusionThe results indicated an increased risk for preterm labor and admission to the NICU as the abnormal value of the OGTT increased.     

Umbilical artery waveforms in triplet and quadruplet pregnancies.

The incidence of abnormal umbilical waveforms in triplet and quadruplet pregnancies and its correlation with adverse pregnancy outcome was studied by a retrospective review of all our triplet and quadruplet pregnancies (1986-1993) with documented Doppler flow assessment. Obstetrical outcomes were analyzed in relation to abnormal umbilical artery waveforms. Nineteen triplet and 4 quadruplet pregnancies were studied. Of 73 fetuses, 6 had abnormal umbilical artery waveforms (8.2%). All abnormal waveforms were characterized by persistent absence of the end-diastolic velocities (AEDV). In comparing the abnormal and normal groups, significant differences were found in birth weights (910+/-433 vs. 1,724+/-434 g; p = 0.0004), small for gestational age rate [5/6 (83%) vs. 5/67 (7.5%); p = 0.0003], and perinatal mortality rate [3/6 (50%) vs. 2/67(3%); p = 0.001]. There were no differences in congenital anomalies, gestational age at birth, and neonatal intensive care admission. In conclusion, it seems that Doppler umbilical artery waveforms in multiple pregnancies were either normal or extremely abnormal (e.g. AEDV). AEDV was associated with adverse perinatal outcomes such as low birth weight, growth restriction and perinatal mortality.