The influence of aneurysm size on perioperative cardiac outcome in elective open infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair

BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) size and growth has been found to be associated with local generation of inflammation markers such as interleukin-6. Inflammation also seems to be important in perioperative adverse cardiac events. We hypothesized that patients with a large AAA are at increased risk for cardiac events. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent a computed tomography angiography scan before open elective infrarenal AAA repair between March 2000 and December 2005 at three hospitals were analyzed. All patients were screened for the clinical risk factors of age, gender, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, diabetes, stroke, renal failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as for cardioprotective medication. Postoperative data on troponin release, creatine kinase/creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, and electrocardiogram were routinely collected on days 1, 3, 7, and 30. The main outcome measure was the combined end point of 30-day cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of AAA size on postoperative cardiac outcome. RESULTS: The study included 500 patients. Their mean age was 69.8 +/- 9.5 years, and 431 (86%) were men. Thirty-one patients (6.2%) had perioperative cardiovascular complications, consisting of 15 (3.0%) cardiovascular deaths and 16 (3.2%) nonfatal myocardial infarctions. After correction for other risk factors, including age, Revised Cardiac Risk Index, medication use, duration of surgery, and intraoperative blood loss, AAA size was independently associated with perioperative nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death (3.2% increase in risk for each millimeter added, 95% confidence interval 1.1% to 6.2%, P = .007). CONCLUSION: A larger AAA size is independently associated with an increased incidence of perioperative cardiovascular complications after elective infrarenal AAA repair.     

Myocardial damage in high-risk patients undergoing elective endovascular or open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) provides an objective assessment of the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. Therefore we compared cardiac outcome in patients at high-cardiac risk undergoing open or endovascular repair of infrarenal AAA using preoperative DSE results. METHODS: Consecutive patients with >or=3 cardiac risk factors (age >70 years, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, renal failure, and diabetes mellitus) undergoing infrarenal AAA repair were reviewed retrospectively. All underwent cardiac stress testing using DSE. Postoperatively data on troponin release and ECG were collected on day 1, 3, 7, before discharge, and on day 30. The main outcome measures were perioperative myocardial damage and myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: All 77 patients (39 endovascular, 38 open) had a history of cardiac disease. The number and type of cardiac risk factors were similar in both groups. Also DSE results were similar: 55 vs 56%, 24 vs 28%, and 21 vs 18% had no, limited, or extensive stress induced myocardial ischemia respectively. The incidence of perioperative myocardial damage (47% vs 13%, p=0.001) and the combination of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death (13% vs 0%, p=0.02) was significantly lower in patients receiving endovascular repair. CONCLUSION: In patients with similar high cardiac risk, endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms is associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative myocardial damage.     

Positive fluid balance is associated with complications after elective open infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

BACKGROUND: Open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is associated with cardiac and respiratory complications and an overall mortality rate of 2 to 8%. We hypothesised that excessive fluid administration during the perioperative period contributes to complications and poor outcome after AAA repair. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Medical records were analysed for fluid balance and complications in 100 consecutive patients treated by open AAA repair at a single centre between 2002-2005. Mortality and all major adverse events (MAE) such as myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrhythmia (Arr), pulmonary oedema (PO), pulmonary infection (PI), and acute renal failure (ARF) were included in the analysis. Level of care and hospital stay, were also recorded. RESULTS: There were no in-hospital deaths. MAE occurred in 40/100 (40%): MI (6%); Arr (14%); PO (14%); PI (25%); ARF (8%). Complications were not predicted by preoperative cardiovascular risk factors, operative and clamp time, or blood loss. Patients with complications had significantly greater cumulative positive fluid balance on postoperative day 0 (p<0.01), day 1 (p<0.05), day 2 (p<0.03) and day 3 (p<0.04). This relationship also existed for individual complications such as MI, and pulmonary oedema. These patients had significantly longer ICU/HDU (p<0.002) and hospital stay (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Serious complications are common after elective open AAA repair, and we have shown that positive fluid balance is predictive of major adverse events increased HDU/ICU and overall hospital stay.     

Selective evaluation and management of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. A 16-year experience.

Reduction of cardiac mortality associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair remains an important goal. Five hundred consecutive urgent or elective operations for infrarenal nonruptured AAA were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups based on preoperative cardiac status: group I (n = 260, 52%), no clinical or electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD); group II (n = 212, 42.2%), clinical or ECG evidence of CAD considered stable after further evaluation with studies such as dipyridamole-thallium scanning, echocardiography, or coronary arteriography; group III (n = 28, 5.6%), clinical or ECG evidence of CAD considered unstable after further evaluation. Group I had no further cardiac evaluation and groups I and II underwent AAA repair without invasive treatment of CAD. Group III underwent repair of cardiac disease before (n = 21) or coincident with (n = 7) AAA repair. In all instances, perioperative fluid volume management was based on left ventricular performance curves constructed before operation. The 30-day operative mortality rate for AAA repair in all 500 patients was 1.6% (n = 8). There was one (0.4%) cardiac-related operative death in group I, which was significantly less than the five (2.4%) in group II (p less than 0.02). Total mortality for the two groups were also significantly different, with one group I death (0.4%) and seven group II deaths (3.3%), (p less than 0.02). These data support the conclusions that (1) the leading cause of perioperative mortality in AAA repair is myocardial infarction, (2) correction of severe or unstable CAD before or coincident with AAA repair is effective in preventing operative mortality, (3) patients with known CAD should be investigated more thoroughly to identify those likely to develop perioperative myocardial ischemia so that their CAD can be corrected before AAA repair, and (4) patients with no clinical or ECG evidence of CAD rarely die of perioperative myocardial infarction, and thus selective evaluation of CAD based on clinical grounds in AAA patients is justified.     

Factors affecting long-term mortality after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

HYPOTHESIS: Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms has made considerable advancements with respect to perioperative mortality. However, fewer data are available regarding factors affecting long-term mortality, including the impact of adverse perioperative cardiac events. Perioperative clinical cardiac risk factors are significant predictors of long-term mortality.Design, Setting, and PATIENTS: Retrospective review of a prospective database of 468 patients who underwent endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair from June 3, 1996, to January 31, 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to identify statistically significant independent predictors of long-term survival (beyond 30 days and after discharge from the hospital). RESULTS: The mean age was 74 years, and 90% of the patients were male. Median follow-up was 2.57 years (interquartile range, 0.92-4.06 years). The leading cause of death was cardiac in nature. On multivariate analysis, the number of preoperative clinical cardiac risk factors (P < .001), spending 2 or more days in the intensive care unit (P < .001), and having an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (P < .001) were predictors of decreased long-term survival. Of note, having a perioperative non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was not predictive of decreased survival (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse cardiac events are the leading cause of long-term mortality following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Preoperative clinical cardiac risk factors are significant predictors of long-term mortality, as are a prolonged intensive care unit stay and a perioperative ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. A perioperative non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction did not influence long-term outcome.     

Preoperative cardiac assessment for patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms: a survey of current practice by vascular surgeons in New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory

Background: The reported mortality rate following open elective repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) varies between 0 and 12%. Much of the mortality and major morbidity is caused by cardiac events. The evidence regarding best practice for cardiac assessment and optimization of this patient group is unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate current practice of cardiac risk factor assessment by vas­cular surgeons in New South Wales (NSW) and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) for patients undergoing open elective repair of infrarenal AAA. Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to 46 surgeons in NSW and ACT identified as expressing a principal or major interest in vascular surgery. If no response was received within 3 weeks, a second questionnaire was sent and if no response was received after the second mailing, a telephone survey of non‐responders was conducted. Data were collated regarding the importance of risk factors elicited by clinical history, preoperative investigation, referral for cardiological opinion, use of perioperative beta‐blockade and the timing of aortic surgery in relation to coronary artery revascularization and acute myocardial infarction. Results: The overall response rate was 87% (40/46) and the median (range) response time was 14 (4?109) days. Only 22 of 40 and 23 of 40 surgeons consider diabetes mellitus or renal impairment, respectively, to be important when assessing cardiac risk and 34 of 40 surgeons do not employ a validated risk index in preoperative assessment. Sixteen of 40 surgeons refer all patients needing AAA repair to a cardiologist, while 24 of 40 would initiate cardiac investigations themselves (either stress electrocardiography, scintigraphy or echocardiography). Seventeen surgeons always or usually commenced perioperative beta‐blockade with wide variations in the commencement (1 to > 28 days preoperatively) and duration (< 1 week to > 28 days postoperatively) of treatment. The timing of AAA repair following coronary revascularization ranged from < 1 week to 6 months and delay in surgical repair of AAA following myocardial infarction ranged from < 1 week to > 6 months. Conclusion: Preoperative assessment of cardiac risk in patients for repair of AAA lacks consensus among vascular surgeons in NSW and ACT. The diversity of clinical practice may rest with the paucity of prospective trials published in the medical literature or the influence of local institutional facilities.     

Value of the Glasgow Aneurysm Score in predicting the immediate and long-term outcome after elective open repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the value of the Glasgow Aneurysm Score in predicting the immediate and long-term outcome after elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS: Some 403 patients underwent elective open repair of an infrarenal AAA and were classified retrospectively according to the criteria of the Glasgow Aneurysm Score (risk score = (age in years) + (7 for myocardial disease) + (10 for cerebrovascular disease) + (14 for renal disease)). RESULTS: Fourteen patients (3.5 per cent) died after operation, 23 (5.7 per cent) had a myocardial infarction and six (1.5 per cent) had a stroke. One hundred and nine patients (27.0 per cent) experienced severe postoperative complications. The Glasgow Aneurysm Score was predictive of postoperative death (area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) 0.80, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0.71 to 0.90), severe postoperative complications (AUC 0.67, 95 per cent c.i. 0.61 to 0.73), myocardial infarction (AUC 0.72, 95 per cent c.i. 0.62 to 0.82), myocardial infarction-related postoperative death (AUC 0.78, 95 per cent c.i. 0.63 to 0.94) and stroke (AUC 0.84, 95 per cent c.i. 0.74 to 0.95). Univariate analysis showed that this risk index was also predictive of long-term survival. CONCLUSION: The Glasgow Aneurysm Score is a good predictor of outcome after elective open repair of AAA. Its simplicity and accuracy make it useful for preoperative risk stratification.     

Baseline oxygen delivery is associated with an increased risk of severe postoperative complications after elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

AIM: Oxyhemodynamic parameters have been shown to have a relevant impact on the immediate postoperative outcome after major surgery, but it is not known their specific impact on the outcome after elective repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS: One-hundred and forty-one patients underwent elective open repair of infrarenal AAA and hemodynamic parameters were monitored perioperatively. RESULTS: One patient (0.7%) died postoperatively, 23 (16.3%) experienced a myocardial ischemic event and 9 of them (6.4%) had a myocardial infarction. Baseline oxygen delivery was not predictive of such myocardial ischemic events. Thirty-three patients (23.4%) suffered severe postoperative complications. The median baseline oxygen delivery was 429.5 mL/min/m2 among patients who had severe postoperative complications, whereas it was 505.5 mL/min/m2 among those who did not have severe complications (p=0.03). However, this parameter did not retain its significance at multivariate analysis. When only the preoperative variables were included in the logistic regression model, the Glasgow Aneurysm Score (P=0.004, Oddsratio 1.94, 95% C.I. 1.24-3.05) was the only predictor of severe postoperative complications. The Glasgow Aneurysm Score was significantly correlated with baseline oxygen delivery (P=-0.256, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline oxygen delivery is associated with an increased risk of severe postoperative complications after elective open repair of AAA. The value of preoperative optimization of oxygen delivery should be evaluated in this patient population.     

Peroperative factors influencing the outcome of elective abdominal aorta aneurysm repair.

PURPOSE: To identify perioperative variables which may influence mortality of elective abdominal aneurysm repair (AAA). METHOD: prospective study of patients undergoing elective AAA repair between 1986 and 1997. RESULTS: Four hundred and seventy patients (438 men, 32 females) with a mean age of 69.4+/-13 years and aneurysms with a diameter of 60+/-3 mm were operated on with a 1-month mortality rate of 5.3%. Multivariate analysis identified the following independent risk factors for mortality: age >70 (p<0.0001), a past history of myocardial infarction (p<0.0001), preoperative renal insufficiency (p<0.0001), reoperation (p<0.0001), colonic necrosis (p<0.0001), and severe postoperative medical complications (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Intra- and postoperative events affect the outcome of AAA repair, independently of preoperative factors, and should be described when presenting the results of AAA repair.     

The role of preoperative radionuclide ejection fraction in direct abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Preoperative radionuclide ventriculography was performed in 60 patients to assess whether such testing could define those at increased risk after direct abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. None of the patients had prophylactic coronary artery reconstruction to reduce the risk of AAA repair despite angina in 27% and previous myocardial infarction (MI) in 42%. The mean ejection fraction (EF) was 52% +/- 15% (range 14% to 78%). Low EF (normal greater than 50%) was present in 40%, whereas ventricular wall motion abnormalities were present in 39% of patients. The overall perioperative (30-day) mortality rate was 5%. MI occurred in 7% within 30 postoperative days; none was fatal. Life-table analysis revealed that overall survival after AAA repair was significantly lower in patients with an EF of 50% or less (p less than 0.025, Mantel-Cox) during a follow-up of 20.1 +/- 11.9 months. Overall survival differences were even more striking for those with an EF of 35% or less (p = 0.003, Mantel-Cox). There was a marked difference in the cumulative mortality rate during follow-up, being 50% in those patients with an EF of 35% or less (n = 10) compared with 14% in those with an EF greater than 35% (n = 50, p = 0.036, Fisher exact test). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of perioperative MI or perioperative death for those with an EF of 35% or less vs EF greater than 35%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A prospective study of subclinical myocardial damage in endovascular versus open repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms

BACKGROUND: Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is considered to be less invasive and better tolerated by the cardiovascular system than open repair. Our aim was to assess the true incidence of perioperative myocardial damage associated with endovascular vs open infrarenal AAA repair. METHODS: Between July 1999 and June 2001, preoperative and postoperative serum troponin T (TnT) levels were measured in all patients presenting for elective AAA repair at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. The incidence of myocardial damage was recorded on the basis of standard clinical, biochemical, and electrocardiographic changes or a subclinical increase of 50% or more in serum TnT. Patients were excluded if the TnT increase was associated with a significant increase of serum creatinine (> or =50%) with no other evidence of myocardial ischemia. The differences between the two groups were analyzed with the chi 2 test and odds ratios. RESULTS: A total of 35 open and 112 endovascular AAA repairs were included in the study. There was no significant difference in age, sex, preoperative serum creatinine, or preoperative serum TnT between the two treatment groups. Seventeen patients had biochemical evidence of myocardial damage, which was clinically obvious in only one patient. Even though the incidence of previous myocardial infarction was significantly higher in patients undergoing endovascular repair (41%) than open repair (22%; P < .05), the overall incidence of myocardial damage (clinical or subclinical) was significantly higher in the open group compared with the endovascular group (8 [25%] of 32 vs 9 [8%] of 109, respectively; odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-10.49; P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: There is a previously underestimated incidence of subclinical myocardial damage associated with surgery for infrarenal AAA which is lower after endovascular than open repair.     

Intra-mucosal acidosis as a predictor of cardiac outcome following abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To assess if sigmoid ischaemia is a prognostic indicator of early and late post-operative cardiac morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (AAAR) were included in the study. Demographic details and risk factors for heart disease were recorded. Sigmoid pHi was measured at the time of surgery using a silicone tonometer and perioperative morbidity and mortality were recorded in all patients. Seven years following surgery the patients and their general practitioners were contacted to determine the patient's health. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were included in the study. Within the follow-up period, 22 (58%) had died. Eight patients died of cardiac failure or myocardial infarction. The pHi in patients with cardiac related deaths [6.99 (6.84-7.10)] was significantly lower than those with non-cardiac related deaths [7.11 (7.04-7.21), p<0.05]. Similarly, patients who suffered acute cardiac events (within 30 days following AAA repair) had lower pHi [7.01 (6.88-7.12)] compared to those who did not [7.09 (6.90-7.19), p<0.05]. CONCLUSION: The results show that sigmoid ischaemia is more frequent amongst patients that develop cardiac events after AAAR and is associated with a worse long term outcome. This suggests that global hypoperfusion as a result of an under performing heart may be partly responsible for the sigmoid ischaemia in patients following AAAR. Therefore, low sigmoid pHi may predict an increased risk of cardiac complications in these patients.     

Outcome after Simultaneous Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Aortocoronary Bypass

Myocardial infarction remains the leading cause of early and late death after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Myocardial revascularization is staged either before or concomitant with AAA resection, but results are far from uniform. We retrospectively analyzed our experience with patients who underwent concomitant AAA resection and aortocoronary bypass (ACB) to examine the factors affecting early morbidity/mortality and early results. Forty-two patients (all men; mean age, 67.2 years) underwent simultaneous ACB grafting and AAA repair between 1975 and 1998. All were managed postoperatively in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit (mean stay, 6.1 days). The mean total hospital stay was 17.2 days. Two died in the early postoperative period (4.8%): 1 of sustained myocardial failure following a third ACB, and 1 of coagulopathy after concomitant ACB, aortic valve replacement, and AAA. One patient developed a nonfatal MI on postoperative day 3. The incidence of wound and bleeding complications was higher for patients undergoing both ACB and AAA repair than for patients undergoing AAA resection alone. On follow-up (mean, 10 years; range, 7 months to 15 years), only 2 of 10 late deaths were due to cardiovascular causes. We believe that concomitant myocardial revascularization is warranted in select patients requiring elective or urgent AAA resection in order to decrease perioperative risk and improve late survival. Cardiac failure or ischemia during aortic surgery can be prevented by proper perfusion with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. In patients undergoing simultaneous procedures, the increased risk is related to the severity of the vascular and coronary artery disease and not to the combined operations.     

The incidence of hypomagnesaemia following abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery

IntroductionMagnesium is important for cardiac function. Hypomagnesaemia is associated with a higher incidence of arrhythmias and poorer outcomes in cardiac surgery. No studies have investigated the incidence or impact of postoperative hypomagnesaemia after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. We aim to assess the incidence of hypomagnesaemia after AAA repair in our population.MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent elective AAA surgery at a single vascular centre. The last 110 patients undergoing open or endovascular AAA repair were identified. The hospital pathology system was used to identify the immediate postoperative serum magnesium levels as well as patient demographics and admission details. Hypomagnesaemia was defined as serum magnesium of <0.7mmol/l.ResultsA total of 211 patients were studied and there were 3 deaths. Of the patients included, 101 underwent open elective AAA repair and 110 underwent endovascular repair. In the elective open repair group, 73 patients (73%) were hypomagnesaemic. In the endovascular repair group, 35 (32%) had hypomagnesaemia. A t-test showed a statistically significant difference in hypomagnesaemia between the open and endovascular groups (p<0.001).ConclusionsAAA surgery is associated with a high incidence of postoperative hypomagnesaemia, which is significantly greater among open repair patients. This is likely to have an effect on cardiac activity and lead to cardiac complications such as arrhythmias and poorer postoperative outcomes, especially in the open AAA repair subgroup. This stresses the importance of serum magnesium and cardiac monitoring in the postoperative phase. A prospective study is proposed to further investigate these findings, and their potential implications on perioperative morbidity and mortality.     

Cardiac troponin I predicts outcome after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a highly sensitive and specific marker for myocardial injury that predicts mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. This study examined the relationship between perioperative cTnI levels and clinical outcome in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent operative repair of a ruptured AAA over a 22-month interval and survived for more than 24 h were entered into a prospective observational cohort study. Levels of cTnI were measured immediately before, and at 24 and 48 h after surgery, and related to clinical outcome. RESULTS: Of 62 patients who underwent attempted operative repair of ruptured AAA, 50 (81 per cent) survived for more than 24 h and were included in this study. Twenty-three (46 per cent) of the 50 had a detectable cTnI level at one or more time points during the first 48 h. Of these, 11 patients had clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of an acute cardiac event and 12 did not; five patients in each of these two groups died. Of 27 patients with no increase in cTnI in the first 48 h, only three died (P = 0.031 and P = 0.043 respectively, relative to the groups with detectable cTnI). CONCLUSION: Approximately half of patients who survived repair of ruptured AAA for more than 24 h sustained a detectable myocardial injury within the first 48 h. A perioperative increase in the level of cTnI, with or without clinically apparent cardiac dysfunction, was associated with postoperative death.     

Functional outcome after open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

BACKGROUND: Outcome after operative repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has traditionally been assessed in terms of survival. This study examines the functional outcome of patients who survive operation. METHODS: Consecutive patients who survived open repair over an 18-month period were entered into a prospective case-control study. Age- and sex-matched controls were identified from patients undergoing elective AAA repair. The Short Form-36 health survey was administered to both groups of patients at 6 months after operation. Results were compared with the expected scores for an age- and sex-matched normal UK population. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients underwent open repair of a ruptured AAA, and 30 survived; no patient was lost to follow-up. There were no significant differences in quality of life between patients who had an emergency repair and those who had an elective repair. Both of these groups had poorer health-related quality of life outcomes than the matched normal population. Surprisingly, compared with the normal population, patients after elective repair had poorer outcomes in more health domains than patients who survived emergency operation. CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of ruptured AAA repair have a good functional outcome within 6 months of operation.     

To what extent has endovascular aneurysm repair influenced abdominal aortic aneurysm management in the state of Illinois?

PURPOSE: This study was performed using population-based data to determine the changing trends in the techniques for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in the state of Illinois during the past 9 years and to examine the extent to which endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has influenced overall AAA management. METHODS: All records of patients who underwent AAA repair (1995 to 2003 inclusive) were retrieved from the Illinois Hospital Association COMPdata database. The outcome as determined by in-hospital mortality was analyzed according to intervention type (open vs EVAR) and indication (elective repair vs ruptured AAA). Data were stratified by age, gender, and hospital type (university vs community setting) and then analyzed using both univariate (chi 2 , t tests) and multivariate (stepwise logistic regression) techniques. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2003, 14,517 patients underwent AAA repair (85% for elective and 15% for ruptured AAA). The average age was 71.4 +/- 7.9 years, and 76% were men. For elective cases, open repair was performed in 86% and EVAR in 14%; and for ruptured cases, open repair in 97% and EVAR in 3%. Elective EVAR was associated with lower in-hospital mortality compared with open repair regardless of age. No differences were observed with age after either type of repair for a ruptured aneurysm. Men had a lower in-hospital mortality compared with women for open repair of both elective and ruptured aneurysms. For EVAR, the mortality of an elective repair was lower in men, but there was no difference after a ruptured AAA. In men, the difference in mortality between elective open repair and EVAR was significant; the type of institution did not influence outcome. Patients >80 years of age had a higher mortality after open repair for both elective and ruptured AAA and after EVAR of a ruptured AAA. The average length of stay was 9.9 days for open elective repair, 13.1 days after open repair of a ruptured AAA, and 3.6 days for EVAR. The independent predictors of higher in-hospital mortality were female gender, age >80 years, diagnosis (ruptured vs open), and procedure (open vs EVAR). The year of the procedure and type of hospital (university vs community) were not predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: EVAR has had a significant impact on AAA management in Illinois over a relatively short time period. In this population-based review, EVAR was associated with a significantly decreased in-hospital mortality and length of stay. Octogenarians had higher mortality after both types of repair, with the exception of elective EVAR.     

A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the combined beneficial effect of statin and beta-blocker use on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery (AAA). BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing elective AAA-surgery identified by clinical risk factors and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) as being at high-risk often have considerable cardiac complication rate despite the use of beta-blockers. METHODS: We studied 570 patients (mean age 69+/-9 years, 486 males) who underwent AAA-surgery between 1991 and 2001 at the Erasmus MC. Patients were evaluated for clinical risk factors (age>70 years, histories of MI, angina, diabetes mellitus, stroke, renal failure, heart failure and pulmonary disease), DSE, statin and beta-blocker use. The main outcome was a composite of perioperative mortality and MI within 30 days of surgery. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality or MI occurred in 51 (8.9%) patients. The incidence of the composite endpoint was significantly lower in statin users compared to nonusers (3.7% vs. 11.0%; crude odds ratio (OR): 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-0.74; p=0.01). After correcting for other covariates, the association between statin use and reduced incidence of the composite endpoint remained unchanged (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.10-0.70; p=0.01). Beta-blocker use was also associated with a significant reduction in the composite endpoint (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11-0.54). Patients using a combination of statins and beta-blockers appeared to be at lower risk for the composite endpoint across multiple cardiac risk strata; particularly patients with 3 or more risk factors experienced significantly lower perioperative events. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of statin and beta-blocker use in patients with AAA-surgery is associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal MI particularly in patients at the highest risk.     

Perioperative myocardial cell injury: the role of troponins

Early recognition of minor myocardial cell injury and appropriate treatment may prevent development of myocardial infarction as one of the most severe postoperative cardiac complications. Troponins have been shown to be sensitive biochemical markers for the assessment of myocardial cell injury. We investigated prospectively 67 cardiac risk patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery. Troponin T (TNT) concentrations were measured during the perioperative period, and in those patients with increased TNT (cut-off 0.2 ng ml-1), troponin I (TNI) concentrations were measured additionally (cut-off 0.6 ng ml-1). Patients were allocated to one of three groups: group I, all patients with normal TNT concentrations had a good cardiac outcome (80.5%). In those patients with increased TNT concentrations (19.5%) TNI was also positive; group II, patients (8.8%) with only slightly increased TNT concentrations (0.32-0.99 ng ml-1) also had a good outcome, indicating minor myocardial cell injury, whereas patients with cardiac complications (11.9%) had higher TNT concentrations (0.47-9.8 ng ml-1) (P < 0.05) (group III). With a TNT cut-off at 0.2 ng ml-1, the positive predictive value for adverse outcome was 61.5%; the negative predictive value was 100%. With a TNT cut-off at 0.6 ng ml-1, the positive predictive value for adverse outcome increased to 87.5%, but the negative predictive value was still high (98%). Most of the patients showed an increase in TNT content from the day of surgery until the third postoperative day. We conclude that serial troponin measurements during the perioperative period identify pre-, intra- and postoperative myocardial cell injury. The concentration of troponin T may reflect the degree of injury and help categorize the subsequent risk.      

Late results of coronary bypass in patients with infrarenal aortic aneurysms. The Cleveland Clinic Study.

Cardiac catheterization was performed in a prospective series of 1000 patients under consideration for elective peripheral vascular reconstruction at the Cleveland Clinic from 1978-1982. Of these, 246 patients (mean age: 68 years) presented primarily because of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and are eligible for subsequent evaluation 3-7 years (mean: 4.6 years) after entrance into the study. Severe, surgically correctable coronary artery disease (CAD) was documented in 78 patients (32%) in the AAA group, and 70 patients (28%) received myocardial revascularization with four fatal complications (5.7%). A total of 56 patients in this subset had staged aneurysm resection, usually during the same hospital admission after coronary bypass, with a single death (1.8%) caused by cerebral infarction. The overall operative mortality rate for 126 coronary and AAA procedures was 4%. A total of 59 additional patients (25%) died during the late follow-up interval, including 14 patients (5.9%) with cardiac events and eight patients (3.4%) with ruptured aneurysms. The cumulative 5-year survival rate (75%) and cardiac mortality rate (5%) after coronary bypass reflected traditional parameters (preoperative ventricular function, completeness of revascularization) and are nearly identical to the results calculated for patients having normal coronary arteries or only mild to moderate CAD. In comparison, the cumulative survival and cardiac mortality rates in a small subset of patients with severe, uncorrected coronary involvement currently are 29% (p = 0.0001) and 34%, respectively. These data support the conclusion that selected patients who require elective resection of AAA also warrant myocardial revascularization to enhance perioperative risk and late survival.