机械通气早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血的临床研究

目的观察不同通气模式下早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血(PVH-IVH)的发生情况及其预后。方法将2003年7月至2005年6月NICU收治的早产儿分为高频通气、常频通气和无创持续气道正压辅助呼吸3组,并与同期入院的36例未接受通气治疗的早产儿进行比较。结果3组不同通气治疗方式的早产儿与对照组早产儿在胎龄、出生体重、围产期缺氧史等之间的差异均无显著性。3组通气治疗组总的PVH-IVH和重度PVH-IVH发生率分别为81.5%(44/54例)和22.2%(12/54例),对照组分别为55.6%(20/36例)和19.4%(7/36例),通气治疗组和对照组在PVH-IVH发生率间的差异有显著性(χ2=5.862,P<0.05)。而重度PVH-IVH发生率两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.003,P>0.05)。3组不同通气方式治疗组和对照组在PVH-IVH的发生率及其严重程度分布间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论正确应用辅助通气可迅速纠正早产儿呼吸窘迫引起的低氧症,不同的通气方式并未对早产儿PVH-IVH的发生和发展造成明显的影响;原发疾病的严重程度以及酸中毒、低二氧化碳血症等可能影响早产儿PVH-IVH的严重程度。     

Randomized low-dose indomethacin trial for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight neonates

We admitted 36 preterm neonates (600 to 1250 gm birth weight) with normal 6-hour echoencephalograms to a randomized, placebo-controlled prospective trial to determine whether a low dose of indomethacin would prevent germinal matrix or intraventricular hemorrhage and permit adequate urinary output. Between the sixth and tenth postnatal hours, indomethacin (0.1 mg/kg) or placebo was administered intravenously every 24 hours for a total of three doses. Cardiac ultrasound studies to assess the status of the ductus arteriosus were performed at 6 postnatal hours and on day 5. Urinary output, serum electrolytes, serum indomethacin levels, and renal and clotting functions were monitored. No differences in birth weight, gestational age, or Apgar scores were noted between the two groups of infants. Two indomethacin-treated infants and three infants given placebo had significant urinary output difficulties, requiring that the study medication be withheld. Of 19 infants given indomethacin, two had germinal matrix or intraventricular hemorrhage, in comparison with 8 of 17 infants given saline solution (p = 0.02). Of the infants who had a left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus shunt before treatment, 64% of the indomethacin-treated and 33% of the saline solution-treated infants no longer had a patent ductus arteriosus on day 5. Ductal status appeared unrelated to the development of germinal matrix or intraventricular hemorrhage.     

早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血发生率调查及高危因素分析

脑室周围-脑室内出血(PIVH)是早产儿死亡和致残的主要原因之一,我国目前尚缺乏有关早产儿PIVH发生率及其高危因素的大样本的详细资料。2002年1月至2004年4月,我们对在我院出生(包括人住NICU和母婴同室)的462早产儿于生后1周内进行了床边头颅超声检查,并记录了相关围产因素,报告如下。     

Prophylactic indomethacin for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants

The impact of early prophylactic use of intravenous indomethacin on the incidence and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus in 199 oxygen-requiring premature infants (less than or equal to 1300 g birth weight) was prospectively investigated. The trial was controlled, the infants were randomized, and the investigators were unaware of the group assignments. Patients with minimal (grade I) or no periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage determined by prestudy echoencephalography were randomized within two birth weight subgroups (500 to 899 and 900 to 1300 g) to receive either prophylactic indomethacin (n = 99) or an equal volume of saline-vehicle placebo (n = 100). The first dose (0.2 mg/kg) was given within 12 hours of delivery and two subsequent doses (0.1 mg/kg) were administered at 12 hourly intervals. Prophylactic indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of grades II to IV periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Intraventricular hemorrhage was half as common in infants given prophylactic indomethacin as in control infants (23% v 46%, P less than .002). The reduction was manifested in both birth weight subgroups. Results of this study also confirmed a lower incidence of clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in infants who received prophylactic indomethacin in contrast to those who received placebo (11% v 42%, P less than .001). No significant differences were found between treatment and control groups in the duration of oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization or in the incidence of pneumothorax, chronic lung disease, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, or death. Early prophylactic indomethacin initiated within 12 hours of delivery is effective in reducing the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage as well as clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight premature infants.     

Hemostasis and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn

In a prospective study we analyzed the role of coagulopathy in the development of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) in 49 consecutively admitted preterm infants of less than 34 weeks' gestation by serial ultrasound examinations and coagulation assays. In 20 patients (41%) PIVH was detected. On the day of birth, patients with PIVH had significantly lower levels of factor V than did the patients without PIVH, but all other clotting factors gave similar results, and on the third and fifth days all results were similar, including those for factor V. Even the small subgroup of infants who subsequently developed grade IV hemorrhage did not have a more severe coagulopathy than the other infants, although they had significantly lower levels of platelets and of factor VII at birth. We conclude that coagulopathy does not play an important role in the etiology of PIVH. Standard doses of 10 mL/kg of fresh-frozen plasma, administered to increase the low levels of clotting factors, did not prevent extension of the hemorrhage.     

Perinatal factors and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants

We studied 49 consecutively admitted infants of less than 34 weeks' gestation to analyze the role of several maternal, intrapartum, and neonatal factors associated with the occurrence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH). To detect PIVH, ultrasound studies were performed every eight hours during the first three days of life and every 12 hours during the following four days. In 20 infants (41%) PIVH was detected. Of these 20 cases, 30% were diagnosed immediately after birth and 55%, 70%, 90%, and 100% after 24, 48, 72, and 108 hours, respectively. Hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis were the most important factors associated with the development of PIVH. Hypothermia was also an antecedent. Suctioning, serum osmolality, weight loss, transfusions, pneumothorax, patent ductus arteriosus, and bolus infusions with sodium bicarbonate were not associated with the onset of PIVH.     

早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血与脑室周围白质软化的诊断建议

早产儿常见脑损伤主要为脑室周围．脑室内出血（PVH-IVH）和脑室周围白质软化（PVL）,与早产儿中枢神经系统的解剖生理学和神经生物学发育不成熟密切相关。前者为出血性病变,常导致脑室内出血后脑积水和脑室周围出血性髓静脉梗死等严重并发症。后者为缺血性病变,也与官内感染有关。其中局部PVL的病理特征是白质少突胶质细胞前体的急性坏死,在后期可形成多发小囊腔。弥漫性PVL又称为弥漫性白质损伤,其病理特征是白质少突胶质细胞前体的凋亡性死亡,少见出现囊腔改变。局部和弥漫性PVL最终均导致脑白质容量减小和髓鞘化受损。PVH-IVH和PVL是引起早产儿早期死亡、脑瘫、视、听和认知障碍的主要原因。     

Randomized indomethacin trial for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants

We admitted 48 preterm neonates (600 to 1250 gm birth weight, normal 6-hour echoencephalograms) to a randomized prospective indomethacin or placebo trial for the prevention of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Beginning at 6 postnatal hours, indomethacin or placebo was administered intravenously every 12 hours for a total of five doses. Cardiac ultrasound studies to assess the status of the ductus arteriosus were performed at 6 postnatal hours and on day 5. Urinary output, serum electrolytes, and renal and clotting functions were monitored. No differences in birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores, or ventilatory needs were noted between the two groups. Six infants given indomethacin had intraventricular hemorrhage, compared to 14 control infants (P = 0.02). The indomethacin-treated group had significant decreases in serum prostaglandin values 30 hours after the initiation of therapy. The overall incidence of patent ductus arteriosus was 82% at 6 postnatal hours; 84% of the indomethacin-treated infants experienced closure of the ductus, compared to 60% of the placebo-treated patients. Closure of the ductus was not related to incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. We speculate that indomethacin may provide some protection against neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage by acting on the cerebral microvasculature.     

Endocarditis in high-risk neonates

The clinical spectrum of neonatal endocarditis, including bacterial and nonbacterial types, is examined in five case reports that were drawn from nursery experiences over a recent 2-year period. In contrast to previous reports of 100% mortality from neonatal endocarditis, one patient survived. Changing heart murmur and hematuria were most frequently associated with bacterial and nonbacterial endocarditis in four of the five cases. Pulmonary hypertension, thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy were also associated with nonbacterial endocarditis. Echocardiograms were performed on four of the patients; only one was suggestive of endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from both cases of bacterial endocarditis, including the single survivor. Thus, it is suggested that the initial antibiotic coverage of any neonate with the clinical syndrome of sepsis, hematuria, and a heart murmur include antistaphylococcal coverage for the possibility of bacterial endocarditis.     

机械通气早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血临床高危因素分析

目的：探讨机械通气早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血（PVH-IVH）的临床高危因素,为早产儿PVH-IVH的防治提供依据。方法：2009年1月至2011年12月入住新生儿重症监护室且应用机械通气的205例早产儿,根据生后3～7 d床旁头颅B超检查结果分为PVH-IVH组（n=84）和无PVH-IVH组（n=121）,采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析调查PVH-IVH发生的高危因素。结果：单因素分析显示,胎龄<32周、出生体重<1500 g、宫内窘迫、重度窒息、自然分娩、孕期感染、胎膜早破≥8 h、机械通气≥7 d、并发呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）等9个因素与机械通气早产儿PVH-IVH的发生有关（均P<0.05）;多因素logistic回归显示,出生体重<1500 g（OR=2.665）、宫内窘迫（OR=2.177）、重度窒息（OR=5.653）、孕期感染（OR=4.365）、VAP（OR=2.299）是机械通气早产儿PVH-IVH发生的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论：极低出生体重、宫内窘迫、重度窒息、孕期感染、VAP与机械通气早产儿PVH-IVH发生密切相关,在临床工作中应高度重视这些因素,以预防PVH-IVH的发生。     

早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血的高危因素和保护因素

目的回顾性研究早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血(PV-IVH)的高危因素和保护因素。方法采用1:1病例对照研究方法,收集2012年1月至2014年10月PV-IVH早产儿及对照组的产前和产后资料,通过单因素分析筛选,再经多因素条件logistic回归分析PV-IVH发生的高危因素和保护因素。结果共132例PV-IVH早产儿,6例未匹配到对照病例,最后共126对纳入分析;两组间胎龄、出生体质量的差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。多因素条件logistic回归分析发现,首次血气分析BE值-5 mmol/L(OR=1.986,95.0%CI:1.039~3.796)、机械通气(OR=2.913,95%CI:1.390~6.101)、生后第2周体质量增长≤10 g/d(OR=2.303,95%CI:1.164~4.558)为PV-IVH的高危因素,而既往怀孕≥1次(OR=0.426,95%CI:0.229~0.792)为PV-IVH的保护因素。结论首次血气分析BE值-5 mmol/L、机械通气、生后第2周体质量增长≤10 g/d为早产儿PV-IVH发生的高危因素,需加强对早产儿PV-IVH发生高危因素的认识,及时给予正确处理。     

The unreliability of neurologic examination in the diagnosis of neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the clinical neurologic examination, hematocrit and glycemia in the diagnosis of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn weighing less than 2000g considering the neurosonography as the gold standard.METHODS: This is a cohort prospective study from May 18th, 1994 to May 17th, 1995 carried out at the Hospital das Clinicas da UFMG. The study group comprised 38 newborns with the ultrasound diagnosis of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage; the control group comprised 81 newborns who although submitted to the same evaluation protocol did not show any echographic signs of hemorrhage. The ultrasound examinations were all done by the same researcher who was not aware of the clinical history or the neurologic and laboratory examinations.RESULTS: Clinical neurologic alterations, mainly generalized hypotonia, were found to be associated with hemorrhage (p = 0.009), but there was a confounding effect due to the gestational age of the newborn. The predictive values of a positive or negative test were only 45% and 79%, respectively, which is clearly unreliable for the diagnosis of the hemorrhage. Hematocrit and glycemia were not clinically relevant either.CONCLUSIONS: The clinical neurologic examination is not reliable to indicate periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn. Newborns at risk should be routinely screened by neurosonography.     

Screening for hypoglycemia in exclusively breastfed high-risk neonates

Objective

To determine incidence of hypoglycemia in exclusively breastfed, high-risk but healthy newborns, and risk factors for its development.

Methods

This observational study enrolled 407 exclusively breastfed high-risk (low birth weight newborns (1800-2499 g), late preterms, small-for-gestation, large-for-gestation and infant of diabetic mother), who did not require admission to neonatal intensive care unit and were kept in postnatal wards with mother. Hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose ≤46 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L). Blood glucose was monitored till 48 hours of life.

Results

27% of the screened newborns developed hypoglycemia in first 48 hours. 31 (7.6%) developed recurrent (>2) episodes, 28 (6.8%) had moderate (<37mg/dL) while 8 (1.9%) developed symptomatic hypoglycemia. With increase in birthweight, risk of hypoglycemia reduced significantly (P=0.003). Hypoglycemia was observed more frequently in first 2 hours as compared to next 48 hours (P=0.0001). Low birth-weight, preterm gestation and male gender was significantly associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia.

Conclusion

Healthy, high-risk exclusively breastfed newborns in postnatal wards need close monitoring for hypoglycemia in first 24 hrs of life.

     

早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血研究进展

脑室周围-脑室内出血(periventricular-intravent-ricular hemorrhage,PVH-IVH)是早产儿常见颅内病变,是导致早产儿死亡和伤残的重要原因之一[1]。既往认为严重神经系统后遗症主要发生于重度颅内出血患者,而轻度出血则预后良好。但近年研究结果表明,即便是那些无明显临床症状的     

Risk factors to periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in newborns weighing less than 2000g

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence and analyze risk factors to neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage; to suggest a working protocol for diagnosis in newborns at risk.METHODS: This is a cohort prospective study including 120 out of 129 children weighing less than 2000g born from May 18 th, 1994 to May 17 th,1995 at the Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG. The study group comprised 39 newborns with the ultrasound diagnosis of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage; the control group comprised 81 newborns who although submitted to the same evaluation protocol did not show any echographic signs of hemorrhage. The ultrasound examinations were all done by the same researcher who was not aware of the clinical history or the neurologic and laboratory examinations. The hemorrhage was classified according to Papilés criteria: grade I (13%); grade II (7%); grade III (9%) and grade IV (3%).RESULTS: Low gestational age, low birth weight, masculine sex, vaginal delivery, and neonatal sepsis were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in univariate analysis. Apgar score in the first or fifth minute and Battagliás and Lubchenkós classification for the weight in relation to gestational age were not predisposing factors to the hemorrhage. Low gestational age (p = 0.002), vaginal delivery (p = 0.037), and masculine sex (p = 0.016) kept statistical significance after multivariate adjustment. Birth weight may substitute for gestational age in the multivariate model because they are highly associated. The best cutoff point to screen for periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage was 1750 g instead of the traditionally adopted point of 1500 g. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage was similar to those reported by other studies. Low gestational age or low birth weight, vaginal delivery and masculine sex were the most important risk factors to the hemorrhage. The screening cutoff point of 1750 g seems to be more adequate than the commonly used birth weight of 1500 g.     

新生儿重症湿肺高危因素分析

目的 探讨新生儿重症湿肺的临床特征及需要机械辅助通气治疗的影响因素.方法 对167例新生儿湿肺进行回顾性分析,观察其临床特征、预后,分析需要机械辅助通气治疗的影响因素.结果 167例患儿中早产儿69例(41.2%).161例(96.4%)患儿入院时存在呼吸衰竭,72例(43.1%)需行气管插管机械通气.辅助通气组111例(气管插管72例,经鼻呼气末正压通气39例),非辅助通气组56例.两组患儿在年龄、出生体重、剖宫产率、性别比方面差异无显著性.全部患儿中24例合并心脏疾病,28例合并缺氧缺血性脑病,51例合并吸入性肺炎.湿肺患儿中胎龄<34周(OR=3.398,95%CI:1.113～10.369)及合并心脏疾病(OR=4.122,95%CI:1.173～14.481)者,需辅助通气的危险增加.是否有重度窒息、是否合并缺氧缺血性脑病及吸入性肺炎,未被证实是湿肺患儿需辅助通气的影响因素.结论 早产儿重症湿肺发生率较高,湿肺患儿胎龄<34周及合并心脏疾病时需要机械辅助通气的危险增加.