脱脂炒莱菔子提取物HPLC指纹图谱

目的：建立脱脂炒莱菔子提取物的HPLC指纹图谱。方法：依利特C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸水溶液（B）,梯度洗脱（0~28 min,5%~30%A;28~30 min,30%~70%A;30~51 min,70%~88%A）,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长225 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果：建立了脱脂炒莱菔子提取物的HPLC指纹图谱,共标示出10个共有峰;不同产地脱脂炒莱菔子提取物的HPLC指纹图谱相似度>0.96。结论：该方法准确稳定,重复性好,可为脱脂炒莱菔子提取物的定性鉴别提供依据。     

广西产毛果算盘子的HPLC指纹图谱研究

【摘要】目的 采用HPLC研究广西不同产地毛果算盘子的指纹图谱。方法 采用Hypersil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇(B)-0.2%磷酸(A),梯度洗脱0~7min,10%B;7~15min, 10%B→22%B;15~20min,22%B→30%B;20~30min,30%B→40%B;30~45min,40%B。检测波长270nm,柱温20℃,流速1.0mL?min-1,分析时间45min。分析了10批毛果算盘子药材的HPLC指纹图谱。应用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)计算相似度。结果 建立了广西产毛果算盘子的指纹图谱,且相似度较好,根据相似度分析确定了9个构成毛果算盘子药材指纹图谱的特征峰。结论 所建方法简单、稳定、重复性好,可用于毛果算盘子药材的质量控制。     

榄葱茶的HPLC指纹图谱分析

目的: 建立榄葱茶的指纹图谱. 方法: 采用HPLC法,InertsilRSOD-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相甲醇(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B)进行梯度洗脱(0~15 min,5%~15%A;15~43 min,15%~45%A;43~55 min,45%~62%A;55~80 min,62%A),检测波长273 nm,柱温25℃,流速 1.0 mL·min^-1,以没食子酸峰为参照峰. 结果: 指纹图谱中共有15个特征峰,其中青果有13个特征峰,紫苏叶有2个特征峰,其中2号为没食子酸峰,10批样品图谱相似度均大于0.99. 结论: 建立的指纹图谱稳定可行,适用于榄葱茶的质量控制.     

清热解毒口服液HPLC指纹图谱

目的： 建立清热解毒口服液的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,为科学评价及有效控制其质量提供可靠方法。 方法： 利用HPLC方法,梯度洗脱,测定了12批清热解毒口服液样品。色谱条件为Shim-pack VP-ODS柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,检测波长270 nm,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,流动相A乙腈-B 0.02%磷酸水,梯度洗脱（0~12 min,1%~15%A;12~22 min,15%~20%A,22~32 min,20%~25%A,32~40 min,25%~45%A;40~50 min,45%~55%A）。 结果： 12批清热解毒口服液样品有9个共有峰。相似度在0.911～0.972。 结论： 清热解毒口服液的指纹图谱特征性及专属性强,可用于全面控制清热解毒口服液的质量,确保每批产品的均一性。     

樟帮栀子饮片HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的：建立樟帮栀子饮片的HPLC特征指纹图谱,为其质量控制提供参考。方法：采用RP-HPLC,Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XBD-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,乙腈-水梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温30 ℃,进样量20 μL,检测波长238 nm（0~20 min）,440 nm（20~40 min）。结果：初步建立了樟帮栀子饮片HPLC指纹图谱,确定共有峰9个。将11批不同产地、相同炮制方法的栀子饮片指纹图谱与樟帮栀子饮片对照指纹图谱进行相似度比较,相似度在0.495~0.952。结论：用于建立樟帮栀子饮片指纹图谱的10批天齐堂饮片厂提供的栀子饮片相似度理想,而收集于不同产地、采用相同的炮制方法炮制的栀子饮片内在质量具有较大差异性。     

桃枝类药材HPLC指纹图谱的鉴别

目的: 建立桃枝类药材高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱鉴别方法。方法: 采用RP-HPLC,Diamonsil-C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μｍ)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸水,梯度洗脱,流速0.5 mL·min^-1,290 nm波长下测定山桃枝、桃枝、桃叶及桃仁指纹图谱,并作相似度比较分析。结果: 建立了山桃枝药材HPLC指纹图谱共有模式,有47个共有指纹峰被标定,并对山桃枝、桃枝、桃叶及桃仁药材的HPLC指纹图谱进行相似度比较,结果有明显差异。结论: HPLC指纹图谱具有方法简便,重复性好,特征性强的特点,可用于桃枝类药材鉴别。     

不同产地金银花药材的UPLC指纹图谱分析

目的： 建立不同产地金银花药材的超高效液相特征性指纹图谱,为有效控制和科学评价金银花药材整体质量提供依据。 方法： 采用Agilent C₁₈ 色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）,流动相乙腈-0.2%磷酸水,以0.4 mL·min^-1的流速进行梯度洗脱,检测波长238 nm,柱温30 ℃。 结果： 在21 min内得到金银花药材的指纹图谱,对其中5个色谱峰进行了初步归属,并对14批药材样品进行了分析,其相似度为0.915~0.987。 结论： UPLC指纹图谱方法较HPLC大大缩短了分析时间,可用于金银花药材的质量评价。     

基于超分子“印迹模板”理论分析身痛逐瘀汤基准样品的质量属性

目的 基于超分子“印迹模板”理论,研究身痛逐瘀汤成分群在药材-饮片-复方制备过程中的自主作用规律,阐明其质量属性的量值传递规律。方法 建立身痛逐瘀汤超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）指纹图谱,流动相0.4%磷酸水溶液（A）-乙腈（B）梯度洗脱（0~2.5 min,100%A;2.5~6 min,100%~96%A;6~15 min,96%~92%A;15~25 min,92%~88%A;25~35 min,88%~75%A;35~50 min,75%~65%A;50~60 min,65%~50%A;60~65 min,50%~30%A;65~70 min,100%A）,检测波长235 nm,计算药材、饮片及基准样品指纹图谱的总量统计矩、信息熵和一次投料量等参数;计算基准样品出膏率及药材-饮片-复方转移率和加合参数。结果 15批药材、饮片UPLC指纹图谱总量统计矩相似度均>0.89,12味药材与饮片UPLC指纹图谱的信息熵相对标准偏差（RSD）均<10%。身痛逐瘀汤（药材）的总量一阶矩（MCRT_T）、信息熵的RSD分别为5.5%、2.3%,身痛逐瘀汤（饮片）的则依次为4.8%、2.6%。45批全方的出膏率在17.2%~20.2%。药材-饮片转移率数据在波动范围内,药材-复方、饮片-复方的整体传递率分别为101.8%、83.0%。结论 身痛逐瘀汤基准样品的质量属性可采用总量统计矩分析法、一次投料量分析法等进行研究,该方法可在一定程度上印证超分子“印迹模板”理论。     

经典名方枇杷清肺饮的UPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量分析

目的 建立枇杷清肺饮物质基准的超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）指纹图谱，并建立同时测定其5种指标成分含量的定量分析方法，为该经典名方的质量控制及评价提供参考。方法 采用ACQUITY UPLC^? CSH^TM C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm，1.7 μm），以乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸水溶液（B）为流动相梯度洗脱（0~7 min，5%~7%A；7~11 min，7%~8%A；11~22 min，8%~14%A；22~30 min，14%~15%A；30~35 min，15%~25%A；35~42 min，25%~40%A；42~45 min，40%~50%A；45~50 min，50%~60%A），流速0.35 mL·min^-1，柱温25 ℃，检测波长278 nm和248 nm。建立15批枇杷清肺饮物质基准的UPLC指纹图谱，应用“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”软件（2012版）进行相似度分析，并对共有峰进行归属。采用聚类分析（CA），主成分分析（PCA）及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析（OPLS-DA）对指纹图谱数据进行评价。利用UPLC指纹图谱方法测定5种成分的含量。结果 指纹图谱及含量测定方法的各项方法学验证均良好，15批枇杷清肺饮物质基准与对照指纹图谱的相似度均≥0.997，共标定了23个共有峰，指认出了11个色谱峰。CA，PCA及OPLS-DA可将15批物质基准分为两类。盐酸黄柏碱、绿原酸、盐酸小檗碱、盐酸巴马汀、甘草酸铵5种成分在一定质量浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（R²均>0.999），平均加样回收率96.47%~101.16%，在各物质基准中的质量分数范围分别为0.87~2.00，1.53~5.95，18.45~33.97，3.87~6.29，1.02~4.12 mg·g^-1。结论 建立的枇杷清肺饮UPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定方法专属性强、分离度好、灵敏度高，除人参药味以外均有表征，可为该方剂复方制剂的质量控制与评价提供参考。     

关于2010年版《中国药典》栀子药材含量测定指标选择的商榷

目的: 完善栀子药材的HPLC质量控制指标. 方法: 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相乙腈(A)-0.2%磷酸溶液(B)梯度洗脱(0~15 min,6%~16%A;15~22 min,16%~21%A;22~34 min,21%~24%A;34~50 min,24%~42%A),京尼平苷、西红花苷-1的检测波长分别为238,440 nm. 结果: 不同产地栀子中京尼平苷质量分数23.025~53.693 mg·g^-1,均符合2010年版《中国药典》≥1.8%的规定;其中2批栀子的外观颜色为灰棕色、棕黄色,西红花苷-1的含量极低,分别为1.963,3.434 mg·g^-1,应为不合格药材. 结论: 仅以京尼平苷作为栀子药材的质量控制指标不够合理,建议增加西红花苷-1的含量测定,为新版《中国药典》的修订提供参考.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。