因病施治合理治疗长骨节段性缺损

长骨节段性缺损往往继发于高能量损伤或肿瘤切除,其修复是骨科医生面临的一个难题.     

Amniotic membrane attenuates heterotopic ossification following high-dose bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment of segmental bone defects

Treatment of large bone defects with supraphysiological doses of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been associated with complications including heterotopic ossification (HO), inflammation, and pain, presumably due to poor spatiotemporal control of BMP-2. We have previously recapitulated extensive HO in our rat femoral segmental defect model by treatment with high-dose BMP-2 (30 μg). Using this model and BMP-2 dose, our objective was to evaluate the utility of a clinically available human amniotic membrane (AM) around the defect space for guided bone regeneration and reduction of HO. We hypothesized that AM surrounding collagen sponge would attenuate heterotopic ossification compared with collagen sponge alone. In vitro, AM retained more BMP-2 than a synthetic poly(ε-caprolactone) membrane through 21 days. In vivo, as hypothesized, the collagen + AM resulted in significantly less heterotopic ossification and correspondingly, lower total bone volume (BV), compared with collagen sponge alone. Although bone formation within the defect was delayed with AM around the defect, by 12 weeks, defect BVs were equivalent. Torsional stiffness was significantly reduced with AM but was equivalent to that of intact bone. Collagen + AM resulted in the formation of dense fibrous tissue and mineralized tissue, while the collagen group contained primarily mineralized tissue surrounded by marrow-like structures. Especially in conjunction with high doses of growth factor delivered via collagen sponge, these findings suggest AM may be effective as an overlay adjacent to bone healing sites to spatially direct bone regeneration and minimize heterotopic ossification.     

Masquelet技术治疗开放性pilon骨折骨缺损

目的 探讨Masquelet技术治疗开放性pilon骨折骨缺损的疗效. 方法 对2005年8月至2010年6月采用Masquelet技术治疗的16例开放性pilon骨折骨缺损患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,男11例,女5例;年龄20 ～67岁,平均36.5岁;右侧10例,左侧6例;骨折按AO/ASIF分型:C2型7例,C3型9例.长段缺损5例,腔隙性缺损11例.开放性损伤按Gustilo分型:ⅢA型10例,ⅢB型6例.所有患者先进行清创,将带抗生素的骨水泥植入骨缺损处,并用外固定支架临时固定,6～8周后待软组织肿胀消退无明显感染迹象后拆除外固定支架,并行切开复位钢板内固定及植骨术. 结果 所有患者术后获6 ～48个月(平均24个月)随访,均未出现伤口深部感染和皮肤坏死.骨折复位影像学评估按照Burwell-Charnley标准:解剖复位6例,功能复位9例,复位差1例.骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间为13～58周,平均21周.踝关节功能按美国足踝外科协会的踝-后足功能评分标准评定,评分为62 ～98分,平均85.6分. 结论 采用Masquelet技术治疗开放性pilon骨折骨缺损可以取得良好的疗效,且手术方法简便.     

Antibiotic cement-coated interlocking nail for the treatment of infected nonunions and segmental bone defects

Chronic infection of bone with nonunion and/or bone defects is traditionally treated by a 2-stage procedure involving initial debridement and antibiotic delivery and then definitive internal fixation. Alternatively, external fixators are used to provide stability. A technique with which antibiotic cement-coated interlocking intramedullary nails are prepared in the operating room with the use of nails and materials that generally are available is herein described. Although useful for all infected nonunions and/or segmental bone defects, this technique is particularly useful for patients who are not ideal candidates for external fixation and for those who do not want to have an external fixator applied. This technique was used in a series of 20 patients. In 17 patients, the goal of bony union was achieved (85%). In the remaining 3 patients (15%), the goal of control of infection was achieved with stable nonunion (1 patient) and stable nonunion with cement spacer (2 patients). In 95% of the patients (19 of 20 patients) control of infection was achieved except for in 1 patient, who had a bony union with intermittent wound discharge and subsequently underwent an above-the-knee amputation. Three patients (15%) needed exchange nailing to another antibiotic cement-coated nail (for continued infection) before complete control of infection could be achieved. Four patients (20%) experienced cement-nail debonding during removal of the antibiotic cement-coated nail (3 during exchange to an uncoated intramedullary nail, 1 during removal at the request of patient). One patient experienced partial debonding at insertion, coinciding with the site of segmental defect, which was treated with an antibiotic cement spacer. In summary, control of infection and stability to promote union has traditionally been provided by 2 separate procedures, which have proved to be efficacious in the past. However, both these goals can be achieved in half the patients with 1 surgical procedure in a variety of scenarios using the technique of an antibiotic cement-coated intramedullary nail.     

诱导膜技术治疗大段骨缺损研究进展

由创伤、骨髓炎、肿瘤引起的大段骨缺损的治疗一直是临床治疗的难点,以往针对大段骨缺损的治疗存在诸多修复重建的方法,但是存在技术治疗周期长、对技术要求高、较易出现骨折不愈合等缺点。2000年Masquelet报道了诱导膜技术以后,该技术被广泛应用于治疗创伤、骨髓炎、肿瘤引起的大段骨缺损,并获得了良好的疗效。其具有疗程短、愈合率高、操作简便,易于掌握等优点。诱导膜具有独特的结构特征和生物学特性,膜内包含的多种促成骨因子,如血管内皮生长因、骨形态发生蛋白-2、转化生长因子-β1等,可促进成骨,加速骨愈合。随着诱导膜技术的不断发展,铰刀冲洗抽吸技术、组织工程技术、内固定技术等技术的运用可以为缺损区提供骨源、促进骨缺损重建、改善远期肢体功能,减少并发症。本文回顾性的总结了Masquelet技术在治疗大段骨缺损中的实验研究和临床研究进展。     

Management of posttraumatic segmental bone defects

Because of difficulty in managing posttraumatic segmental bone defects and the resultant poor outcomes, amputation historically was the preferred treatment. Massive cancellous bone autograft has been the principal alternative to amputation. Primary shortening or use of the adjacent fibula as a graft also has been used to attempt limb salvage. Of more recent methods of management, bone transport with distraction osteogenesis has been suggested as the leading option for defects of 2 to 10 cm, but problems include delayed union at the docking site and prolonged treatment time. Free vascularized bone transfer has been suggested as the leading option for defects of 5 to 12 cm, but hypertrophy of the graft is unreliable and late fracture, common. Bone graft substitutes continue to be developed, but they have not yet reached clinical efficacy for posttraumatic segmental bone defects. Although each of the new techniques has shown some limited success, complications remain common.     

组织工程骨修复节段性骨缺损的实验研究

目的 探讨用多孔β-磷酸三钙生物陶瓷（β-tricalcium phosphate,β-TCP）与自体骨髓问充质干细胞（autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,MSC）构建组织工程骨修复节段性骨缺损的效果。方法 在羊左跖骨中段形成21mm长的骨缺损,实验组植入组织工程骨;对照组单纯植入β-TCP;空白组骨缺损不作处理。术后1、3、6个月分批处死动物,缺损区行放射学、组织学、生物力学和扫描电镜等检测。空白对照组6个月取材。结果 实验组,骨缺损部位新生类骨样组织、编织骨和板状骨出现的时间都较对照组早,并且不经软骨介导即能直接成骨,而对照组以“爬行替代”方式修复骨缺损。放射学和生物力学检测显示术后6个月实验组骨缺损几乎完全修复,对照组部分修复,而空白组未愈合。结论 组织工程骨能加速骨缺损愈合的速度,其修复过程可超越“爬行替代”阶段;组织工程骨是治疗节段性骨缺损的一种较好选择方式。     

膜诱导技术治疗肢体肿瘤切除后骨干缺损的初期疗效分析

目的 探讨应用Masquelet膜诱导技术治疗肢体肿瘤切除后长节段骨缺损的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年12月至2018年12月我院应用膜诱导技术治疗的5例骨肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中男4例,女1例,年龄为15~60岁,平均为35.8岁。病人均实施序贯性治疗方案：第1阶段彻底切除肿瘤的基础上,内固定稳定骨端和置入骨水泥间隔物;第2阶段,去除间隔物,在诱导膜内植入自体松质骨修复骨缺损。采用Ilizarov方法研究与应用协会（Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov, ASAMI）评价标准评价综合疗效,美国肌肉骨骼肿瘤学会（Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS）评分系统评价病人功能恢复情况。结果 病人骨缺损长度为8.5~11.0 cm,平均为9.5 cm。5例病人术后获10~34个月的随访,平均为15.4个月,无局部复发,无感染发生。骨愈合时间为第二阶段后4.2~11.0个月,平均为6.4个月。ASAMI评定标准均为优秀,MSTS评分平均为27.4分（25~29分）。1例出现骨质部分吸收,成骨菲薄,但功能正常。结论 Masquelet膜诱导技术治疗肿瘤切除后节段性骨缺损,是一种安全、简便、可靠的方法。     

Vascularized fibular grafts for the reconstruction of segmental tibial bone defects

Free vascularized fibular grafts were employed in seven patients with large tibial defects following trauma or resection of tumour. All patients were followed for more than 5 years. Tibial union and excellent functional results were achieved in all seven patients. Free vascularized fibular transfer seems to be an effective method of treatment for massive segmental bone defects.     

Immediate corticocancellous bone autografting in segmental bone defects of the hand

We performed a retrospective analysis of 12 type III open hand fractures in seven patients with segmental bone loss and associated soft tissue injuries to determine the effectiveness of immediate autologous corticocancellous bone grafting. Radical débridement and fracture fixation were performed prior to bone grafting. Results were interpreted according to clinical and radiologic time of bony healing, rate of infection, time to return to regular work duty, grip strength, rate of complications and range of motion. The final union rate was 92%, with a mean time to bony union of 18 weeks. The infection rate was 0%. The mean time to return to regular work duty, including recovery time after secondary surgeries, was 5 months and 21 days. All patients returned to their pre-injury employment. The mean total active motion of the combined metacarpophalangeal proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints in bone-grafted digits was 178 +/- 53 degrees at final follow-up.     

Preparation of cement spacer in treatment of segmental bone defects in children by the induced membrane technique: A technical note

The Masquelet Induced Membrane Technique (IMT) is one of the tools in the surgeon’s armamentarium for the management of segmental bone defects. The first stage of the IMT includes the insertion of a cement spacer, which is typically fashioned by the free-hand technique. We propose a novel technique for preparation of the cement spacer using a split syringe barrel as a mould. This technique produces a uniformly cylindrical spacer with minimum cement spillage, while also minimizing thermal damage to the surrounding soft tissues. It is a simple and cost-effective method that can be adapted for use in any long bone in children.     

Ilizarov骨搬移技术在胫骨骨折术后骨感染骨缺损中的应用

目的探讨Ilizarov骨搬移技术治疗胫骨骨折术后骨感染骨缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-06—2013-06应用Ilizarov骨搬移技术治疗27例胫骨骨折术后骨感染。结果 27例术后均获得平均28(16~50)个月随访。骨搬移长度平均7.9(5~12)cm,搬移时间平均78(55~160)d,骨搬移停止至拆除外固定架时间平均180(95~220)d。出现针道感染2例,停止搬移,静点抗生素、对症处理后感染控制;出现牵张成骨区成骨不全1例,植骨后愈合;拆除外架后发生牵张成骨区骨折1例,经内固定后骨愈合;骨搬移停止后,对15例断端进行去除嵌压组织、新鲜化处理后断端骨性愈合,9例无需进一步手术,通过断端加压后骨愈合,3例加压固定3个月后无明显愈合表现,按照骨不连处理方案,应用手风琴技术处理后顺利愈合。结论应用Ilizarov骨搬移技术治疗胫骨骨折术后骨感染骨缺损可以取得满意的疗效,骨搬移过程中的环形固定器有利于畸形矫正,但患者对单边固定器有更好的耐受性。严谨的术前设计、精细的术中操作、耐心细致的术后随访是治疗成功的必要保证。     

Management of segmental skeletal defects by the induced membrane technique

Background:

Surgical reconstruction of segmental skeletal defects represents a true challenge for the orthopedic surgeons. Recently, Masquelet et al. described a two-stage technique for reconstruction of bone defects, known as the induced membrane technique. The aim of this study is to assess the results of the induced membrane technique in the management of segmental skeletal defects resulting from debridement of bone infection.

Materials and Methods:

Seventeen patients with segmental skeletal defects were treated in our institution by the induced membrane technique. The average age of the patients was 43 years (range 26- 58 years). The causes of the defects were infected gap nonunion in 12 cases and debridement of osteomyelitis in 5 cases. The defects were located in the tibia (n = 13) and the femur (n = 4). The mean defect was 7 cm (range 4 cm - 11 cm). All cases were treated by the induced membrane technique in two-stages.

Results:

Bone union happened in 14 patients. The limb length discrepancy did not exceed 2.5 cm in the healed cases. The mean time of healing was 10 months (range 6-19 months). The complications included nonunion of the graft in five cases, failure of graft maturation in two cases, reactivation of infection in two cases and refracture after removal of the frame in one case. These complications were managed during the course of treatment and they did not affect the final outcome in all patients except three.

Conclusion:

The induced membrane technique is a valid option for the management of segmental skeletal defects. It is a simple and straight forward procedure, but the time required for growth and maturation of the graft is relatively long.     

骨髓基质干细胞联合血管束植入构筑血管化组织工程骨修复兔大段骨缺损

目的 研究兔骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)联合动静脉血管束植入异种脱蛋白松质骨(XDCB)构筑血管化组织工程骨修复兔桡骨中远段完全骨膜骨缺损的能力. 方法 从兔髂嵴捕骨髓培养制备兔BMSCs,将第5代BMSCs种植于多孔XDCB,并进行成骨诱导2周制备组织工程骨,手术中分离兔桡动、静脉血管束.动物模型为制备24只兔舣侧桡骨中远段完全骨膜骨缺损1.5 cm共48侧,分4组修复(n=12),A组为空白未治疗组,B组为单纯材料+血管束植入组(XDCB+VB),C组为组织工程骨组(XDCB+BMSCs),D组为组织工程骨+血管束植入组(XDCB+BMSCs+VB),符组交叉配对.分别于术后4、8、12周行X线片、大体解剖、组织切片、生物力学等检查,观察各组骨缺损修复效能及移植物血管化情况.结果 D组骨缺损修复效能(术后12周新骨面积比2.02%±0.16%)及血管化情况(术后12周血管面积比6.89%±0.32%)优于C组(1.50%±0.28%和3.17%±0.19%),而C组又优于B组(1.59%±0.19%和6.52%±0.23%),A组骨缺损未修复,各组结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 BMSCs联合动静脉血管束植入构筑的血管化组织工程骨能促进成骨过程和新生骨的血管化,显著提高组织工程骨修复大段骨缺损的能力.     

Autologous bone grafting on steroids: preliminary clinical results. A novel treatment for nonunions and segmental bone defects

Clinical management of delayed healing or nonunion of long bone fractures and segmental bone defects poses a substantial orthopaedic challenge. Surgical advances and bone tissue engineering are providing new avenues to stimulate bone growth in cases of bone loss and nonunion. The reamer-irrigator-aspirator (RIA) device allows surgeons to aspirate the medullary contents of long bones and use the progenitor-rich “flow-through” fraction in autologous bone grafting. Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic steroid that has been shown to induce osteoblastic differentiation. A series of 13 patients treated with RIA bone grafting enhanced with DEX for nonunion or segmental defect was examined retrospectively to assess the quality of bony union and clinical outcomes. Despite the initial poor prognoses, promising results were achieved using this technique; and given the complexity of these cases the observed success is of great value and warrants controlled study into both standardisation of the procedure and concentration of the grafting material.     

Homologous growth hormone accelerates healing of segmental bone defects

The effect of homologous recombinant porcine growth hormone (r-pGH) on secondary fracture healing was investigated in a diaphyseal defect of the tibia in Yucatan micropigs. A 1 cm defect of the tibia was created surgically and stabilized with an AO 3.5 mm DCP plate. The treatment group (12 animals) received 100 microg of r-pGH per kilogram of body weight subcutaneously once per day, whereas the control pigs (12 animals) received 1 mL of sodium chloride as placebo. For evaluation of the GH-axis, serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were sampled every fourth day. The animals were killed 6 weeks after surgery. Quantitative computed tomography (qCT) was performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the defect zone. The torsional stiffness and the torsional failure load were measured by destructive torsional testing of the defect and contralateral tibiae. qCT measurements revealed a significant increase in the BMC of the defect zone in the treatment group compared with controls (GH BMC = 2833 +/- 679 mg, placebo BMC = 2215 +/- 636 mg; p < 0.05), whereas the BMD values were similar in both groups (GH BMD = 668 +/- 60 mg/mm(2), placebo BMD = 629 +/- 52 mg/mm(2), p = 0.12). Torsional failure load was 70% higher and torsional stiffness 83% higher in the treatment group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The mean serum level of IGF-I in the treatment group increased to 382% of the preoperative basal level and decreased to 69% in the control group, and this difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). Our data indicate that daily administration of recombinant GH leads to an increase of serum IGF-I levels and stimulates secondary fracture healing, resulting in increased mechanical strength and stiffness of the callus.     

瘤段切除骨水泥填充治疗四肢骨肿瘤

骨肿瘤行瘤段切除后遗留大段骨缺损 ,临床上修复方法很多。我院自 1997年以来 ,采用自制骨水泥假体修复骨缺损 17例 ,获得良好疗效。1　材料与方法1 1　病例资料　本组共 17例 ,男 11例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 30～ 82岁。其中肱骨 3例 ,尺桡骨 3例 ,股骨 7例 ,胫骨 4例。肿瘤病理类型为骨肉瘤、成骨肉瘤、尤文瘤、内生软骨瘤伴病理性骨折、Ⅱ～Ⅲ级骨巨细胞瘤。1 2　治疗方法　术前常规活检 ,适合化疗类型作术前化疗。手术距肿瘤边界 5ｃｍ以上将瘤骨及周围被侵犯的软组织一并切除。调好骨水泥 ,注入髓腔 ,选取大小合适、材料强度高的髓内针插入两…