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1.

Objectives

The association between schizophrenia and violence represents an important issue in psychiatry. Often highly publicized, violent acts raise the question of their detection, prevention, management and treatment. There is no single, direct and exclusive link between aggressiveness and the underlying psychiatric disorder. On the contrary, the processes underlying this violence are multiple and interlinked. In addition to static and dynamic risk factors, cognitive deficits play an important role in the genesis and maintenance of violent and aggressive behavior.

Methods

Using recent data from the international literature and the main databases, we first clarify the role played by cognitive deficits in the violence of patients with schizophrenia. We then evaluate the place of psychosocial interventions such as cognitive remediation and social cognitive training in managing the violent and aggressive behavior of these patients.

Results

Executive functions and working memory are the most studied neurocognitive functions in the field of violence in schizophrenia. Impulsivity, lack of cognitive flexibility, lack of adaptation and inhibition of automatic motor responses, and altered anger regulation may explain this relationship. Three main components of social cognition are associated with violent behaviors in schizophrenia: (1) the recognition of facial emotions through the inoperability of systems of “emotional monitoring”, violent inhibition and recognition of informative facial zones; (2) the theory of the mind through the erroneous interpretation of the intentions of others; (3) the attributional style through the preferentially aggressive over interpretation of social situations and weak capacities of introspection. Overall, cognitive biases inhibit response in a socially acceptable manner and increase the risk of responding impulsively and aggressively to a stressful or provocative situation. In this context, we studied the place held by psychosocial interventions in the management of the violent and aggressive behaviors of these patients. Various cognitive remediation programs have shown their feasibility in people with schizophrenia and neurocognitive deficits with a history of violence as well as their effectiveness in reducing violence, mainly by reducing impulsivity. Similarly, specific programs dedicated to social cognitive training such as Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT), Reasoning and Rehabilitation Mental Health Program (R&R2 MHP) and Metacognitive Training (MCT) have shown their positive impact on the control and reduction of global aggressive attitudes and on the numbers of physical and verbal aggressive incidents in schizophrenia. The improvement of social cognition would be achieved through the amendment of interpersonal relationships and social functioning. These interventions are effective at different stages of disease progression, in patients with varied profiles, on violent attitudes in general and on the number of verbal and physical attacks, whether for in-patients or out-patients. Beneficial effects can last up to 12 months after termination of the study program. The interest of these interventions is preventive if the subject never entered in a violent register or curative in case of a personal history of violence. This type of care can be considered from a symptomatic point of view by limiting downstream the heavy consequences of such acts, but also etiologically by acting on one of the causes of violent behavior. Compliance with the eligibility criteria, carrying out a prior functional analysis and confirmation of the major impulsive part of the patient's violence are prerequisites for the use of these programs. Similarly, the early introduction of such therapies, their repetition over time and the integration of the patient into a comprehensive process of psychosocial rehabilitation will ensure the best chance of success.

Conclusions

Some cognitive impairments appear to have their place in the genesis, progression and maintenance of violent acts of individuals with schizophrenia. Their management thus opens new therapeutic perspectives such as cognitive remediation, still rarely used in this aim, to complement the action of the traditional care tools. However, further therapeutic trials are needed before considering cognitive remediation and social cognitive training as central care modalities in the therapeutic control of violence in schizophrenia.  相似文献   

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Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié cinq cas de sclérose tubéreuse, dont trois autopsiés. À partir des lésions cutanées, ils ont soupçonné que le processus était essentiellement une perturbation métabolique des organes atteints, due à des malformations vasculaires. L'étude des lésions encéphaliques confirma l'hypothèse. En effet, l'examen microscopique de coupes colorées par les méthodes classiques pour l'étude des cellules nerveuses, de la glie et des vaisseaux révélèrent que les cellules monstrueuses de la sclérose tubéreuse sont des éléments dégénérés des trois lignages qui donnent le tissue nerveux, et, d'un autre côté, montrèrent que, semblablement à ce qui arrive pour le peau, les vaisseaux de ce tissu sont mal formés dans cette maladie. À partir de ces données, ils formulèrent une nouvelle conception pathogénique pour expliquer la maladie.
Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser untersuchten fünf Fälle von tuberöser Sklerose, darunter drei autoptisch verifizierte. Auf Grund der Hautveränderungen vermuten sie, daß der Prozeß im wesentlichen eine Stoffwechselstörung der betroffenen Organe infolge von Gefäßmißbildungen darstellen könnte. Die Untersuchung der Hirnveränderungen bekräftigte diese Hypothese. Die histologische Untersuchung mittels der klassischen Routinefärbungen für Nervenzellen, Glia und Gefäße zeigte, daß es sich bei den Monstrezellen der tuberösen Sklerose um degenerierte Elemente der drei Bauteile des Nervengewebes handelt und daß anderseits — in Analogie zu den Hautveränderungen — eine Fehlbildung der Gefäße im ZNS vorliegt. Auf Grund dieser Befunde wird eine neue pathogenetische Konzeption der Erkrankung formuliert.


Avec 5 illustrations dans le texte

Ouvrage couronné du prix Alvarenga de 1963 de l'Académie Nationale de Médicine du Brésil.  相似文献   

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This paper from a group of French experts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) presents an update of recent advances in fundamental, epidemiological and clinical research in ALS. Recent development in the pathogenesis of ALS suggests that motor neuron degeneration is a multifactorial and noncell autonomous process. Research has been advanced through the identification of the TAR-DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) as a common neuropathological marker of ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions. Recently, mutations in the TDP-43 gene have been described in individuals with familial and sporadic ALS. Fundamental research in ALS is expected to lead to the disclosure of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A small trial has suggested that lithium carbonate may slow ALS progression but larger trials will be needed to confirm these results.  相似文献   

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Objective

The aim of this review was to determine the clinical and biological predictors of the ketamine response.

Methods

A systematic research on PubMed and PsycINFO database was performed without limits on year of publication.

Results

The main predictive factors of ketamine response, which were found in different studies, were (i) a family history of alcohol dependence, (ii) unipolar depressive disorder, and (iii) neurocognitive impairments, especially a slower processing speed. Many other predictive factors were identified, but not replicated, such as personal history of alcohol dependence, no antecedent of suicide attempt, anxiety symptoms. Some biological factors were also found such as markers of neural plasticity (slow wave activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism, expression of Shank 3 protein), other neurologic factors (anterior cingulate activity, concentration of glutamine/glutamate), inflammatory factors (IL-6 concentration) or metabolic factors (concentration of B12 vitamin, D- and L-serine, alterations in the mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids). This review had several limits: (i) patients had exclusively resistant major depressive episodes which represent a sub-type of depression and not all depression, (ii) response criteria were more frequently assessed than remission criteria, it was therefore difficult to conclude that these predictors were similar, and finally (iii) many studies used a very small number of patients.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this review found that some predictors of ketamine response, like basal activity of anterior cingulate or vitamin B12 concentration, were identical to other therapeutics used in major depressive episode. These factors could be more specific to the major depressive episode and not to the ketamine response. Others, like family history of alcohol dependence, body mass index, or D- and L-serine were different from the other therapeutics. Neurocognitive impairments like slower speed processing or alterations in attention tests were also predictive to a good response. These predictive factors could be more specific to ketamine. With these different predictor factors (clinical and biological), it could be interesting to develop clinical strategies to personalize ketamine's administration.  相似文献   

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Résumé Le système nerveux végétatif joue le rôle principal dans la régulation de la circulation sanguine périphérique. La vasodilatation qui se produit dans les organes au travail est déclenchée par tous les acides produits par le métabolisme, par des produits intermédiaires non-acides de ce métabolisme, ainsi que par l'acétylcholine, l'adénosine-triphosphate et l'histamine. Les artères afférentes à ces organes sont dilatées par un réflexe, le réflexe nutritif ascendant deFleisch, dont le mécanisme est le suivant: les métabolites mentionnés plus haut excitent une sensibilité nutritive tissulaire, ce qui détermine des impulsions nerveuses qui se remontent aux artères afférentes. En bloquant cette sensibilité nutritive tissulaire par la novocaïne, on inhibe la dilatation artérielle qui se produit normalement pendant le travail. En même temps que les artères des organes au travail se dilatent, il se produit une vasoconstriction collatérale dans les organes au repos. Cette vasoconstriction est déclenchée par trois mécanismes: 1. Les réflexes nutritifs ascendants élèvent le tonus du centre vasomoteur; 2. Ce tonus est également augmenté par l'élévation du taux du CO2 dans le sang; 3. La production d'adrénaline déclenche une casoconstriction dans les organes au repos.
Summary The vegetative nervous system plays the principal role in the regulation of the peripheral circulation. The vasodilatation which arises in organs during work is produced by all acid products of metabolism, and also by non-acid intermediary products, as well as by acetylcholine, adenosine-triphosphate and histamine. The afferent arteries to these organs are dilated by a reflex, the ascendant nutritive reflex ofFleisch, the mechanism is as follows:The aforementioned metabolites excite a nutritive sensibility existing in the tissues, which now determines nervous impulses going to the afferent arteries. On blocking this nutritive tissue sensibility with novocaine, we inhibit the arterial dilatation normally produced during work. At the same time that the arteries of the organs at work dilate, there is a collateral vasoconstriction produced in the organs at rest. This vasoconstriction is a result of three mechanisms: 1. The ascending nutritive reflexes which raise the tonus of the vaso-motor center 2. This tonus is also augmented by the elevation of the amount of CO2 in the blood. 3. The secretion of adrenaline gives rise to a vasoconstriction in the organs at rest.

Zusammenfassung Das neurovegetative Nervensystem bildet die Grundlage der Regulierung des peripheren Kreislaufs. Die lokale Gefäßerweiterung in arbeitenden Organen wird bewirkt durch alle beim Stoffwechsel gebildeten Säuren und durch nichtsaure intermediäre Produkte, ferner durch Acetylcholin, Adenosintriphosphat und Histamin. Die zum arbeitenden Organ führenden Arterien werden durch die aszendierenden nutritiven Kreislaufreflexe (Fleisch) erweitert. Ihre Funktionsweise ist folgende: Die oben genannten Stoffwechselprodukte erregen eine im Gewebe befindliche nutritive Sensibilität, von wo aus dilatierende Impulse zu den zuführenden Arterien aufsteigen. Blockierung dieser Sensibilität durch Novocain unterdrückt die arterielle Gefäßerweiterung bei Arbeit.Die Gefäßerweiterung in arbeitenden Organen ist begleitet von einer kollateralen Vasokonstriktion in den ruhenden Organen. An ihrer Entstehung sind drei Mechanismen beteiligt: 1. Die aszendierenden nutritiven Reflexe erhöhen den Tonus des Vasomotorenzentrums 2. Dasselbe wird bewirkt durch die Anreicherung von CO2 im Blute. 3. Adrenalinausschüttung erzeugt Vasokonstriktion in ruhenden Organen.
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Introduction

The course of schizophrenia can vary widely, and patients experience remission phases alternating with relapse episodes, which generally lead to hospitalisation and have a significant impact on the burden of disease. The prevalence of schizophrenia in France is estimated to be approximately 600,000 people, with an incidence of 10,000 new patients per year. Patients with schizophrenia represent the largest group of hospitalised patients in French public institutions and specialised centres, and the French authorities recognise that the management of schizophrenia is a major public health concern. The Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) and most of the evidence-based guidelines for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia recommend long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics to be used predominantly in the prevention of relapse for non-compliant patients; however, in clinical practice, the use of LAIs remains low.

Objective

This analysis aimed to estimate and to compare the cost-effectiveness of the most common antipsychotic strategies in France in the management of schizophrenia.

Methods

A Markov model was developed to simulate the progression of a cohort of patients with schizophrenia through four health states (stable treated, stable non-treated, relapse and death) and considered up to three lines of treatment to account for changes in treatment management. Antipsychotics including aripiprazole LAI (ALAI), olanzapine LAI (OLAI), paliperidone LAI (PLAI), risperidone LAI (RLAI), haloperidol decanoate (HD) and oral olanzapine (OO) were compared in terms of costs and clinical outcomes. Thus, costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and number of relapses were assessed over five years based on three-month cycles from a French health insurance perspective with a discount rate of 4 %. Patients were considered to be stabilised after clinical decompensation and would enter the model at an initiation phase, followed by a prevention of relapse phase if successful. Data (e.g. relapse or discontinuation rates) for the initiation phase came from randomised clinical trials, whereas relapse rates in the prevention phase were derived from hospitalisation risks based on French real-life data in order to capture adherence effects. Safety and utility data were derived from international publications. Additionally costs were retrieved from French health insurance databases and publications. Robustness of results was assessed through deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

First and second generations of LAIs were found to have similar costs over five years; i.e. approximately € 55,000, except for PLAI which was associated with a discounted cost of € 50,880. Oral antipsychotics were found to be less costly (i.e. OO cost € 50,379 after five years) but associated with a lower number of QALYs gained and relapse avoided. PLAI and RLAI were associated with the greatest number of QALYs gained; i.e. PLAI dominated ALAI, OLAI and HD and was associated with an incremental costs-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of € 2411 per QALY gained versus OO. Finally, PLAI and OLAI were associated with the lowest number of relapses; i.e. PLAI dominated RLAI, ALAI and HLAI and was associated with an ICER of € 1782 per avoided relapse compared to OO. OO and HD were found to have led to the highest number of relapses.

Conclusion

This analysis, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind to assess the cost-effectiveness of antipsychotics based on French observational data. PLAI was associated with the highest probability of being the optimal treatment from the French health insurance perspective.  相似文献   

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IntroductionCognitive disorders such as deficit of attention and executive and visuoconstructive dysfunctions occur in Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Memory impairment is not an early feature and statement not well delimited.Case reportA 78-year-old man with PDD underwent neuropsychological assessment and moreover demonstrated memory decline. After death, pathology examination of the brain and immunohistochemy analysis confirmed PD and showed Lewy body pathology (LBP) in the insula, limbic and especially in CA3 hippocampus areas. Hippocampus and gyrus parahippocampic also exhibited neurofibrillary tangles. Lack of senile plaque and lack of beta A4 amyloid deposition were noticeable in the whole brain examination.ConclusionSevere executive dysfunctions are probably related to LBP and dysfunction in memory process may be related to DNF lesions in medial temporal area.  相似文献   

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Recent waves of attacks in France have led health and justice professionals to meet, exchange and work together, with a goal that is common: the care of people with radicalization issues. The operationalization of this objective macro makes it possible to distinguish the missions of the different actors at stake. Thus, the question of care requires the definition of the object of intervention, the purpose, rehabilitative and/or therapeutic, and the means available. In this interview, members of the ARCA, Erwan Dieu and Olivier Sorel evoke the place of integrative psychotherapy in the management of radicalization issues. The purpose of this discussion is to clarify the functions and objectives of each of the actors at the interface of people presenting this form of radicalism.  相似文献   

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Résumé Le pinéalocyte de la femelle du Lérot, présente des caractéristiques ultrastructurales corrélatives à un état génital donné.Ainsi, pendant la période hivernale, alors que cette espèce est au repos sexuel, le pinéalocyte est particulièrement riche en liposomes, corps myéliniques, lysosomes; il en est de même au cours du repos estival. Ces organites, ainsi qu'un nombre élevé de vacuoles intracellulaires sont très développés chez le Lérot maintenu artificiellement en anoestrus au cours de la période normale d'activité génitale par privation de lumière.Chez l'animal témoin, après le réveil vernal, lorsque l'activité génitale se développe, il y a une forte réduction des liposomes, le nombre de R.C.V. augmente ainsi que celui des grains de sécrétion.Cet aspect ultrastructural peut être obtenu pendant la période hivernale chez des animaux maintenus à 22° soumis à une illumination continue et qui manifestent par ailleurs une activation génitale précoce. Lorsque l'illumination est de longue durée et se poursuit au cours de la phase génitale saisonnière, des citernes ergastoplasmiques dilatées se développent. Il semble alors que la lumiére cesse d'être activatrice ou finisse par inhiber les mécanismes gonadostimulants.Les éléments ultrastructuraux du pinéalocyte, caractéristiques d'un état génital donné, se développent en général avant l'apparition de cet état.La signification fonctionnelle de ces organites n'est actuellement pas connue.
Influence of the Photoperiod on the Ultrastructure of the Pineal Gland Before and During the Seasonal Genital Cycle in the Female Garden Dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.)
Summary The pinealocyte of the female garden dormouse presents ultrastructural characteristics correlated with the sexual cycle.In winter, during the period of sexual quiescence, the pinealocyte is very rich in liposomes, myelinic bodies and lysosomes; the same holds during the summer quiescence state. These organelles and a great number of intracellular vacuoles are very well developped in dormice artificially maintained in anoestrous during the normal sexual activity period by light deprivation.In spring liposomes are strongly reduced in animals that are awake and sexually active, whereas the number of synaptic ribbons and of densecored vesicles increases.This ultrastructural aspect can be obtained during winter quiescence in animals living at 22 °C, under continuous light, and showing early sexual activation. If illumination is prolonged over the seasonal sexual phase dilated cisterns of granular endoplasmic reticulum, filled with proteinaceous material, appear in the cell. It seems that light no more activates, but inhibits gonadostimulator mechanisms.The pinealocyte's ultrastructural elements which are characteristic of a definite sexual state generally develop before this state is fully established.Actually, the functional significance of these organelles is not known.
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Jack Kerouac's famous autobiographical novel “On the Road” tells the epic journey through the magnificent landscapes of the American continent through frantic, jazz-rhythmic writing. In this book, beyond the classical framework of a travel journal, Kerouac aspires to tell a style of existence through a style of writing. The perpetual feast of the senses and the erotic evokes the exalted adventure of the Beat Generation and testify to this style of existence characteristic of what phenomenology calls existential curiosity. In the midst of unexplored landscapes, unexpected encounters, in the aftermath of a flight to be pursued without ceasing, Kerouac aimed at the permanent improvisation, that of the “bebop”, that of the “instant literature”. The writing of a road that takes shape at the moment under the wheels of the car that traces its way as fast as it does erase it. And this is a perpetual quest for novelty, in openness to curiosity. It appears then that the phenomenological notion of this experience of curiosity, makes possible to approach the foundations and the wanderings of the beat generation, and more broadly the experience of the generations, which have succeeded.  相似文献   

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According to Bleuler (1911), language impairments were indicative of thought disorders, a fundamental feature of schizophrenia. The objectives of the present review are twofold: (1) to present the clinical interest of the use of the tests of proverbs and metaphors comprehension for the evaluation of the characteristics of thought disorders in schizophrenia, and to highlight the heterogeneity of the forms of their interpretations; (2) to present the results from neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies of metaphor comprehension in order to identify the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying metaphorical language comprehension of patients with schizophrenic disorders. Results from the reviewed clinical applications of proverbs tests showed that thought disorders in individuals with schizophrenia are illustrated by different forms of proverb interpretations: literal, concrete, idiosyncratic, over-inclusiveness and unconventional. Results from the reviewed brain imaging and neurophysiological studies showed that these different forms of figurative misinterpretations may be related to different neurocognitive mechanisms: concreteness appears to be related to the dysfunction of the left inferior frontal gyrus and inverted brain lateralization during metaphor processing in individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy individuals. During novel metaphor comprehension, which is highly effortful, individuals with schizophrenia, relative to controls, demonstrate increased activation of the right precuneus, a region that mediates complex and highly integrated functions including retrieval of episodic memory and mental imagery. These results may suggest that individuals with schizophrenia use mental imagery to support comprehension of both literal and metaphoric language. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that over-inclusive thinking, which is exhibited by individuals with schizophrenia during figurative language comprehension, could be related to very early right hemispheric hyper-activation (when a left early activation is expected) and to reduced bilateral brain activity during semantic processing. Such as reversed brain activation may explain why the individuals with schizophrenia are relatively over reliant on early-stage coarse or large semantic processing and may be prone to form meanings that are idiosyncratic and highly unconventional.  相似文献   

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