有氧运动对高血压患者血压及血浆内皮素水平的影响

目的 探讨有氧运动对原发性高血压患者血压及血浆内皮素水平的影响。方法 64例原发性高血压病患者，分为训练组（n=52)和对照组（n=12)。训练组进行为期7周，每周6次，每次1h的有氧运动，对照组照常生活。结果 训练组患者经7周运动后，血压及血乐内皮素水平均显著下降，对照组无明显变化。结论 运动训练可以降低原发性高血压患者的血压及血浆内皮素水平，促进患者早日康复。     

平板运动负荷超声心动图结合心肌声学造影对运动中高血压反应患者心肌微循环的评估

目的采用平板运动负荷超声心动图结合心肌声学造影技术评估运动中高血压反应（HRE）对心肌功能的影响。 方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月于四川省人民医院进行平板运动负荷超声心动图,同时运动过程中出现高血压反应的患者32例（HRE组）及同期进行平板运动负荷超声心动图且结果正常者28例（对照组）,运用平板运动负荷超声心动图结合心肌声学造影技术分别于基线状态及运动后即刻采集常规超声心动图及心肌灌注图像,比较不同状态下2组的运动耐量、血压、左心房和左心室大小、心室壁相对厚度、不同阶段左心室收缩功能和舒张功能及心肌灌注参数。 结果基线状态下,HRE组E/e′高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=3.018,P<0.05）。HRE组运动耐量参数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t=4.786,P<0.01）;HRE组中10例出现ST段水平或下斜型压低≥0.1 mV,对照组中无一例出现ST段改变,2组比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=24.97,P<0.01）;对照组中仅1例于运动期间出现偶发房性早搏,而HRE组中5例于运动期间出现房性或室性早搏,2组比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=21.45,P<0.05）;HRE组峰值期收缩压高于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义（t=2.131,P<0.05）;HRE组中6例出现广泛性心室壁运动幅度降低,对照组均未出现节段性心室壁运动异常,2组比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=18.58,P<0.05）;HRE组运动后e′、运动后E/e′高于对照组,2组比较差异均有统计学意义（t=2.472、3.018,P均<0.05）。基线状态下,HRE组与对照组的心内膜下心肌及心外膜下心肌的心肌血流速度、造影峰值强度和心肌血流量（MBF）比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。运动后即刻观察,HRE组心内膜下心肌广泛出现造影剂稀疏改变,其心肌血流速度、造影峰值强度、MBF均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=3.692、2.582、4.673,P均<0.05）;心外膜下心肌灌注参数造影峰值强度2组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但HRE组的心肌血流速度、MBF值低于对照组,2组比较差异均有统计学意义（t=3.147、2.375,P均<0.05）。将HRE组中出现广泛性心室壁运动幅度降低的6例与其余26例的灌注参数进行对比发现,运动幅度降低组与未降低组之间比较,运动后即刻运动幅度降低组心内膜下心肌的心肌血流速度、造影峰值强度、MBF均低于未降低组,差异均有统计学意义（t=3.487、2.453、4.298,P均<0.05）。 结论HRE患者左心室舒张功能明显降低,心肌灌注特别是心内膜下心肌微循环明显受损。平板运动负荷超声心动图作为一项简单、无创评估心脏功能的方法,结合心肌声学造影技术可在常规超声心动图正常情况下早期发现HRE患者心肌微循环功能异常,对HRE人群心脏功能异常的早期诊断及远期随访有重要的临床应用价值。     

Home-based exercise is associated with improved cardiac functional performance in patients after acute myocardial infarction

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of home-based exercise and physical activity on cardiac functional performance in patients after acute myocardial infarction (MI) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled patients that received treatment of acute ST-segment elevation MI between and were followed-up 6 months later. The patients were divided into physically active and inactive groups based on their levels of home exercise after hospital discharge.ResultsA total of 78 patients were enrolled in the study: 32 were physically active and 46 were physically inactive. The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. At the 6-month visit, left ventricular ejection fraction and six-minute walking test (6MWT) were significantly improved while the proportion of patients with a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional III classification was decreased in the active patients, whereas these parameters were not significantly changed in the inactive patients. In addition, the 6MWT was greater while the proportion of patients with an NYHA III classification was lower in the active group than the inactive group at the 6-month visit.ConclusionMaintaining physical activity at home was associated with improved cardiac functional performance in patients after acute MI during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

基于心肺运动试验客观定量评估的个体化运动在高血压患者中的应用

目的:探讨基于心肺运动试验(CPET)客观定量评估的个体化运动在高血压患者中的应用及对血压、血压变异性、脂代谢和脉搏波波形特征的影响。方法:选取2019年1月至2019年6月济宁医学院教职工中的40例高血压患者,男23例,女17例,年龄(48.5±4.6)岁,年龄范围为40～58岁。采用随机数表法将患者随机分为常规组和...     

Functional exercise capacity is associated with global functioning in patients with alcohol use disorder

This study explored whether the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score is associated with the functional exercise capacity among inpatients with alcohol use disorders (AUD). 45 (32 men) inpatients (41.1 ± 13.2 years, range = 18–70 years) performed a 6-minute walk test (6 MWT), a standing broad jump (muscle strength) and were assessed with several questionnaires. The GAF-score correlated significantly with the 6 MWT-score (Pearson's r = 0.47, p = 0.002). Variance in illness duration (11.1 ± 11.0 years) explained 27.9% of the GAF-score (50.8 ± 8.0) variance. Variance in GAF and muscle strength (148.3 ± 44.8 cm) explained 50.9% of the 6 MWT-score (638.2 ± 77.6 m) variance. Future research should explore whether improving the functional exercise capacity improves global functioning in this vulnerable population.     

心力衰竭患者脑型利钠肽与心功能和运动呼吸困难程度的关系

目的心力衰竭患者经常有心率增快和舒张功能异常,运动性呼吸困难是许多心脏病患者常见表现,本研究探讨心力衰竭患者血浆脑型利钠肽（BNP）水平与心脏功能参数及呼吸困难严重程度等因素的关系。方法对32例心力衰竭患者（心力衰竭组）进行多普勒超声心动图及血浆BNP和心房利钠肽（ANP）检测,并与30例心功能正常的健康成年人（对照组）的相同指标进行比较。另外,21例患者进行心肺运动试验,观察运动高峰BNP与心肺运动试验VE/VCO2斜率相关性。结果32例心力衰竭患者,其中18例为缺血性心脏病,14例扩张型心肌病,静态心率明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）,心力衰竭组左室内径明显增加（P〈0.05）,短轴缩短率明显异常（P〈0.05）。左房内径无明显增加,左室射血距离减低（P〈0.05）,舒张早期充盈速度无明显差别。心力衰竭组BNP水平[（13±11）pmol/L],较对照组[（4.6±2.1）pmol/L]明显增加（P〈0.05）。BNP与ANP水平呈正相关（r=0.73,P〈0.01）。心脏内径大小对BNP和ANP无明显影响。BNP水平与心率、射血时间、充盈时间、E/A比值明显相关,相关系数分别为-0.67、0.71、-0.41、0.62（P均〈0.01）,与左室内径和心房内径无相关性。ANP水平只与E/A比值高度相关（r=0.55,P〈0.05）。运动高峰BNP浓度与VE/VCO2斜率正相关（r=0.70,P〈0.01）。结论在心力衰竭患者中,血浆BNP水平能较好地反映心力衰竭患者的多普勒超声心动图心功能参数及运动呼吸困难程度的状况。     

Blunted heart rate response to upright tilt in people with Down syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether heart rate and blood pressure responses to upright tilt would be lower in subjects with Down syndrome (DS) than in control subjects with no disabilities. DESIGN: Comparative study. SETTING: University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen people with DS (mean age, 25.1+/-7.3 y) and 17 control subjects without disabilities (mean age, 28.4+/-5.6 y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Heart rate and blood pressure recordings were obtained at rest and during a 2-minute period of passive head up tilt to 80 degrees . RESULTS: Heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly during the first 30 seconds of upright tilt in both groups ( P <.05) and then stabilized for the remainder of the test. The initial heart rate response to head up tilt (first 30s) was significantly higher in controls compared with subjects with DS ( P <.05), whereas the blood pressure response did not differ between groups ( P >.05). Controlling for heart rate reserve showed a blunted heart rate response through the tilt period in subjects with DS. CONCLUSIONS: These data show a blunted heart rate response to upright tilt in people with DS, despite similar changes in blood pressure, consistent with reduced sympathoexcitation and possibly altered baroreceptor function in these people with DS.     

The effects of static muscular contraction on blood pressure, heart rate, pain ratings and pressure pain thresholds in healthy individuals and patients with fibromyalgia.

Aberrations of cardiovascular regulation and dysfunction of endogenous pain modulation have been reported in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. This study aimed at investigating the interactions between cardiovascular regulation and pain perception during static muscle contractions. Seventeen FM patients and 17 healthy controls performed a standardised static contraction (m. quadriceps femoris dx) until exhaustion. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), ratings of exertion/fatigue and pain intensity as well as pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) (at m. quadriceps dx and m. deltoideus dx) were assessed before, during and 15 min following contraction. Systolic and diastolic BP increased during contraction (p<0.001) and decreased following contraction (p<0.001) in both groups alike. A significant increase in HR was seen during contraction in FM patients (p<0.001), but not in healthy controls (difference between groups p<0.02). The rated exertion/fatigue and pain intensity increased more during contraction and remained elevated longer following contraction in the patient group. PPTs were lower in patients compared to controls at both sites at all times (p<0.001). No group differences in PPT changes over time were found. In conclusion, no indication of an attenuated cardiovascular response to exercise was found in our FM patients. The more pronounced HR increase in patients during contraction was most likely due to deconditioning. No exercise related change in PPTs was seen in either group, most likely due to insufficient exercise intensity, but the contraction induced pain was more pronounced in the FM patients.     

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is not associated with increased levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with ischaemic heart disease

BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma total homocysteine appears to be related to endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide production. We aimed to investigate [1] whether elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine are associated with high plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, and [2] whether reduction of plasma total homocysteine levels by folate and vitamin B supplementation lowers plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients with ischaemic heart disease and with plasma total homocysteine levels of 15.0 micromol L-1 were randomized to open therapy with folic acid, pyridoxine and cyancobalamin for 3 months (n = 30) or to no treatment (n = 30). Samples were also obtained from 34 patients with plasma total homocysteine levels of 8.0 micromol L-1 on admission. RESULTS: Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in patients with elevated total homocysteine levels were not significantly higher (0.68 +/- 0.19 micromol L-1) than in patients with low total homocysteine levels (0.61 +/- 0.10 micromol L-1; P = 0.08). Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine level in the vitamin supplemented group was 0.65 +/- 0.12 micromol L-1 before, and 0.64 +/- 0.12 micromol L-1 after 3 months of vitamin supplementation (NS). Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine levels were correlated with serum cystatin C levels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A nonsignificant trend to increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with high plasma total homocysteine levels may be explained by concomitant subtle renal dysfunction. Substantial reduction of plasma total homocysteine did not affect the level of plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine.     

Response of sympathetic nervous system activity to exercise in patients with congestive heart failure

To investigate the serial sympathetic nervous system response to exercise, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations were measured at rest, during each stage of treadmill exercise, and immediately and 5 minutes after exercise in 68 congestive heart failure (CHF) patients (NYHA functional class I 24, II 25, III 19) and 30 normal subjects. Circulatory responses of NYHA class II patients increased at early stages of exercise. Systolic blood pressure and double product at peak exercise were significantly lower in NYHA class III patients. Plasma NE response of NYHA class I patients was similar to that of normal subjects. However, plasma NE at rest, and during and after exercise were significantly higher in NYHA classes II and III patients than in normal subjects and NYHA class I patients (peak NE (pg ml-1); Normals: 547 +/- 37, I: 535 +/- 53, II: 867 +/- 87, III: 1033 +/- 157). There was no significant difference in plasma E levels among the four groups. NE response to exercise was augmented according to the severity of heart failure, which suggested compensatory activation of sympathetic nervous system activity. Circulatory responses were reduced in NYHA class III patients despite the exaggerated compensatory activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Blunted circulatory responses to increased NE concentration in NYHA class III patients might relate to a decreased cardiac responsiveness to sympathetic activity in severe CHF patients.     

ST changes in relation to heart rate during bicycle exercise in patients with coronary artery disease

Summary. Exercise test on cycle ergometer and coronary angiography were performed on 190 patients with chest pain. Volunteers with a normal thallium scintigraphy (n= 47) served as controls. The load started at 20 W and increased at a rate of 10 W min^-1until exhaustion or symptoms. Conventional 12-lead ECGs were recorded by means of computer before, during and after exercise. Minimum ST amplitude 60 ms after the STJ point (ST60) at end of work with a cut-off level of -1·10 mm had a sensitivity of 69% (52/75) and a specificity of 89% (37/42) when individuals with a normal resting ECG were considered. ST80 and sum of ST60 in left ventricular leads had slightly lower values of sensitivity and specificity. Changes in ST60 during exercise discriminated less well between the groups. Final heart rate during exercise (>148 min^-1) had a sensitivity of 88% (53/60) and a specificity of 89% (42/47). The change in heart rate during exercise (>66min^-1) had a sensitivity of 50/60 (only patients without (β-blockers were considered). The best discrimination was obtained by defining a test score (TS) according to the linear equation TS = 2·95-0·023 × HRE-0·301 × ST60 where a positive value indicates a positive test and a negative value a negative test. Sensitivity and specificity were 21/23 (91%) and 40/42 (95%), respectively. The test score was also calculated in those patients having significant coronary disease and an abnormal resting ECG (no bundle branch block, no β-blockers) and this yielded a sensitivity of 30/34.     

Atrial fibrillation is associated with decreased cardiac sympathetic response to isometric exercise in CHF in comparison to sinus rhythm

Background: The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in congestive heart failure (CHF) is accompanied by increased mortality, although the exact mechanism is unclear. In previous studies, we have demonstrated cardiac baroreceptor abnormalities in association with AF and CHF. In this study, we sought to examine the effect of cardiac rhythm on the cardiac sympathetic response to exercise in CHF.
Methods: In 13 CHF patients (six AF, seven SR, left ventricular ejection fraction 31 ± 2%, age 61 ± 1 years), we measured the hemodynamic and cardiac sympathetic response isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise.
Results: At baseline the groups were well matched. Baseline hemodynamics and cardiac sympathetic activity did not significantly differ between the cohorts. In response to IHG exercise, both groups demonstrated significant hemodynamic responses. In conjunction, the sinus rhythm (SR) group demonstrated a significant increase in cardiac sympathetic response to exercise (P = 0.04) while in contrast the AF group did not (P = 0.6).
Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that the combination of AF and CHF is accompanied by a marked attenuation of the cardiac sympathetic response to acute hemodynamic stress. This implies AF is associated with a further impairment of baroreceptor response in CHF compared to SR. These findings present possible insights to the associated increased mortality and pathogenesis of AF with CHF.     

Response of plasma neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline to dynamic exercise and ramipril treatment in patients with congestive heart failure

Summary. Forty-two patients with congestive heart failure were studied in order to clarify whether the plasma level of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) rises in parallel with plasma noradrenaline (NA) during physical exercise in congestive heart failure (CHF). All patients were studied in a randomized placebo-controlled trial with the ACE-inhibitor ramipril during 12 weeks to determine whether ACE-inhibition alters the response of plasma NPY-LI to exercise. The patients were treated with diuretics and had stable congestive heart failure (NYHA classes II-III). Plasma NPY-LI was 50 5 pmol 1^-1 (mean standard error of the mean) at rest and 60 6 pmol l^-1 at the end of exercise at baseline (P < 0–01). The corresponding values for plasma NA were 2–8 0-2nmoll^-1 and 15-3 l-2nmoll^-1(P < 0–001). Before ACE-inhibition, there was a correlation between high NPY-LI and NA values after exercise. After treatment with ramipril or placebo for 12 weeks, there was no difference in plasma NPY-LI and NA at rest or after exercise between the two treatment groups. The maximal exercise time was unchanged. It is concluded that plasma NPY-LI and NA were elevated at rest in CHF. The additional rise of plasma NPY-LI and NA after exercise was attenuated in CHF compared to healthy individuals. ACE-inhibition with ramipril did not alter plasma NPY-LI or NA at rest or after exercise compared to placebo.     

Reference values for blood pressure response to cycle ergometry in the first two decades of life: comparison with patients with a repaired coarctation of the aorta

Background: Hemodynamic responses to exercise are used as markers of diagnosis for cardiac diseases, systolic blood pressure (SBP) especially. However, the reference values for SBP in children at peak exertion level are outdated. This study aimed to establish current reference values for SBP, rate pressure product (RPP), and circulatory power (CircP).

Methods: Data from children who previously underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing were categorized as healthy (N = 184; age 12.6 ± 2.9 years), and CoA patients (N = 25; age 13.0 ± 3.2 years). With the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method, percentile curves were made for SBP, CircP, and RPP in function of peak work rate (Wpeak). Data of CoA patients were used to validate the reference values.

Results: Wpeak was the best predictor of peak SBP during exercise. The prediction equations for SBP, CircP and RPP were: (0.2853 x Wpeak) + 111.46; (10.56 x Wpeak) + 2550.2 and (61.879 x Wpeak) + 19.887, respectively. CoA patients showed significantly increased values for peak SBP (Z-score 1.063 ± 1.347).

Conclusion: This study provides reference values for SBP, RPP, and CircP at peak exercise. These values can be used for objective evaluation of participants 6–18 years of age in a Dutch population.     

Chronic heart failure modifies the response to positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction

Potentially beneficial effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) must be balanced against further overinflation and increased alveolar dead space. Concurrent chronic heart failure (CHF) is common and can lead to changes in lung that can reduce the detrimental effects of PEEP.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of PEEP on volumetric capnography, blood gases, pulmonary mechanics, and vital signs in subjects with either COPD (n = 13) or COPD + CHF (n = 7) during pressure support ventilation.

Methods

Positive end-expiratory pressure was administered at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 0 cm H₂O for 15 minutes with pressure support maintained at 10 cm H₂O. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and the effect of PEEP and differences between COPD alone and COPD + CHF were tested with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results

Subjects were elderly (72.5 ± 13.3 years) with severe COPD (force expired volume in 1 second, 1.3 ± 0.6L; force expired volume in 1 second/force vital capacity, 40% ± 15%). With increasing PEEP in COPD subjects, dead space ratio increased (P < .001), minute alveolar ventilation decreased (P = .001), and Paco₂ increased (P = .013), with no change in COPD + CHF subjects. Subjects with COPD + CHF had improvement in Pao₂ and lower mean arterial pressure, whereas both were unchanged in subjects with COPD alone.

Conclusion

In subjects with severe COPD alone, caution must be used when administering PEEP 10 cm H₂O or greater. Subjects with COPD + CHF may benefit from higher levels of PEEP.