发作间期脑电图正常的癫143例分析

癫是儿科常见的疾病,临床表现复杂多样,易与一些非癫性的发作性症状相混淆。EEG描记到性波对癫的诊断最有价值,但有部分癫病人发作不频繁,EEG描记不易捕捉到发作期,而发作间期又无异常放电,给临床诊断带来困难。我们于2002年3月至2007年1月共诊断143例发作间期EEG正常的癫病例并进行了视频脑电图(V-EEG)监测,现报告如下。1资料和方法1.1临床资料近5年中我科共诊治发作性疾病1106例,其中143例临床诊断为癫而发作间期EEG正常。143例中男79例,女64例;年龄3个月至16岁。其中52例V-EEG监测到一次或一次以上的临床发作且同步EEG异常而确诊,91例未监测到发作而根据临床表现及抗癫治疗有效作出临床诊断。1.2脑电检查方法采用美国Necolet脑电生理仪,参考国际10-20系统安放12个头皮电极,将EEG数据及同步录像信号存于计算机硬盘中。所有患者均记录清醒、睁闭眼反应(不能合作者被动闭眼)及自然睡眠状态的脑电及录像资料,记录时间16~24h,至少包括一个完整的清醒睡眠周期。主要分析发作间期及发作期的样放电表现。注意除外心电、拍打、肢体活动、电极接触不良等导致的伪差波。1.3...     

14例BECT的临床和同步录像脑电图监测

目的:分析同步录像脑电图监测(V-EEG)在伴有中央颞区棘波的小儿良性癫痫(BECT)诊断中的价值。方法:对14例BECT患儿的临床资料和V-EEG结果进行分析。结果:该组发病年龄为3～10岁。14例发病均与睡眠密切相关。14例发作间期脑电图(EEG)均有一侧或双侧中央、顶区和(或)中、后颞区棘波或棘慢复合波发放。结论:BECT的临床发作和睡眠密切相关,发病年龄尤以学龄儿童为多见,发作间期EEG均有一侧或双侧中央、顶区和(或)中、后颞区棘波或棘慢复合波发放。     

伴有中央颞区棘波儿童良性癫(癎)的临床与EEG

目的:探讨伴中央-颢区棘波放电的儿童良性癫(癎)(BECT)的临床及脑电图(EEG)特征.方法:对46例BECT患儿的临床及EEG资料进行回顾性分析.结果:本组患儿发病年龄为2.5～12.5岁;31例(67%)的发作与睡眠密切相关,8例(17%)于睡眠和觉醒时均有发作,7例(15%)只在觉醒时发作;24例(52%)表现为部分性发作,13例(28%)为部分性发作继发全身性发作,9例(19%)表现为混合发作和不典型发作.发作间期EEG均有一侧或双侧中央和(或)中颢区尖波或棘波,清醒EEG阳性率为33%,睡眠EEG阳性率为85%.结论:BECT是与年龄相关的癫(癎)综合征,是一种预后较好的良性癫(癎),认识其临床和EEG演变的特点及规律,可提高对BECT的检出率.     

儿童良性癫痫脑电图与临床追踪观察

目的：探讨儿童期良性中央—颞区棘波灶性癫痫(EBCC)的临床发作形式，脑电图(EEG)不同类型的改变，追踪临床、EEG及预后情况。方法：对36例不同年龄、不同发作特点、不同发作类型进行清醒自然睡眠或药物诱导睡眠行EEG描记。结果：本组36例临床发作表现多为部分型，EEG特点；其中21例(58％)局限于一侧的中央—颞区，15例(42％)呈双侧基本以一侧为主的中央—颞区为起搏点播散到额顶区，但仍以中央—颞区波幅最高。结论：本病5～10岁为多发年龄，EEG浅睡期阳性率最高。以中央—颞区为主的阵发单个间断或连续棘尖波或棘尖一慢综合波为发作特点。另外用药治疗比未治疗预后要好。     

18例复杂部分性癫痫发作患者同步录像脑电图监测报告

目的：探讨同步录像脑电图（Video-EEG）在复杂部分性癫痫发作诊断中的应用价值。方法：利用ZN8000型EEG仪对临床确诊的18例复杂部分性发作患者进行脑电和行为监测,监测时间2．5～28h平均用18.8h。结果：共监测到93次临床发作,睡眠中发作54次,清醒时发作39次,发作持续时间7～120s,平均34．8s。发作时的临床表现：双眼向前或向一侧凝视11例,头向一侧转动9例,一侧面部或肢体抽搐9例,行为或口咽自动症6例,精神症状5例,姿势性发作5例,对发作过程不能回忆15例。发作期EEG示癫病样放电（棘波、尖波、棘慢、尖慢综合波）12例,阵发性高幅慢波5例,未见异常1例,EEG异常率95％。发作间期EEG示中高幅阵发性慢波3例,阵发性痫样放电9例,未见异常6例,EEG异常率65％。结论：Video－EEG对复杂部分性癫痫发作有重要诊断价值,痫样放电与临床发作密切相关。     

儿童癫癎发作的临床特征与录像脑电图分析

目的：分析儿童癫痫发作的临床表现和录像脑电图(Video—EEG)特征。方法：对123例年龄9天至15岁癫痫患儿进行Video—EEG监测，记录并同步分析发作时EEG与临床表现。结果：123例中记录到568次发作，分三种类型。1、全面性发作53例201次发作：①婴儿痉挛18例中53次发作，发作期EEG表现为广泛低波幅快活动或高波幅慢波暴发与低电压抑制；②肌阵挛发作12例中79次发作，发作期EEG表现各导联多棘波、多棘慢波；③强直发作10例中24次发作，发作期EEG表现导联低波幅快节律、多棘慢波；④阵挛发作10例中39次发作，发作期EEG表现各导联棘慢波、尖慢波；⑤失神发作3例中6次发作，发作期EEG表现全导联3Hz棘慢波。2、部分性发作67例中339次发作．分别起源于额、中央、顶、颞、枕，其中38例191次发作为继发全身发作。3、混合发作3例中28次发作。结论：Video—EEG有助于临床医师对儿童癫痫的正确分型及指导治疗。     

儿童及青少年中央颞区放电的临床分析

目的:探讨儿童及青少年中央颞区癎样放电的特征和临床意义。方法:回顾分析近9年在同步录像脑电图(VEEG)或动态脑电图(AEEG)监测中具有中央颞区癎样放电的儿童和青少年的临床表现及与神经影像学异常的关系。结果:具有中央颞区癎样放电的儿童和青少年共452例,占同期接受EEG监测儿童及青少年的9．5％,占EEG各种癫癎样异常的15．4％。监测到中央颞区放电的平均年龄为7．28±3．15岁(1-17岁)。临床诊断包括伴中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫癎(BECT)179例(39．6％),症状性或隐源性癫癎154例(34．1％),热性惊厥21例(4．7％),从无癫癎发作98例(21．7％)。在354例有癫癎发作者中235例(66％)为部分运动性发作,102例(28．7％)为全身强直阵挛发作;其他发作类型包括不典型失神发作9例(2．5％),肌阵挛发作6例(1．7％),负性肌阵挛发作4例(1.1％),痉挛发作3例(0．8％)。少数患者有一种以上发作形式。在283例有神经影像学记录的患者中,50例(17．7％)异常,其中仅10例异常部位与放电部位基本一致。结论:儿童及青少年中央颞区放电具有以下特点:①明显的年龄依赖性;②病因具有高度异源性,包括特发性、隐源性和症状性病因;③各种病因的中央颞区癎样放电均有一部分不伴有临床发作;④仅根据发作类型和EEG特征难以区分特发性和症状性病因,需要结合全面的临床资料作出诊断;⑤静止性脑结构病变不一定与中央颞区放电有直接关系。     

同步录像脑电心电监测对老年癫痫的诊断价值

目的：探讨同步录像-脑电-心电(Video-EEG-ECG)监测对老年癫痫的诊断价值。方法：对46例临床拟诊癫痫且常规脑电图(EEG)检查正常的老年患者进行24h Video—EEG—ECG监测。结果：确诊为癫痫者15例，心源性发作13例，短暂脑缺血发作10例，假性发作6例，癫痫伴假性发作2例。结论：Video-EEG-ECG监测对老年癫痫和非癫痫性发作的诊断与鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

BECT患儿录像脑电图表现和临床治疗的回顾性分析

目的：总结伴有中央颞区棘波的小儿良性癫痫（BECT）录像脑电图（视频脑电图,VEEG）和临床治疗的结果。方法：对139例BECT患儿的脑电图（EEG）表现和临床治疗进行回顾性分析。结果：本组发病年龄：2～12岁134例,占总数的96％,13～14岁5例,占总数的4％。只在睡眠中发作122例,清醒和睡眠均发作者15例,仅在白天觉醒时发作者2例。复杂部分性发作（CPS）34例,单纯部分性发作（SPS）34例,继发全身性发作（SGS）42例,全身强直阵挛发作（GTCS）1例,或兼有以上两种或两种以上发作类型合计22例,无法分类6例。剥夺睡眠后V-EEG描记发现：发作间期均有一侧或双侧中央颞区棘（尖）波。经过正规抗癫痫药物治疗2～5年后有69例临床完全不发作。结论：BECT临床发作和睡眠密切相关。发作间期EEG均有一侧或双侧中央和中颞区棘（尖）波。睡眠期EEG阳性率显著高于清醒期EEG。抗癫痫药物治疗反应良好,预后良好。     

儿童睡眠行为障碍24 h脑电图监测分析

目的:观察睡眠行为障碍患儿的脑电图(EEG)改变,探讨其对临床诊断及鉴别诊断的价值.方法:对50例睡眠行为障碍患儿进行24 h EEG监测.结果:EEG中癎样波10例,检出率为12.5%.其中9例癎样波有局灶或局灶性偏胜.拟诊梦游症20例中,癎样波检出6例,检出率为30%;拟诊夜惊28例中,4例有癎样波,检出率为14.3%;拟诊梦魇2例,均为正常EEG.在描记中8例有临床发作,其中梦游及夜惊7例,均发生在NREM Ⅲ～Ⅳ期, EEG显示阵发性高幅δ、θ、α混合波型;梦魇1例发生在REM期, EEG显示觉醒波型.结论:儿童睡眠行为障碍中有一定数量患儿实际为癫癎, EEG在临床诊断及鉴别诊断方面有一定价值.     

脑电图监测癫痫及其相关发作性疾病的诊断价值

目的：监测有疑似癫痫样发作的患者的脑电图癫痫样放电检出阳性率。方法：对900例患者进行脑电图监测。结果：脑电图痫样放电检出阳性率为81.2%,其中14.9% 的患者痫样放电仅见于睡眠或蝶骨电极描记,监测中捕捉到54次临床发作,占8.1%。结论：采用多种特殊导联及诱发试验进行脑电图监测可提高痫样放电检出阳性率。     

Body temperature is elevated during the rebound of slow-wave sleep following 40-h of sleep deprivation on a constant routine

EEG, EMG, EOG and core body temperature were recorded during baseline sleep and during recovery sleep from a 40-h constant routine in 9 male subjects. Slow-wave sleep and slow-wave activity (SWA, EEG power density 0.75-4.5 Hz) were enhanced in the first two nonREM sleep episodes of recovery sleep. Core body temperature was not significantly different in the last 30 minutes before lights out but was significantly higher during recovery sleep in the interval between lights out and sleep onset and during the first nonREM sleep episode. The data demonstrate that an enhancement of SWA/SWS is not necessarily accompanied by lower values of core body temperature, and therefore challenge the notion that SWS is the primary factor responsible for the steep decline of body temperature that occurs at the onset of the nightly sleep episode.     

发作间期正常癫癎患儿发作期脑电图分析

目的:分析13例视频脑电监测到癫癎发作而发作间期正常的患儿发作期脑电图特征。方法:收集2010至2011年两年中视频脑电监测到癫癎发作而发作间期正常的患儿13例,分析脑电图特征。结果:①13例病例占同期监测总数5.7‰。②清醒期4例、睡眠期7例、清醒及睡眠期均发作2例。睡眠期占63.2%。③部分运动性发作4例、部分运动性发作继发全面发作9例,无全面性发作。④起源部位(部分存在于两电极之间)前三位分别是颞区、中央区、顶区,占72.2%。⑤发作初期多表现为低波幅棘波、尖波或快波节律,占76.9%。结论:①睡眠诱发在癫癎诊断中意义很大。②表现为部分性发作的患儿,癫癎漏诊的风险相对较大。③起源于颞区、中央区或顶区的癫癎漏诊风险相对较大。     

Sleep architecture in unrestrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) synchronized to 24-hour light-dark cycles

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To characterize the sleep patterns of unrestrained, diurnal nonhuman primates entrained to 24-hour light-dark cycles. DESIGN: EEG, EMG, and EOG were recorded continuously via implanted telemetry from 5 unrestrained male rhesus monkeys housed individually under a 16:8 light-dark cycle (LD 16:8; L = 13 lux; D = 0 lux). RESULTS: In a LD 16:8 cycle, all 5 monkeys demonstrated a long period of consolidated sleep during the 8-h dark period. On average, sleep accounted for 89.2% of the 8-h dark period and 25.2% of the 16-hour light period. REM sleep occupied 23% of total sleep time over 24 h, or 10.7% of the total time. The average length of the consolidated sleep (CS) period was 10.5 h, although the time of CS onset was variable. In contrast, the end of CS, and thus the onset of consolidated wakefulness (CW) demonstrated very little variation, typically occurring within 2 min of light onset. Ultradian NREM-REM cycles with periods of approximately 60 min were also observed. EEG delta activity during NREM sleep, thought to reflect the homeostatic sleep process, peaked at 3-4 h after CS onset. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of long-term, unrestrained sleep monitoring in nonhuman primates using fully-implantable biotelemetry. With minor exceptions, most notably a delay in peak delta activity, sleep-wake architecture, regulation, and consolidation in rhesus monkeys strongly resembles that of humans. These results demonstrate that the unrestrained rhesus monkey is an excellent biomedical model for human sleep.     

Removal of ocular artifacts from the REM sleep EEG.

The present report concerns the first study in which electrooculographic (EOG) contamination of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is systematically investigated. Contamination of REM sleep EEG recordings in six subjects was evaluated in the frequency domain. REM-active and REM-quiet series were obtained for each subject. Transfer coefficients and power spectra of EOG and EEG indicated that (a) increases in transfer coefficients beyond 4.5 Hz are brought about by residual EEG in the EOG, and (b) EOG-EEG contamination in the delta band is most pronounced in frontal, intermediate in central and negligible in occipital leads. It was found that correction of the REM-active series resulted in significant (c) reductions in power, (d) increases in interhemispheric coherences and (e) reductions in degree of lateral asymmetry. These effects were largest for frontal leads, but still marked for central ones. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings concerning models of hemispheric functioning during REM sleep.     

Respiratory paradox as an indicator of arousal from non-REM sleep

Increasing respiratory effort is the likely stimulus for arousal in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Changes in the phase angle waveform (an indirect measure of respiratory effort) may provide a useful non-EEG indicator of respiratory-related arousal. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between phase angle change (using a continuous measurement technique) and EEG arousal. Polysomnographic sleep recordings (including: EEG, EOG, EMG, respiratory effort [ribcage and abdominal movement], respiratory paradox [continuous phase angle measurement], oral-nasal airflow, and oxygen saturation) were performed in a purpose built laboratory on 30 patients with sleep-disordered breathing (15 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome [OSAHS]; 15 chronic heavy snorers without OSAHS) and 15 age and weight matched, non-snoring normal subjects. All data, including the temporal relationship between phase angle change and EEG arousal, were analyzed manually (4,545 phase angle changes and 6,473 EEG arousals). There was a highly significant correlation (p<0.001) between phase angle index (changes/hour of sleep) and EEG arousal index (arousals/hour of sleep). However, mean phase angle index allowed a much clearer differentiation between the three subject groups, with the mean phase angle index providing a six-fold difference between normal and OSAHS groups, while the EEG arousal index gave only a two-fold difference. In support of the suggestion that phase angle changes represent respiratory-related sleep disruption, more than twice as many EEG arousals were associated with a change in the phase angle waveform in patients with sleep-disordered breathing than in normal subjects. This study highlights the limitations of EEG arousal scoring in the assessment of patients with sleep-disordered breathing and provides further evidence to support phase angle change as an indicator of respiratory-related sleep disruption.     

自然夜间睡眠脑电图对颞叶癫痫的诊断价值

目的：探讨自然夜间睡眠脑电图对颞叶癫痫的诊断价值。方法；采用国际10－20系统对20例患连续10h EEG描记。结果：颞叶区出现3－3.5%痫样波14例。结论：自然睡眠脑电图对癫痫的诊断和分型具有重要意义。     

计算机处理睡眠数据中2导脑电和1导眼电的非周期波形分析

背景：睡眠中记录的数据量很大,不用计算机自动处理不能满足实用需要,而现有的对睡眠数据进行分期的方法准确率都不高。 目的：考察仅依据脑电与眼电,基于非周期波形分析和径向基函数遗传神经网络的睡眠数据分期新方法。 方法：实验数据来自MIT的PhysioBank中的S1eep-EDF数据库,共8名被试,各记录2导脑电和1导眼电。原始数据经零相位数字滤波后,进行非周期波形分析,得出每个Epoch的特征向量,经预处理后送遗传径向基函数。神经网络配合专家手工分类结果进行训练,训练好的神经网络再对测试数据进行分析。 结果与结论：总的分期符合率为95.6%,超出已知文献研究结果(70%~90%),具有很高的实用价值,能满足睡眠研究与临床使用。