彩色多普勒超声诊断老年锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者血流变化特点的研究

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声观察老年锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者椎动脉及上肢动脉的血流变化特点。方法选择56例老年锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者,应用彩色多普勒超声检查患者的颈动脉、椎动脉、锁骨下动脉及腋动脉的内径、内膜中层厚度、血流方向及速度,观察动脉狭窄的部位、范围及程度。结果 56例老年锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者最常见的原因是动脉粥样硬化;左侧锁骨下动脉盗血发生率较右侧高;部分性锁骨下动脉盗血18例,完全性38例。结论二维超声联合多普勒超声对椎动脉及上肢动脉的检查,可以明确诊断多数老年锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者,并对盗血程度进行评估,是诊断老年锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的无创首选简便的检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断锁骨下动脉盗血综合征中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的诊断价值。方法分析26例锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的超声检查资料,包括颈动脉、椎动脉、锁骨下动脉及无名动脉的内径、内膜、血流方向及速度,观察动脉狭窄的部位、范围、程度及原因。结果锁骨下动脉盗血综合征最常见的原因是动脉粥样硬化和大动脉炎。左侧锁骨下动脉盗血发生率较右侧高。部分型锁骨下动脉盗血综合征20例,完全型6例。结论二维超声联合多普勒超声可以明确诊断多数锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的病因及病变部位,并能对盗血程度进行评估,彩色多普勒超声可作为锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的首选检查方法 。     

锁骨下动脉盗血综合征8例临床分析

目的探讨锁骨下动脉狭窄引起的盗血综合征产生的临床意义和治疗对策。方法分析8例锁骨下动脉狭窄患者的临床症状,盗血综合征产生的条件和临床意义及诊断治疗的方法。所有的患者均经临床及颈动脉B型超声多普勒(CDUS)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)以及动脉血管造影(DSA)而确诊。结果8例患者中共发现16处狭窄,4例合并冠心病、2例合并脑梗死、3例分别经肱动脉及股动脉植入锁骨下动脉支架及冠状动脉支架。盗血综合征的产生与锁骨下动脉狭窄的程度与部位密切相关。椎动脉血流的逆行作为一种侧支循环对缓解患者患肢的症状起着重要作用。在狭窄严重或完全狭窄时,可行狭窄扩张及支架植入术。如经股动脉途径失败可改行经肱动脉途径,成功比例较高。结论锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的出现与锁骨下动脉狭窄的部位与程度有关,盗血综合征作为一种代偿机制的出现可部分缓解患者的临床症状。三种方法在诊断上各有特点,可互为补充,如狭窄严重出现症状者可考虑行狭窄扩张及支架植入术。     

锁骨下动脉狭窄性疾病的介入治疗

目的探讨锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾病的介入治疗疗效。方法回顾分析55例锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞病变行血管内介入治疗的临床资料。结果46例锁骨下动脉狭窄病变（狭窄率〉70%）成功置入支架,9例闭塞锁骨下动脉中8例成功置入支架。46例经股动脉置入支架,8例经肱动脉逆行置入支架。锁骨下动脉支架成功置入后肱动脉及桡动脉搏动良好,伴有盗血现象的13例患者症状消失。随访发现5例锁骨下动脉支架置入后9~12个月再狭窄,后再置入5枚支架,血管开通良好。结论应用血管内支架治疗锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法,有望成为主要的治疗手段。     

经皮血管内支架置入术治疗锁骨下动脉盗血综合征临床观察

目的探讨经皮血管内支架置入术治疗锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的疗效。方法应用经皮血管内支架置入术治疗因锁骨下动脉狭窄致锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者15例。结果15例患者手术全部获得成功。随访6个月,经彩超及多普勒血流图检查均未发现病变部位再狭窄,血流通畅良好。结论经皮血管内支架置入术治疗因锁骨下动脉起始段狭窄引起的锁骨下动脉盗血综合征是一种创伤小、疗效满意、安全可行的微创治疗方法。     

CT血管造影和经颅多普勒超声检查在锁骨下动脉狭窄中的应用价值

目的分析CT血管造影(CTA)和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查在锁骨下动脉狭窄中的应用价值。方法选取广西壮族自治区民族医院神经内科2016年1月—2019年3月收治的锁骨下动脉狭窄患者53例,均经CTA、TCD检查证实。回顾性分析所有患者CTA、TCD检查结果,锁骨下动脉狭窄程度与盗血程度的相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关分析;根据CTA检查结果将39例中度及以上锁骨下动脉狭窄患者分为A组23例(单侧锁骨下动脉狭窄且未合并其他动脉狭窄或闭塞)和B组16例(合并颈总动脉、颈内动脉或椎动脉中度以上狭窄或闭塞),比较两组患者盗血发生率、束臂试验阳性率。结果 (1)CTA检查结果:锁骨下动脉狭窄部位:左侧36例,右侧17例;锁骨下动脉狭窄程度:轻度14例,中度12例,重度15例,闭塞12例;锁骨下动脉狭窄原因:动脉粥样硬化斑块50例,多发性动脉炎3例。(2)TCD检查结果:无盗血18例,Ⅰ期盗血12例,Ⅱ期盗血10例,Ⅲ期盗血13例。(3)Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,锁骨下动脉狭窄程度与盗血程度呈正相关(rs=0.779,P0.01)。(4)B组患者盗血发生率、束臂试验阳性率低于A组(P0.05)。结论 CTA和TCD检查在锁骨下动脉狭窄中的应用价值均较高,且锁骨下动脉狭窄程度与盗血程度呈正相关,临床发现疑诊锁骨下动脉狭窄患者但TCD检查结果存在不符合特定规律的血流频谱时,应结合CTA检查进一步观察锁骨下动脉狭窄程度及头颈部其他动脉病变情况。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像与数字减影血管造影在锁骨下动脉盗血综合征诊断中的价值

目的通过与数字减影血管造影(DSA)对比,评价64层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)在锁骨下动脉盗血综合征诊断中的应用价值。方法选择锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者24例行CTA和DSA检查,在CT工作站对锁骨下动脉和无名动脉进行曲面重建、最大密度投影及容积再现后处理,并与DSA结果对照。结果 24例CTA显示共72支锁骨下动脉和无名动脉,25支血管存在狭窄性病变,重度狭窄18支,完全闭塞7支。CTA诊断血管低估1支,高估0支。以DSA检出血管狭窄程度≥70%为阈值,CTA对狭窄程度诊断的敏感性96.0%,特异性100%,准确率98.6%,阳性预测值100%,阴性预测值97.9%。根据CTA检查结果行单纯经皮血管球囊成形术4例,同时行支架置入20例,共21枚。结论 64层螺旋CTA是评估锁骨下动脉和无名动脉狭窄或闭塞的可靠方法,可作为锁骨下动脉盗血综合征术前评价的首选检查,为临床选择介入治疗方案提供依据。     

48例锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者全脑血管造影结果分析

应用数字减影机(DSA)对48例锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)患者行全脑血管造影,观察并分析其影像学表现.结果锁骨下动脉瘢痕性狭窄24例,左锁骨下动脉起始部闭塞8例,右锁骨下动脉起始部瘢痕性狭窄8例,夹层致右锁骨下动脉起始部重度狭窄33例,双侧锁骨下动脉狭窄5例.43例患者当患侧不动或不行束臂试验时,盗血现象不明显,当抬高上肢或行束臂试验后,患侧血管盗血现象明显.认为SSS患者是否出现椎动脉供血不足症状与血管狭窄或闭塞程度及侧支代偿程度有关.     

锁骨下动脉闭塞或重度狭窄血管内治疗疗效及安全性分析

目的研究症状性锁骨下动脉闭塞或重度狭窄血管内治疗的疗效和安全性。方法选择31例症状性锁骨下动脉闭塞或重度狭窄的患者行血管内自膨式支架成形术,分析其疗效及安全性。结果31例症状性锁骨下动脉闭塞或重度狭窄患者中,均用自膨式支架成功完成血管内支架成形术,术后锁骨下动脉狭窄率明显改善、锁骨下动脉盗血综合征和上肢缺血症状明显改善,无并发症出现。结论采用自膨式支架治疗症状性锁骨下动脉闭塞或重度狭窄是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在锁骨下动脉盗血诊断中的应用

目的 探讨不同类型及不同病因引起的锁骨下动脉盗血的超声影像学特征及其应用价值。方法 对59例锁骨下动脉盗血的超声特征进行回顾性分析。结果 59例锁骨下动脉盗血中,引起锁骨下动脉盗血的原因包括锁骨下动脉粥样硬化导致的狭窄52例,大动脉炎4例,主动脉夹层1例,锁骨下动脉迂曲1例,锁骨下动脉发育不良1例。锁骨下动脉粥样硬化导致的狭窄,表现为局部见花色硬化斑块,局部见花色血流,频谱呈高速湍流。大动脉炎表现为受累部位动脉管壁弥漫性增厚,导致血管狭窄、闭塞。主动脉夹层表现为主动脉及受累分支血管内见内膜片及双腔征象。锁骨下动脉迂曲表现为锁骨下动脉管腔走行迂曲,迂曲局部见高速血流。锁骨下动脉发育不良者表现为锁骨下动脉主干未见显示,见一支纤细血流,局部血流暗淡,流速在正常范围之内。结论 各种类型锁骨下动脉盗血综合征有一定的超声特征,超声可以反映其血流动力学改变,并可对其病因进行初步的判定。     

Evaluation of coronary subclavian steal syndrome using sestamibi imaging and duplex scanning with observed vertebral subclavian steal

Coronary subclavian steal is defined as retrograde blood flow from the myocardium through the internal mammary artery graft, secondary to a proximal subclavian artery stenosis. The incidence of this syndrome in patients undergoing internal mammary artery grafts for coronary artery bypass is estimated to be 0.44%. Angiography remains the definitive diagnostic test for confirming this condition. We describe a noninvasive method for evaluating coronary subclavian steal syndrome in a 57-year-old man, with a 50-55% subclavian stenosis confirmed by angiography. Noninvasive evaluation using duplex scanning demonstrated normal vertebral artery blood flow. Technetium 99m-sestamibi (99mTc) imaging confirmed a fixed anterolateral defect. When left-arm isometric exercise was employed, retrograde vertebral artery blood flow was observed by Doppler imaging. A repeat 99mTc-sestamibi study documented an increase in tracer distribution in the anterolateral defect confirming reperfusion of the myocardium through the left internal mammary artery graft. The use of duplex scanning and 99mTc-sestamibi may serve as an adjunct in evaluating coronary subclavian steal syndrome as well as documenting transient vertebral subclavian steal in this patient population.     

Subclavian coronary steal syndrome: an obligatory common fate between subclavian artery,internal mammary graft and coronary circulation

The long-term patency of the left internal mammary artery (IMA) has made it the preferred conduit for myocardial revascularization. The proximal segment of the subclavian artery becomes functionally connected to the coronary circulation as a result of IMA implantation during coronary artery bypass surgery. The subclavian coronary steal syndrome results from stenosis in the left subclavian artery proximal to the IMA, compromising blood flow to the myocardium. We describe 7 patients, aged 55-75 years, 1.7-10.5 years after coronary bypass who presented with recurrent angina due to subclavian artery stenosis. The IMA graft was found open in each patient. A true steal mechanism was not demonstrated, casting doubt on the syndrome's traditional name. Angioplasty and stenting of the subclavian artery resulted in the immediate disappearance of angina and continuous benefit at a follow-up of 3-32 months. The subclavian coronary steal syndrome, although rare, is a severe condition readily treated by angioplasty and stenting.     

Subclavian Steal Syndrome Successfully Treated with a Novel Application of Embolic Capture Angioplasty

Subclavian artery stenosis can lead to subclavian steal syndrome. Endovascular treatment of these lesions has become the preferred modality. We describe the successful use of embolic capture angioplasty for the treatment of a patient with subclavian artery stenosis resulting in subclavian steal syndrome.     

Symptomatic angina secondary to coronary-subclavian steal syndrome treated successfully by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian artery.

Subclavian artery stenosis causing severely symptomatic angina in a patient with a previous left internal mammary artery bypass to the left anterior descending artery was treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Baseline arteriography clearly revealed subclavian and coronary steal by evidence of competitive flow of nonopacified blood from the left vertebral artery. Although there was a difference of only 15 mm Hg between the right and left brachial arteries, there was a palpable difference in the upstroke of these pulses. The stenosis in the subclavian artery was successfully dilated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Angiographic evidence of subclavian steal resolved following balloon dilatation, and the patient's angina was completely resolved.     

Symptomatic angina secondary to coronary-subclavian steal syndrome treated successfully by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian artery

Subclavian artery stenosis causing severely symptomatic angina in a patient with a previous left internal mammary artery bypass to the left anterior descending artery was treated successfully with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Baseline arteriography clearly revealed subclavian and coronary steal by evidence of competitive flow of nonopacified blood from the left vertebral artery. Although there was a difference of only 15 mm Hg between the right and left brachial arteries, there was a palpable difference in the upstroke of these pulses. The stenosis in the subclavian artery was successfully dilated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Angiographic evidence of subclavian steal resolved following balloon dilatation, and the patient's angina was completely resolved. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Doppler ultrasound studies of subclavian steal hemodynamics in subclavian stenosis

By means of ultrasound Doppler sonography it is shown that a proximal subclavian stenosis does not necessarily influence the blood flow of the vertebral artery in a subclavian steal syndrome (permanent retrograde flow in the vertebral artery) as is characteristic for subclavian occlusion. Depending on the peripheral resistance in the cranial and brachial circulation, the vertebral artery competes with the brachial artery for the poststenotic flow. Thus, a reduction of the vertebral flow during hyperemia within the brachial artery ststem, alternating vertebral flow, or a temporary steal syndrome may result in stenosis. Obviously the relation of the flow resistance may also change within one pulse beat, so that in the vertebral artery a characteristic flow pulse, i.e., an alternating flow, is detected with opposite direction in systole and diastole.     

Screening for subclinical subclavian artery stenosis before coronary artery bypass grafting: Should we do it?

Atherosclerotic subclavian artery disease is detected in about 5% of patients referred for coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery. The internal mammary artery, a branch of the subclavian artery, is the most frequently utilized graft to restore coronary circulation because of its longevity. Stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery can cause retrograde blood flow in the ipsilateral internal mammary artery, known as “steal,” compromising coronary circulation supplied by the graft. Steal may be asymptomatic or may result in symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Symptomatic subclavian artery stenosis post bypass is referred to as coronary subclavian steal syndrome post‐CABG. The incidence is not well defined, and the benefits of screening patients referred for CABG are not known. Despite the various modalities available to detect subclavian artery stenosis, current guidelines fail to provide guidance about screening high‐risk patients for this entity. Detection of subclavian artery disease prior to CABG can reduce complications posed by post‐mammary artery graft cardiac ischemia. This review discusses the utility of preoperative subclavian artery screening prior to CABG.     

Coronary-subclavian steal: presentation and management: two case reports

Subclavian stenosis is a highly prevalent and underrecognized clinical entity. In patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting utilizing a left internal mammary artery, subclavian artery stenosis can cause coronary-subclavian steal, leading to myocardial ischemia. Traditionally, this has been treated surgically with a vascular bypass operation. Two cases of coronary-subclavian steal syndrome are presented, 1 treated percutaneously with angioplasty and stent, and 1 treated with a combined endovascular-surgical procedure.     

Refractory rapidly progressive Takayasu’s arteritis successfully treated with surgery

We describe a case of a patient with rapidly progressive Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapy in whom bypass surgery was successfully performed. A 38-year-old woman had 2 years history of symptoms of compromised cerebral circulation, severe claudication of upper and lower limbs and stenocardial symptoms. Serial arteriography revealed occlusions of the right subclavian and right common iliac arteries and later on stenosis of the abdominal aorta and complete obliteration of the left subclavian artery. Coronarography did not show coronary stenosis. Completely occluded left subclavian artery resulted in a characteristic subclavian steal syndrome. Therapy with combined immunosuppressants was ineffective, severe ischaemic symptoms related to arterial occlusions progressed and surgical intervention was inevitable. She underwent aorto–bifemoral and 10 months later left carotid-axillary bypass grafting. The ischaemic symptoms were resolved after surgery. At 3 years follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic with no evidence of restenosis. This case indicates that patients with progressive TA with no improvement while on conventional immunosuppressive therapy could have satisfactory outcome and excellent long-term clinical remission after multiple arterial bypass grafting.