芪脂饮对动脉粥样硬化家兔超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛含量的影响

目的 探讨益气活血复方芪脂饮对动脉粥样硬化(AS)家兔血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法 将健康雄性新西兰家兔,随机分为正常组、模型组、实验组和对照组.对各组采取不同干预因素,取材后观察各组家兔血清中SOD和MDA的含量.结果 与模型组比较,实验组血清MDA含量明显减少(P<0.01),SOD含量显著增加(P<0.01).结论 芪脂饮可增加SOD的活力和减少MDA的含量,抑制脂质过氧化过程对血管内皮的损害,从而延缓和阻止AS斑块的形成和发展,减少冠心病的发生.     

二陈汤合桃红四物汤含药血清对ox-LDL诱导内皮细胞损伤的保护作用及机制

目的观察二陈汤合桃红四物汤含药血清对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导内皮细胞损伤的保护作用并探讨其可能的机制。方法培养EA.hy926细胞,随机分为对照组、ox-LDL组、干预组、抑制剂组。流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡水平,比色法检测细胞内丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)水平及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,ELISA检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平,Western blot检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组比较,ox-LDL组细胞上清液中TNF-α和IL-6水平显著升高(P0.01),细胞内MDA含量显著升高(P0.01),SOD活性明显降低(P0.05),上清液中NO水平显著降低(P0.01),活性氧(ROS)含量和细胞凋亡率明显升高,PI3K、eNOS蛋白表达水平和AKT蛋白磷酸化水平显著降低(P0.01)。与ox-LDL组比较,干预组细胞上清液中TNF-α和IL-6水平显著降低(P0.01),细胞内MDA含量显著降低(P0.01),SOD活性明显升高(P0.05),上清液中NO水平显著升高(P0.01),ROS含量和细胞凋亡率明显降低,PI3K、eNOS蛋白表达水平和AKT蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高(P 0.01)。与干预组比较,抑制剂组细胞上清液中TNF-α和IL-6水平显著升高(P0.01),细胞内MDA含量显著升高(P0.01)、SOD活性明显降低(P0.05),上清液中NO水平明显降低(P0.05),细胞内ROS含量升高,PI3K、eNOS蛋白表达水平和AKT蛋白磷酸化水平显著降低(P0.01)。结论二陈汤合桃红四物汤含药血清能有效保护ox-LDL诱导的内皮细胞损伤,其机制可能与激活PI3K/AKT/eNOS信号通路有关。     

原花青素联合维生素E对动脉粥样硬化大鼠血脂及抗氧化的影响

目的探讨葡萄籽原花青素(GSP)与维生素(V) E联合作用对动脉粥样硬化(AS)大鼠血脂及抗氧化的影响。方法选用健康雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠60只随机分为空白组和造模组,采用高脂膳食法+腹腔注射VD3建立AS模型。4 w后,将造模组分5组:模型组; GSP+VE低、中、高剂量组和阿托伐他汀组,每组10只,灌胃给药干预4 w。结束后空白组和模型组各随机抽出2只确认建模成功。测定大鼠的血清血脂水平、内皮舒张因子一氧化氮(NO)、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量及抗超氧阴离子O2-、抗羟自由基(-OH)的能力。结果与空白组比较,模型组血脂水平均显著升高(P<0. 05),抗氧化能力显著降低(P<0. 05);与模型组相比,GSP+VE低剂量组能改善血清中血脂水平(P<0. 05),而对AS的抗氧化作用不显著。GSP+VE中、高剂量组的血脂水平均依次显著降低(P<0. 05),抗氧化能力显著升高,可以显著改善NO浓度(P<0. 05)。结论 GSP联合VE通过降血脂及抗氧化作用以延缓AS的形成。     

雷米普利和氯沙坦对高胆固醇血症大鼠早期动脉粥样硬化形成的影响

目的 :观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)雷米普利和血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ ) 1型受体拮抗剂氯沙坦对高胆固醇血症大鼠早期动脉粥样硬化 (AS)形成的影响 ,探讨肾素 血管紧张素系统 (RAS)致早期AS的机制。方法 :4 0只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照 (NC)组 ,高脂 (HL)组 ,雷米普利 (Ram )组和氯沙坦 (Los)组。每组 10只 ,10周后比色法测血清一氧化氮 (NO)、丙二醛 (MDA)水平及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活力 ,酶法测血胆固醇浓度 ;用免疫组化法检测主动脉血管壁增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)和核转录因子 (NFκB)及细胞间粘附分子 1(I CAM 1)表达水平 ;透射电镜观察主动脉形态结构 ,苏木精 伊红染色高倍视野下计数浸润于内膜的单核细胞数。结果 :Ram组和Los组血清NO浓度和SOD活力显著高于HL组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而MDA水平低于HL组 (P <0 .0 1) ,NFκB活化及ICAM 1表达水平 ,PCNA阳性细胞数和浸润的单核细胞数明显少于HL组 (P <0 .0 1) ,但这三组间血胆固醇浓度差异无显著性意义。Ram组和Los组主动脉内皮损伤明显轻于HL组。结论 :Ram和Los能缓解自由基损伤 ,抑制高胆固醇血症大鼠ICAM 1表达和单核细胞浸润 ,防止早期AS形成。     

当归挥发油对高血脂模型大鼠的降血脂作用及血管内皮保护作用

目的观察当归挥发油对高血脂模型大鼠的降血脂作用及血管内皮保护作用。方法 SD大鼠72只,随机分为正常对照组12只和造模组60只,造模组大鼠高脂饲料喂养并灌胃丙基硫氧嘧啶溶液(50 mg/kg),连续4周,造模成功后随机分为模型对照组、氟伐他汀组(0.5 mg/kg)、当归挥发油(ASVO)高、中、低剂量组(60、30、15mg/kg),每组各12只,连续灌胃给药3周,末次给药60 min后股动脉取血,分离血清,测定总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)含量,计算动脉粥样硬化指数(AI);分离胸主动脉,10%甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,切片,HE染色观察大鼠胸主动脉内皮形态改变,ELISA法测定大鼠血浆内皮素1(ET-1)、血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆血管性假血友病因子(v WF)的含量。结果模型大鼠血清TC、LDLC水平及AI显著升高(P0.05或P0.01),当归挥发油高、中剂量能够降低高血脂大鼠血清TC、LDLC水平及AI(P0.05);模型大鼠血浆ET-1和血清v WF水平显著升高、血清NO水平显著下降(P0.01),当归挥发油高、中剂量均能降低血浆ET-1和血清v WF水平(P0.05),升高血清NO水平(P0.01)。光镜下可见模型大鼠胸主动脉内皮结构改变明显,而当归挥发油高、中剂量组病变减轻。结论当归挥发油对高血脂模型大鼠有一定的降脂作用,并能有效改善血管内皮结构的损伤。     

丹红注射液对动脉粥样硬化家兔脂代谢及血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察丹红注射液对动脉粥样硬化(AS)家兔模型脂代谢及血管内皮功能的影响,探讨丹红注射液抗AS作用及可能机制。方法36只新西兰雄性白兔随机均分为正常对照组、高胆固醇组(HC组)、高胆固醇加氟伐他汀组(FC组)和高胆固醇加丹红注射液组(DC组);组织形态学分析AS斑块/内膜面积比值及斑块最厚处内膜厚度/中膜厚度比值;酶法检测血脂;酶法测定血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆内皮素(ET)水平。结果DC组与HC组比较,血清TC、LDL-C明显降低(P<0.05);血管AS病变显著减轻(P<0.05),血清NO水平显著增高(P<0.05);血浆ET水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论丹红注射液对实验性AS具有抑制作用,其作用机制可能为①降低血清TC和LDL-C水平,延缓AS斑块的形成;②调节血管内皮细胞生成和释放NO、ET,保护血管内皮细胞功能,进而产生抗AS作用。     

三七总皂苷对血脂异常动脉粥样硬化病人血管内皮功能及单核细胞NF-κB表达的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷对高脂血症动脉粥样硬化(AS)病人血管内皮功能、核因子-κB(NF-κB)和颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)及斑块的影响。方法将71例CIMT≥0.9 mm或(和)有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的高脂血症病人随机分组,三七总皂苷组与阿托伐他汀组。采用酶联免疫法及彩色超声显像仪等,观察两组用药前后NF-κB、细胞黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、一氧化氮(NO)、前列环素(PGI2)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、CIMT-1(CIMT)和斑块的变化。结果两组服药12周后NF-κB、CIMT和斑块积分较各自服药前明显降低(P0.05),NO、PGI2、SOD、GSH较各自服药前明显升高(P0.05)。两组用药过程中出现的不良反应比较差异无统计学意义。结论三七总皂苷能保护高脂血症AS病人血管内皮功能,抑制颈动脉内膜增厚及动脉粥样硬化斑块增大,延缓AS的进展,其机制与其降低血清NF-κB、ICAM,升高NO、PGI2、SOD、GSH水平有关。     

辛伐他汀减轻载脂蛋白E~(-/-)小鼠氧化应激及小窝蛋白1的表达

背景氧化应激损伤内皮是动脉粥样硬化的始动因素,他汀对于动脉粥样硬化的干预主要集中在粥样硬化斑块形成之后,而对于粥样硬化斑块形成之前的研究较少。目的观察辛伐他汀对载脂蛋白(apo)E~(-/-)小鼠氧化应激及主动脉内皮小窝蛋白l的影响,探讨辛伐他汀在动脉粥样硬化一级预防中保护内皮功能的机制。方法24只6周龄雄性 apoE~(-/-)小鼠,随机等分为两组:对照组、辛伐他汀[5 mg/(kg·d)]治疗组,4周后处死动物。常规生物化学法测定血总胆固醇(TC)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和血清一氧化氮(N0)含量。采用苏木素伊红(HE)染色法观察小鼠主动脉内皮组织,免疫组织化学法分析小鼠主动脉内皮的小窝蛋白1的表达。结果两组间血脂水平无显著性差异。辛伐他汀治疗组主动脉内皮组织的损伤减轻(损伤阳性率33.3%比对照组:75%,P<0.05)。治疗4周后,辛伐他汀治疗组 SOD[(135.3±5.5)U/L 比对照组:(97.2±7.6)U/L,P<0.01)和 NO[(28.4±4.1)μmol/L 比对照组:(12.3±2.1)μmol/L,P<0.01]均明显升高,MDA 显著减低[(10.5±...     

川芎生物碱对大鼠血清中SOD活性、NO、NOS、MDA含量的影响

目的 研究川芎生物碱对局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)大鼠血清中一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法 取大鼠50只,随机分成5组,每组10只.即假手术组,I/R模型组,川芎碱低、中、高剂量治疗组.采用线栓法建立大鼠局造性脑I/R病理损伤模型[1].用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定血浆中SOD活性;用硫代巴比妥酸显色法测定血浆中MDA含量;用NOS试剂盒测定NOS活性;硝酸还原酶法测定血清中NO含量.结果 I/R组与假手术组相比,血清中的SOD活性降低,MDA含量增加(P＜0.01),川芎碱低、中、高剂量治疗组与I/R组相比,血清中的SOD活性均升高,MDA含量均降低(P＜0.05).I/R组与假手术组相比,血清中NO含量升高,NOS活性增强(P＜0.01),川芎碱低、中、高剂量治疗组与IYR组比,NO含量均显著降低(P＜0.01).结论 川芎生物碱对脑I/R引发的自由基损伤有保护作用,从而减轻脑L/R后脑绢织的损害.     

α-亚麻酸对糖尿病大鼠血管功能和氧化应激的影响

目的:观察α-亚麻酸（ALA）对糖尿病(DM)大鼠血管功能和氧化应激的影响,探讨ALA在DM血管并发症防治中的作用。方法: 将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、DM模型组和ALA治疗组［500 μg/(kg·d)］,每组10只。10只雄性SD大鼠以高脂饮食喂养4周后,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）30 mg/kg建立Ⅱ型DM（T2DM）模型。4周后分离降主动脉,进行离体血管灌流观察血管的舒张功能,利用试剂盒测定灌流液中NO的含量以及血管组织中丙二醛（MDA）的含量、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性。结果: 与正常对照组相比,DM大鼠主动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能和NO的含量显著下降(P<0.01),ALA治疗可有效地减轻DM大鼠血管内皮功能障碍,增加NO的含量（均P<0.01）。另外,与正常对照组相比,DM大鼠血管组织中MDA的含量增加(P<0.01),抗氧化酶SOD和CAT的活性下降(P<0.01);ALA治疗可显著降低DM大鼠血管组织中MDA的含量(P<0.05),增加抗氧化酶SOD和CAT的活性(P<0.01)。结论: ALA可显著改善T2DM模型大鼠的血管内皮舒张功能障碍,其机制可能与减轻血管组织的氧化应激有关。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。