化学事故应急救援基本要求

1国家对化学事故应急救援的要求国家对化学事故应急救援工作一直都非常重视,为加强危险化学品事故的应急救援管理,《安全生产法》第六十八条规定:县级以上地方各级人民政府应当组织有关部门制定本行政区域内特大生产安全事故应急救援预案,建立应急救援体系。第六十九条规定:危险物品的生产、经营、储存单位以及矿山、建筑施工单位应当建立应急救援组织;生产经营规模小,可以不建立应急救援组织的,应当指定兼职的应急救援人员。危险物品的生产、经营、储存单位以及矿山、建筑施工单     

化学防护服及其在火箭推进剂作业中的使用

目的系统介绍了化学防护服的分类、特点、适用场合及防护等级的分类,综述了推进剂防护服的发展,分析了发射场推进剂作业过程中的主要危害,指出了推进剂作业人员防护服选择的主要因素和一般程序,对发射场推进剂作业人员实施个体防护具有一定的指导意义。     

我国危险化学品事故应急救援的基本原则

1危险化学品事故应急救援的定义危险化学品事故应急救援是指危险化学品由于各种原因造成或可能造成众多人员伤亡及其他较大社会危害时,为及时控制危险源,抢救受害人员,指导群众防护和组织撤离,清除危害后果而组织的救援活动。2危险化学品事故应急救援的基本任务①控制危险源;②抢救受害人员;③指导群众防护,组织群众撤离;④排除现场灾患,消除危害后果。     

化学事故应急救援预案的探讨

近二十年来,在世界范围内所发生的化学事故特别是重大或特大灾害性化学事故呈上升趋势,造成的人员伤亡和社会财产损失巨大,为此许多国家制订对付化学事故的救援计划,如"APELL计划"（地区紧急意识应急计划）。鉴于化学事故的突发性、灾害性、紧迫性以及化学事故应急救援的危险性、复杂性、专业性,因此,加深对化学事故应急救援工作的认识,精心组织制订应急救援预案尤显重要。笔者根据化学事故与应急救援的特点以及在基层化学事故应急救援工作中的实践与体会,针对化学事故应急救援预案（以下简称预案）的制订与实施作一些粗浅的探讨…     

生产单位化学事故应急救援预案的探讨

为预防和控制职业炳危害事故,最大限度减少事故伤亡和经济损失,依据<中华人民共和国职业病防治法>第十九条第六项规定:用人单位应当建立、健全职业病危害事故应急救援预案(简称:预案),鉴于职业病危害事故具有突发性、灾害性和紧迫性以及事故处理的危险性、复杂性和专业性的特点,因此,制定科学性和可操作性的预案尤为重要.因此,本文主要探讨预案制定与实施中的有关问题,为生产单位制定和实施预案提供参考.     

危险化学品作业现场医学监护的探讨

通过八年来对外贸海运危险化学品(苯酚、苯胺、邻甲苯胺、二异氰酸甲苯酯、乙二醇丁醚、氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、二氯乙烷)的全过程监护 ,由于遵守危险化学品的安全条例、国家安全生产法律及行政法规 ,执行各码头制定的化救预案 ,达到了安全生产的目的 ,一旦发生事故经现场急救处理 ,减轻或减少了对人员的伤害。     

新型防护服材料在危险化学品防护领域的应用进展

防护服可以显著减少危险化学品对接触者的伤害,在危险化学品领域具有不可替代的作用。回顾了危险化学品防护服的历史沿革,对活性炭复合材料、超细纤维PU合成革、高分子复合膜材料、纳米材料、芳砜纶混纺材料、气凝胶材料、形状记忆材料、选择透过膜材料、生物酶材料等多种新型防护材料的优缺点进行了分析,对其应用及未来前景予以阐述,以期在充分了解这些新型材料优缺点的基础上,更好地推动新型防护服的发展。     

化学品事故应急救援中消防部队的环境保护责任

通过分析消防部队在处置化学品事故中可能引起生态环境二次污染的原因,以及处置中引起生态环境破坏的主要途径,指出环境保护是消防部队应该履行的职责,并提出了消防部队在应急救援中,应从强化相关企业日常监管、加大对消防部队的技术培训力度、与环保等部门形成联动机制、统筹处置废弃物等方面,做好环境保护。     

Decontamination of chemical protective clothing

This study explored decontamination procedures for removing some organic solvents from protective clothing. The permeation experiments were performed on new and decontaminated specimens in seven polymer/chemical pairs. The decontamination methods investigated were thermal decontamination and air drying at room temperatures followed by detergent washing. Breakthrough time and steady-state permeation rate were determined by two different methods for new and decontaminated materials. The results showed that unless the contamination is limited to the outside surface of an elastomer (a material found in most barrier fabrics used in chemical protective clothing) or the chemical has a very large diffusion coefficient in the material, aeration and washing with detergent may not be an effective decontamination procedure for the type of solvent studied. On the other hand, thermal decontamination was shown to be effective in removing the contaminant from the matrix of the elastomers, and the decontaminated materials had permeation parameters similar to the new materials.     

Using immersion test data to screen chemical protective clothing

A test to screen chemical protective materials in order to select potential candidates for further testing has been examined. The method involved determining the weight and volume changes in materials caused by immersion in the challenge chemical. Simple regression analysis showed that relatively short breakthrough times based on weight change and final thickness could be predicted with 90% confidence. Better results were obtained when discriminant analysis was used to classify breakthrough times greater than either 4 or 8 hr as a function of the weight change and final thickness. In 6% or less of the cases, actual breakthrough times were less than 4 or 8 hr when the predicted times were greater than these values. Discriminant analysis also was used to classify permeation rates as less than either 90 or 400 mg/m2-min based on weight change and initial thickness. In this case, actual permeation rates less than these were predicted to be greater in 4% and 7% of the cases, respectively.     

Predicting temperature effects on chemical protective clothing permeation.

Although the polymer literature contains many references to the effects of temperature on diffusion coefficients of gases and vapors, little attention has been paid to the effect of temperature on permeation of liquids in either the polymer or industrial hygiene literature. Nevertheless, it is an important problem in the selection and use of chemical protective clothing (CPC) because most permeation tests are conducted at 20-25 degrees C, but actual polymer/solvent systems are often at higher temperatures in field use. A simple relationship between temperature and permeation rate does not exist; this may be the reason that little effort has been made at factoring temperature into CPC selection and use. In this study, five polymer/solvent systems were tested at 25, 37, and 50 degrees C. An Arrhenius relationship was used to relate temperature and permeation for these and 11 other data sets from the literature. Constants from the Arrhenius equations were calculated with excellent correlation and were used to construct equations for estimating temperature effects. With knowledge of steady-state permeation rate or breakthrough detection time at 25 degrees C and thickness for any polymer/solvent combination, the equations allow one to predict a new permeation rate or breakthrough detection time at any other temperature within a range of approximately 25-65 degrees C.     

化学防护服及材料研究进展

介绍了化学防护服的分类与使用情况,综述了国内外主流隔绝式防护服与透气式防护服的发展现状,阐述了近年来发展迅速的用于化学防护服的新型防护材料如选择透过膜材料、纳米材料、生物酶材料的研究现状,展望了未来化学防护服将向多功能化、舒适化、智能化方向发展.     

A portable chemical protective clothing test method: application at a chemical plant

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), in cooperation with Monsanto Chemical Company, conducted an on-site evaluation of chemical protective clothing at Monsanto's Nitro, West Virginia plant. The Monsanto plant manufactures additives for the rubber industry including antioxidants, pre-vulcanization inhibitors, accelerators, etc. This survey evaluated six raw materials that have a potential for skin absorption: aniline, cyclohexylamine, diisopropylamine, tertiary butylamine, morpholine and carbon disulfide. Five generic glove materials were tested against these chemicals: nitrile, neoprene, polyvinylchloride, natural latex and natural rubber. The NIOSH chemical permeation portable test system was used to generate breakthrough time data. The results were compared to permeation data reported in the literature that were obtained by using the ASTM F739-85 test method. The test data demonstrated that aniline has too low a vapor pressure for reliable analysis on the portable direct reading detectors used. The chemical permeation test system, however, provided comparable, reliable permeation data for the other tested chemicals. Monsanto has used this data to better select chemical protection clothing for its intended use.     

Modeling the chemical protective performance of NBC clothing material

The heat load, imposed by air-permeable NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical)-protective suits, can be reduced by improving the air permeability of the suit. However, increased air permeability will reduce the chemical protective performance, since increasing the air permeability of the NBC-protective material will result in higher air velocities through the material. In this study the relation between the chemical protective performance and air velocity through NBC-clothing is evaluated. A theoretical model was developed that describes the chemical protection of air permeable NBC-protective clothing material under various conditions. The initial breakthrough concentration and the 50% breakthrough time are modeled as function of parameters like the air velocity and the challenge concentration. Using this model, the effect of airflow through the material on the breakthrough concentration of mustard vapor was calculated and compared with results of breakthrough experiments. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results. The air velocity through the material and thus the air permeability of the material appear to be parameters of critical importance. High air velocity through the material results in high breakthrough concentrations, and therefore poor protective performance of the material. To describe the total breakthrough curve, a semiempirical model of experimental breakthrough results was made. This model describes the total breakthrough concentration of vapor through NBC-protective material as a function of parameters like the air velocity and the challenge concentration. This model can be used as a tool to optimise the protective performance of NBC-protective clothing material.     

Permeation of chemical protective clothing by three binary solvent mixtures

An evaluation of glove materials against three different binary chemical mixtures selected from common industrial solvents was conducted. Changes in breakthrough time and permeation rate of the mixture components were evaluated as a function of the mixture composition. An increase in employee risk resulting from early mixture breakthrough time and enhanced mixture permeation rate over that of the pure chemicals was demonstrated. The permeation of a binary mixture through chemical protective clothing could not be predicted by the permeation results of the pure components. It is recommended that chemical protective clothing be tested for its permeation characteristics with the use of the chemical mixtures and conditions that reflect the work site exposure.