良恶性肺小结节CT图像基于灰度共生矩阵10种纹理特征研究

目的 建立多水平模型研究良恶性肺小结节CT图像的灰度共生矩阵纹理特征,更好地描述肺小结节CT图像,达到辅助肺小结节鉴别的目的.方法 对185例2171张肺小结节CT图像基于灰度共生矩阵提取10个纹理特征,拟合多水平统计模型分析良恶性CT图像的纹理特征的差异.结果 在考虑患者水平的基础上能量、惯性矩等8个纹理特征,在良恶性肺小结节的CT图像间的差异有统计学意义.结论 基于灰度共生矩阵的一些纹理特征是反应肺小结节CT图像良恶性的有效特征参量,在一定程度上有助于早期肺癌的鉴别诊断.     

基于PET/CT图像纹理参数的肺结节诊断模型

目的基于PET/CT融合图像纹理参数建立肺结节良恶性诊断模型,提高肺癌的识别率。方法选取宣武医院核医学科经PET/CT检查的52例肺结节患者,收集其PET/CT影像图像及人口学、影像学信息。以Contourlet变换和灰度共生矩阵相结合的方式,对PET/CT图像的感兴趣区域提取纹理参数。基于所提取的纹理参数建立支持向量机模型,得到每个肺结节良恶性判别结果。为了提高模型的诊断效果,将结节边缘、最大摄取值、有晕征等影像学信息也纳入模型,重新建立支持向量机模型。通过灵敏度、特异度、正确率等指标对模型诊断效果进行评价。结果纹理参数肺结节诊断模型的灵敏度、特异度分别为90.7%、93.5%,纹理参数结合影像学信息的肺结节诊断模型的灵敏度、特异度分别为95.7%、100.0%。结论基于PET/CT图像纹理参数建立的支持向量机模型对良恶性肺结节具有较好的鉴别诊断效果。     

基于肺部PET/CT图像不同纹理特征的K最近邻分类器

目的对PET/CT图像高维纹理参数进行降维,基于不同纹理参数建立肺结节良恶性的K最近邻(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)分类器,探究最佳建模方法,提高分类的准确率。方法采用回顾性研究的方式,收集52例首都医科大学宣武医院核医学科肺结节患者的PET/CT图像,对图像的感兴趣区域基于Contourlet变换提取灰度共生矩阵的纹理参数。对肺结节PET/CT图像的纹理参数首先采用单因素分析的方法,根据ROC曲线下面积筛选纹理参数,再对其进行主成分分析提取主要成分。基于主成分、根据ROC曲线筛选的纹理及原始纹理分别采用K最近邻分类算法建立肺结节良恶性的分类器,通过正确率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值(positive predictive value,PPV)、阴性预测值(negative predictive value,NPV)、ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)这些指标评价分类效果。结果 PET/CT图像共提取1344个原始纹理参数,经单因素分析后筛选出89个纹理参数,对筛选后的纹理共提取11个主成分。基于主成分、筛选纹理、原始纹理的分类模型正确率分别为0.614、0.579、0.263;AUC分别为0.645、0.610、0.515。结论在主成分纹理、单因素分析筛选的纹理、原始纹理中,基于主成分纹理建立K最近邻分类器的效果最好。     

基于深度学习结合解剖学注意力机制的肺结节良恶性分类

肺结节作为肺癌的初期表现,及时的发现和准确的良恶性诊断对于疾病的治疗具有重要的意义。为了提高肺部CT图像中肺结节良恶性的诊断率,提出一种基于3D ResNet的卷积神经网络,并通过加入解剖学注意力模块有效地提高了肺结节良恶性的分类精度。此外,该方法通过自动分割以获取注意力机制所需的感兴趣区域,实现整个流程的全自动化。解剖学注意力的添加能更好地捕捉图像中的局部纹理信息,进一步提取对于肺结节良恶性诊断有用的特征。本文方法在LIDC-IDRI数据集上进行验证。实验结果表明与传统的3D ResNet及其他现有的方法相比,本文方法在分类精度上有显著的提高,在独立测试集上的最终分类的AUC达到0.973,准确率为0.940。由此可见,本文方法能在辅助医生对肺结节的诊断中起到重要作用。     

基于Gabor小波和深度置信网络的肺结节良恶性分类研究

目的从频率域角度研究孤立性肺结节纹理特征,探讨深度置信网络对其良恶性的分类效果,达到辅助医生提高早期肺癌诊断准确率的目的。方法首先,利用Gabor小波对1012例患者的1072张孤立性肺结节CT图像提取纹理特征,用受限玻尔兹曼机对特征向量进行编码,学习数据本质特征;然后,用得到的纹理特征向量集训练深度置信网络,构建分类模型;最后,通过K折交叉验证法从准确性、ROC曲线下面积(AUC值)以及时间成本方面对本文提出的研究方法进行评估。结果经Gabor小波变换并构建DBN分类模型的准确度为83.75%,测试集的AUC值为0.78。与传统支持向量机分类模型相比,所提方法的准确度上升了0.56%,时间成本缩减了一半。结论利用Gabor小波从频率域提取纹理特征,结合深度置信网络构建分类模型能够取得较好的分类效果,一定程度上能够为临床诊断肺结节的良恶性提供参考。     

联合弹性特征的多特征乳腺肿瘤超声图像识别

计算机辅助诊断技术是提高诊断效率的有效手段,目前常使用肿瘤的形态和灰度纹理特征进行综合分析.而临床研究表明,肿瘤弹性也是判别其良恶性的重要指标.本文使用非刚性配准的方法,分析加压前后两幅灰阶超声肿瘤图像之间的差异,从而提取了形变总量和缩小放大比这两个反映肿瘤弹性的特征参数.随后的分类判决实验证明,这两个弹性参数对肿瘤良恶性具有较好的区分能力,联合使用形态特征后性能更优.     

基于Curvelet变换的肺结节CT图像良恶性分类研究

目的早期肺癌患者的CT图像表现为结节状（在肺野内直径≤3cm的病灶），需要与结核球等良性病变鉴别开，以提高患者的5年生存率。方法本文基于Curvelet变换提取能量、熵、灰度均值及灰度标准差四种纹理特征值，按7：3比例将样本分为训练集与验证集。使用BP（back propagation）神经网络作为分类器。每一种纹理参数测试集的神经网络仿真值结合病理诊断结果绘制受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operator characteristic cllrve，ROC曲线），根据ROC下面积得到最优的几种纹理参数用于良恶性分类，并将分类结果与病理诊断结果进行比较。结果四种纹理参数构建的BP网络均具有诊断价值，每种纹理参数诊断价值各不相同，其中熵与灰度标准差的诊断价值优于能量与灰度均值，并且通过组合多种纹理参数可以提高诊断准确性。结论使用熵与灰度标准差两种纹理特征值构建BP神经网络能达到最好的分类效果，在一定程度上有利于肺癌的早期诊断。     

新疆高发病食管癌图像的特征提取及分类

目的结合灰度共生矩阵和小波变换的纹理分析方法提取新疆哈萨克族高发病食管癌X射线钡剂造影图像的特征,旨在为放射科医生的诊断决策提供具有实际参考价值的辅助信息,提高食管癌诊断的准确率和效率。方法选取2种中晚期食管癌——蕈伞型和缩窄型,以及正常食管图像各100张,利用基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征提取方法分别提取食管癌X射线图像的角二阶矩、熵、惯性矩、逆差矩及相关性的方差作为纹理特征,同时使用小波变换对食管癌X射线图像进行二层小波分解,获取其高频子图,并提取高频子图的能量特征作为纹理特征。然后,使用C4.5决策树算法构造一个分类器,对正常食管和中晚期食管癌图像进行分类研究。结果共计提取11维特征,利用单一特征算法进行分类,灰度共生矩阵法分类准确率为64.66%,小波变换法分类准确率为77%。而综合的灰度共生矩阵和小波变换法的分类准确率为81.67%,更适用于正常食管和中晚期食管癌的分类。结论本研究将灰度共生矩阵、小波变换算法与决策树C4.5相结合,对正常食管与蕈伞型和缩窄型食管癌进行特征提取及分析,结果表明本算法分类准确率较高,为开发食管癌的计算机辅助诊断系统奠定了基础。     

基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助诊断系统

本文介绍了一种基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助自动诊断系统。我们将肺结节的自动检测分为肺实质的提取、感兴趣区域（ROI）的分割和ROI特征参数提取及分类判别几个步骤。该系统能够在对肺部CT图像进行自动分析后给医生提示出可疑肺结节，从而提高了医疗诊断效率。     

基于模糊C均值聚类和改进的随机游走算法的肺结节分割

准确分割肺结节是医生判定肺癌的重要前提。针对肺结节分割方法的误分割问题,尤其是难以分离的与胸壁或血管相连的粘连型肺结节的问题,本文提出了一种基于改进的随机游走算法来准确分割困难肺结节的方法。本文的创新点在于将图像中节点和种子点的坐标值与空间距离相结合,加入测地线距离来重新定义权值,然后使用改进的随机游走算法实现了对肺结节的准确分割。本文选取了17名不同类型肺结节患者的计算机断层扫描(CT)图像进行分割实验,将实验结果与传统随机游走方法以及几种文献方法进行了对比。实验表明,本文方法在肺结节分割方面具有较好的精度,准确率超过88%,单张肺结节CT图像分割时间不超过4 s。结果提示本文方法可用于对肺结节良恶性的辅助诊断,从而提高医生的工作效率。     

A pattern classification approach to characterizing solitary pulmonary nodules imaged on high resolution CT: preliminary results.

The purpose of this research is to characterize solitary pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant based on quantitative measures extracted from high resolution CT (HRCT) images. High resolution CT images of 31 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules and definitive diagnoses were obtained. The diagnoses of these 31 cases (14 benign and 17 malignant) were determined from either radiologic follow-up or pathological specimens. Software tools were developed to perform the classification task. On the HRCT images, solitary nodules were identified using semiautomated contouring techniques. From the resulting contours, several quantitative measures were extracted related to each nodule's size, shape, attenuation, distribution of attenuation, and texture. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to determine which combination of measures were best able to discriminate between the benign and malignant nodules. A linear discriminant analysis was then performed using selected features to evaluate the ability of these features to predict the classification for each nodule. A jackknifed procedure was performed to provide a less biased estimate of the linear discriminator's performance. The preliminary discriminant analysis identified two different texture measures--correlation and difference entropy--as the top features in discriminating between benign and malignant nodules. The linear discriminant analysis using these features correctly classified 28/31 cases (90.3%) of the training set. A less biased estimate, using jackknifed training and testing, yielded the same results (90.3% correct). The preliminary results of this approach are very promising in characterizing solitary nodules using quantitative measures extracted from HRCT images. Future work involves including contrast enhancement and three-dimensional measures extracted from volumetric CT scans, as well as the use of several pattern classifiers.     

Automated computerized scheme for distinction between benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules on chest images

A novel automated computerized scheme has been developed to assist radiologists for their distinction between benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules on chest images. Our database consisted of 55 chest radiographs (33 primary lung cancers and 22 benign nodules). In this method, the location of a nodule was indicated first by a radiologist. The difference image with a nodule was produced by use of filters and then represented in a polar coordinate system. The nodule was segmented automatically by analysis of contour lines of the gray-level distribution based on the polar-coordinate representation. Two clinical parameters (age and sex) and 75 image features were determined from the outline, the image, and histogram analysis for inside and outside regions of the segmented nodule. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and knowledge about benign and malignant nodules were used to select initial feature combinations. Many combinations for subgroups of 77 features were evaluated as input to artificial neural networks (ANNs). The performance of ANNs with the selected 7 features by use of the round-robin test showed Az = 0.872, which was greater than Az = 0.854 obtained previously with the manual method (P= 0.53). The performance of LDA (Az = 0.886) was slightly improved compared to that of ANNs (P = 0.59) and was greater than that of the manual method (Az = 0.854) reported previously (P = 0.40). The high level of its performance indicates the potential usefulness of this automated computerized scheme in assisting radiologists as a second opinion for distinction between benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules on chest images.     

Texture Feature Analysis for Computer-Aided Diagnosis on Pulmonary Nodules

Differentiation of malignant and benign pulmonary nodules is of paramount clinical importance. Texture features of pulmonary nodules in CT images reflect a powerful character of the malignancy in addition to the geometry-related measures. This study first compared three well-known types of two-dimensional (2D) texture features (Haralick, Gabor, and local binary patterns or local binary pattern features) on CADx of lung nodules using the largest public database founded by Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative and then investigated extension from 2D to three-dimensional (3D) space. Quantitative comparison measures were made by the well-established support vector machine (SVM) classifier, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) and the p values from hypothesis t tests. While the three feature types showed about 90 % differentiation rate, the Haralick features achieved the highest AUC value of 92.70 % at an adequate image slice thickness, where a thinner or thicker thickness will deteriorate the performance due to excessive image noise or loss of axial details. Gain was observed when calculating 2D features on all image slices as compared to the single largest slice. The 3D extension revealed potential gain when an optimal number of directions can be found. All the observations from this systematic investigation study on the three feature types can lead to the conclusions that the Haralick feature type is a better choice, the use of the full 3D data is beneficial, and an adequate tradeoff between image thickness and noise is desired for an optimal CADx performance. These conclusions provide a guideline for further research on lung nodule differentiation using CT imaging.     

Feature Selection and Performance Evaluation of Support Vector Machine (SVM)-Based Classifier for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Pulmonary Nodules by Computed Tomography

There are lots of work being done to develop computer-assisted diagnosis and detection (CAD) technologies and systems to improve the diagnostic quality for pulmonary nodules. Another way to improve accuracy of diagnosis on new images is to recall or find images with similar features from archived historical images which already have confirmed diagnostic results, and the content-based image retrieval (CBIR) technology has been proposed for this purpose. In this paper, we present a method to find and select texture features of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) detected by computed tomography (CT) and evaluate the performance of support vector machine (SVM)-based classifiers in differentiating benign from malignant SPNs. Seventy-seven biopsy-confirmed CT cases of SPNs were included in this study. A total of 67 features were extracted by a feature extraction procedure, and around 25 features were finally selected after 300 genetic generations. We constructed the SVM-based classifier with the selected features and evaluated the performance of the classifier by comparing the classification results of the SVM-based classifier with six senior radiologists′ observations. The evaluation results not only showed that most of the selected features are characteristics frequently considered by radiologists and used in CAD analyses previously reported in classifying SPNs, but also indicated that some newly found features have important contribution in differentiating benign from malignant SPNs in SVM-based feature space. The results of this research can be used to build the highly efficient feature index of a CBIR system for CT images with pulmonary nodules.     

Computer-aided diagnosis of pulmonary nodules on CT scans: segmentation and classification using 3D active contours

We are developing a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system to classify malignant and benign lung nodules found on CT scans. A fully automated system was designed to segment the nodule from its surrounding structured background in a local volume of interest (VOI) and to extract image features for classification. Image segmentation was performed with a three-dimensional (3D) active contour (AC) method. A data set of 96 lung nodules (44 malignant, 52 benign) from 58 patients was used in this study. The 3D AC model is based on two-dimensional AC with the addition of three new energy components to take advantage of 3D information: (1) 3D gradient, which guides the active contour to seek the object surface, (2) 3D curvature, which imposes a smoothness constraint in the z direction, and (3) mask energy, which penalizes contours that grow beyond the pleura or thoracic wall. The search for the best energy weights in the 3D AC model was guided by a simplex optimization method. Morphological and gray-level features were extracted from the segmented nodule. The rubber band straightening transform (RBST) was applied to the shell of voxels surrounding the nodule. Texture features based on run-length statistics were extracted from the RBST image. A linear discriminant analysis classifier with stepwise feature selection was designed using a second simplex optimization to select the most effective features. Leave-one-case-out resampling was used to train and test the CAD system. The system achieved a test area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (A(z)) of 0.83 +/- 0.04. Our preliminary results indicate that use of the 3D AC model and the 3D texture features surrounding the nodule is a promising approach to the segmentation and classification of lung nodules with CAD. The segmentation performance of the 3D AC model trained with our data set was evaluated with 23 nodules available in the Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC). The lung nodule volumes segmented by the 3D AC model for best classification were generally larger than those outlined by the LIDC radiologists using visual judgment of nodule boundaries.     

A wavelet-based optimal texture feature set for classification of brain tumours

In this work, the classification of brain tumours in magnetic resonance images is studied by using optimal texture features. These features are used to classify three sets of brain images—normal brain, benign tumour and malignant tumour. A wavelet-based texture feature set is derived from the region of interest. Each selected brain region of interest is characterized with both its energy and texture features extracted from the selected high frequency subband. An artificial neural network classifier is employed to evaluate the performance of these features. Feature selection is performed by a genetic algorithm. Principal component analysis and classical sequential methods are compared against the genetic approach in terms of the best recognition rate achieved and the optimal number of features. A classification performance of 98% is achieved in a genetic algorithm with only four of the available 29 features. Principal component analysis and classical sequential methods require a larger feature set to attain the similar classification accuracy of 98%. The optimal texture features such as range of angular second moment, range of sum variance, range of information measure of correlation II and energy selected by the genetic algorithm provide best classification performance with lower computational effort.