生物样本质量的影响因素与评估

样本质量是整个样本库的核心,样本应该在尽可能严格的条件下进行采集、处理、保存、运输以及后期加工.样本库的工作就是尽可能地将对样本质量的影响降低到最小,除了严格质量管理的制度外,新技术的不断研发、理论研究的不断丰富将有助于评估影响样本质量的因素,从而制定或改进有关样本的标准流程以尽量减少样本质量的变化,保持样本的原有性质.     

移植用组织库建立及管理

移植用组织库（以下简称“组织库”）一般是建立在低温保存技术基础之上。近几十年来,组织器官移植学和生物保存技术,特别是低温保存技术的发展对组织库技术产生了巨大影响。同时由于人类疾病和健康需求的变化,组织库标准和指导原则协同化也日益突出。按照国家和（或）国际对组织库的一般要求,涉及的标准和方法主要包括供体的选择、处理、保存、消毒、贮存和分配等多个环节及操作过程,以及与组织库相关的法律法规或条例、社会伦理等方面。因此,完善的组织库的建立与应用管理具有其特殊的技术规范和管理要求。本文就从移植用组织库的政策法规、技术支持和质量管理等多个方面进行论述。     

生物样本库中血液样本microRNA和DNA的检测方法学探讨

目的探讨建立南京医科大学第一附属医院生物样本库中血液生物样本microRNA的检测方法以及血凝块中DNA的鉴定方法。方法随机选取本院生物样本库自2012-2014年存储的胃癌、肝癌血浆标本进行microRNA的提取,后经Q-PCR验证miR-21和miR-387的表达情况以及将对应的血凝块样本进行全血样本DNA的提取,通过全自动核酸分析仪鉴定提取的DNA的完整性。结果 Q-PCR结果表明,冻存血浆在保存了1、2、3年后都能检测到相关的microRNA的表达,同时血凝块中提取的DNA,经全自动核酸分析仪鉴定,DNA完整性也较好。结论该方法能够初步验证我院生物样本库中冻存的血样标本中的RNA和DNA的保存质量,血样质量基本能满足后续科研实验的需求。本研究中的血样标本质量鉴定的方法切实、可行,能较准确地反映生物样本库中血样本的质量,为今后我院组织样本的质量控制体系的建立奠定基础。     

中山大学附属第五医院生物样本库的建立与完善

<正>生物样本库即标准化收集、处理、保存和使用各种离体生物样本和表型信息,为生物医学研究提供科研材料的资源库~([1])。生物样本库涵盖了丰富的疾病临床信息与样本生物学信息,为疾病的研究、遗传和健康事业发展提供了战略性资源,是支撑转化医学和精准医疗实施的前提,更是研究型医院与学科建设的基石。欧美国家非常重视生物样本库的建设,1999年英国建     

孕产妇-出生缺陷生物样本库建设质量控制要点

目的以我院样本库建设的运行经验为基础阐述孕产妇-出生缺陷生物样本库建设各环节质量控制要点。方法孕产妇生物样本库依托"建立出生人口队列开展重大出生缺陷风险研究"国家重点专项项目的建设同步进行管理。结果孕产妇生物样本库的建设有助于"出生缺陷预防"研究的开展。结论通过样本库各环节质量控制,不断完善样本库的建设,为孕产妇及出生缺陷相关疾病研究提供有力支撑。     

上海市长宁区老年人群生物样本库建设

生物样本库是一种集中保存各种人类生物材料,用于疾病的临床治疗和生命科学研究的生物应用系统,是标准化收集、处理、储存和管理人类离体器官、组织、细胞、血液、体液、分泌物、排泄物及其生物大分子衍生物等各种生物样本,以及生物样本捐赠者的临床诊治、随访等信息的机构[1].生物样本库是转化医学、精准医学的重要研究基础之一,在疾病风...     

天津市第一中心医院通过生物样本库质量达标检查

<正>根据天津市第一中心医院生物样本库质量达标检查申请,协会组织有关专家对该单位进行了组织样本库现场检查,经专家现场打分,该单位样本库基本符合《生物样本库质量达标检查手册》规定的要求。现场抽取的样品经上海芯超生物科技有限公司按照《生物样本库质量达标检查手册》检验,符合质量标准。按协会相关规定,该单位已通过生物样本库质量达标检     

循环温差法测定生物组织活性的实验研究

如何测定低温损伤后的生物材料活性是低温保存和低温医疗领域中的重要课题.本文提出了循环温差法测定生物组织活性的新方法,并进行了初步的实验研究,给出了定量评价生物组织活性的数学关联式.实验证明,该方法所采用的测试装置简单,易于操作,结果稳定可靠,重复性较好.本文最后指出了进一步的改进方法.     

基于ISO 20387:2018标准的生物样本库信息管理系统的建设与应用

ISO 20387:2018 标准《生物技术—生物样本保藏—生物样本库通用要求》由国际标准化组织于 2018 年 8 月正式发布,是全球第一个生物样本库专用认可标准,对样本库的建设具有指导和实践作用[1].标准细化了生物样本库质量管理的要求,成为目前最先进、最适用的生物样本库质量标准. 信息管理系统是样本库质量管理体系...     

浙江省台州医院获得我会生物样本库质量检查合格证书

<正>为了促进我国生物样本库的规范化建立,我会生物样本库分会制定了《生物样本库质量达标检查手册》,经过常务理事会审议和批准,开展生物样本库行业自律工作。2014年下半年,浙江省台州医院向我会递交相关申请材料,我会组织专家赴现场进行检查,并且抽取样品送检。经查,该院符合《生物样本库质量达标检查手册》质量标准,现已获得我会生物样本库检查合格证书,同时,专家也对其标本库给予了进一步完善建议。生物样本库检查是我会继牛血清生产质量检查和细胞培     

Mise en place d’indicateurs de suivi au sein d’une tumorothèque et/ou d’un centre de ressources biologiques : pourquoi et comment ?

The biobanking area is highly complex, and its complexity is increasing along with its growth and demand. Due to the advancements in genetic research, stem cell research and regenerative medicine, biobanking has become ever more important and plays a key role in biomedical research. The robustness and the reproducibility of research results depend greatly on the quality and on the number of the samples used, and thus on the expertise of biobanks having supplied these samples. Undoubtedly, the recognition of a research biobank depends on the impact of the research projects conducted with samples obtained from tumour bank(s), but also on many other criteria. It thus seems important to determine a number of indicators within a biobank to estimate objective criteria for the performance of these structures. These indicators can allow to make some strategic decisions knowing that biobanks are expensive structures to maintain in the present hospital context. The use of these indicators could also contribute to the elaboration of an "biobank impact factor of" or so called "bioresource research impact factor" (BRIF). We describe here four major categories of indicators (quality, activity, scientific production, visibility), which seem to be useful for the evaluation of a biobank by making a proposition of allocation of coefficients for the various considered items.     

Experience with establishment and operation of a biobank

Tissue specimens taken in pathology for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions have been collected for decades, archived and used for local research projects. Meanwhile there is an increasing need of this material for academic and non-academic biomedical research. Many questions in the field of translational research can only be addressed with a sufficient number of high quality tissue samples especially when combined with comprehensive clinical data. Although biobanks represent an indispensable basis for medical research, this might be in conflict with the rights of patients. Currently there are no specific regulations for biobanks leading to substantial legal uncertainties. However, interpretation of existing regulations by the National Ethics Committee or the Telematic Platform for Medical Research Network are important for ethical and legal solutions. Irrespective of future (national or European) regulations, the informed consent of the patients including a secure data protection concept is a prerequisite for establishment and operation of biobanks.     

Ethical aspects of human biobanks: a systematic review

Aim

To systematically assess the existing literature on ethical aspects of human biobanks.

Method

We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases to find studies addressing ethical problems in biobanks with no limits set (study design, study population, time period, or language of publication). All identified articles published until November 2010 were included. We analyzed the type of published articles, journals publishing them, involvement of countries/institutions, year of publication, and citations received, and qualitatively assessed every article in order to identify ethical issues addressed by the majority of published research on human biobanking.

Results

Hundred and fifty four studies satisfied our review criteria. The studies mainly came from highly developed countries and were all published in the last two decades, with over half of them published in 2009 or 2010. They most commonly discussed the informed consent, privacy and identifiability, return of results to participants, importance of public trust, involvement of children, commercialization, the role of ethics boards, international data exchange, ownership of samples, and benefit sharing.

Conclusions

The focus on ethical aspects is strongly present through the whole biobanking research field. Although there is a consensus on the old and most typical ethical issues, with further development of the field and increasingly complex structure of human biobanks, these issues will likely continue to arise and accumulate, hence requiring constant re-appraisal and continuing discussion.Biobanks comprise organized collections of human biological samples, usually associated personal health information, which are used together for biomedical research. Research results are generally very important for the society and biobanks have been heavily supported by many governments. Thus, in the recent few years biobanks have undergone rapid proliferation and have become increasingly complex. Their complexity has arisen from an increasingly diverse set of research purposes, and of types and sources of the samples. For instance, biobanks could comprise the collections of human bodily substances of all kinds, such as cells, tissues, blood, or DNA. They range in capacity from small collections of samples to large-scale national repositories. The collected samples could be population-based or disease-specific, originating from diverse profile of individuals, eg, minors or adult persons. Biobanks may contain anonymous human samples or samples linked to the specific personal information. Also, there are various purposes of biobanks, such as diagnostic, therapeutic, or research. Biobanks could be an ownership of public or private subjects, the latter being non-profit or profit based. As a consequence, such a diversity of biobanking is associated with a broad spectrum of ethical and legal issues (1-5).Ethical issues are commonly present in many aspects of biobanking. The fact that biobanks deal with human samples, invading an individual autonomy or limiting self-control, provokes a number of ethical issues. Who is actually competent to give informed consent and donate a sample? When individuals donate part of their body to a biobank, how is that human sample processed? Who is the owner of the sample? Who should decide how it should be used? Who has the right to know individual results of research? These and many more ethical dilemmas exist in the ethical framework of biobanks. With the recent rapid developments in biobanking, all of these issues are magnified with plenty of further new questions continuously arising. Ethical framework has been the most controversial issue in the domain of biobanking. Thus, it is not surprising that there is a substantial literature focusing on ethical dilemas in biobanking, such as informed consent, privacy, protection, and returning of results to participants (6-9).Due to these reasons, it is very important that researchers are provided with a current review of the literature on the ethics of biobanking in a systematic way, to document the latest consensus on ethical issues in biobanking and to highlight emerging issues. For that purpose, we reviewed the existing literature on ethical aspects of human biobanks. We aimed to develop a systematic framework for categorizing ethical concerns relevant to human biobanks and to monitor the impact of research into ethical issues. This could help the ethical boards in decision making when dealing with issues within the framework of biobanking. Moreover, we believe that such kind of work could stimulate policymakers and lawmakers to create an adequate legal framework for biobanking, an important, but still largely unregulated issue.     

Practical implementation issues and challenges for biobanks in the return of individual research results

Whether or not to give research results back to individuals whose specimens are used for biomedical research is a subject of considerable controversy. Much of the debate has been focused around the ethical and legal concerns with some consideration of broader social issues such as whether or not people will be affected by such information for employment or health care. Much less attention has been paid to biobanks that collect the specimens used to generate the research findings and the issues and operational requirements for implementing return of individual research results. In this article, we give the biobanks’ perspective and highlight that given the diversity among the types of biobanks, it may be difficult to design and implement a blanket policy in this complex area. We discuss the variability in the types of biobanks and some important issues that should be considered in determining whether or not research results should be provided to individuals whose specimens are used in biomedical research. We also discuss challenges that should be considered in implementing any approaches to the return of research results.Genet Med 2012:14(4):478–483     

Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI). Implications for pathology

High quality human biological samples (e.g. blood, tissue or DNA) with associated, well documented clinical and research data are key resources for advancement of life sciences, biotechnology, clinical medicine, drug development and also molecular pathology. Millions of samples of diseased tissues have been collected in the context of routine histopathological diagnosis and are stored in the archives of hospitals and institutes of pathology. A concerted effort is necessary to overcome the current fragmentation of the European biobanking community in order to tap the full research potential of existing biobanks. A pan-European research infrastructure for biobanking and biomolecular resources (BBMRI) is currently in its planning phase. The mission is to link and provide access to local biobanks of different formats, including tissue collections, harmonize standards, establish operational procedures which properly consider ethical, legal, societal aspects, and to secure sustainable funding. Pathology plays a key role in development and administration of tissue banks and is, thus, a major partner for collaboration, expertise and construction of this pan-European research infrastructure.     

Consent procedures in pediatric biobanks

The inclusion of children''s samples in biobanks brings forward specific ethical issues. Guidelines indicate that children should be involved in the consent procedure. It is, however, unclear how to allocate an appropriate role for children. Knowledge of current practice will be helpful in addressing this issue. Therefore, we conducted an international multiple-case study on the child''s role in consent procedures in pediatric biobanks. Four biobanks were included: (1) LifeLines, (2) Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA), (3) Young-HUNT3 and (4) the Oxford Radcliffe Biobank contribution to the Children''s Cancer and Leukaemia Group tissue bank (ORB/CCLG). Four themes linked to the child''s role in the consent procedure emerged from the multiple-case study: (1) motives to involve the child, (2) informing the child, (3) the role of dissent, assent and consent and (4) voluntariness of children to participate. We conclude that biobank characteristics influence the biobank''s motives to include children in the consent procedure. Moreover, the motives to include children influence how the children are involved in the consent procedure, and the extent to which children are able to make voluntary decisions as part of the consent procedure. This insight is valuable when designing pediatric biobank governance.     

A biobank management model applicable to biomedical research

Background  

The work of Research Ethics Boards (REBs), especially when involving genetics research and biobanks, has become more challenging with the growth of biotechnology and biomedical research. Some REBs have even rejected research projects where the use of a biobank with coded samples was an integral part of the study, the greatest fear being the lack of participant protection and uncontrolled use of biological samples or related genetic data. The risks of discrimination and stigmatization are a recurrent issue. In light of the increasing interest in biomedical research and the resulting benefits to the health of participants, it is imperative that practical solutions be found to the problems associated with the management of biobanks: namely, protecting the integrity of the research participants, as well as guaranteeing the security and confidentiality of the participant's information.     

Do we need a uniform regulatory system for biobanks across Europe?

Within Europe, there is currently no uniform regulatory system that applies to human biobanks used for genetic research purposes. This has resulted in considerable variation in the national law that applies to the use of DNA samples, personal information and medical records in the countries across Europe. This could result in a situation where researchers collaborating across Europe may be operating unlawfully if they share research data and samples across borders where different laws are in operation. There are also concerns that the lack of standardised guidelines inhibits cooperation among researchers across Europe but also restricts the sharing of DNA samples and information across national borders, which is problematic for multinational companies and institutions carrying out collaborative research. Ultimately, the lack of a uniform regulatory system may have implications for the viability and long-term competitiveness of collaborative European research. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the preliminary issues that would need to be considered before such a regulatory system for biobanks could be developed within Europe.     

Les biothèques de transfusion sanguine en France : un outil de santé publique

Donor and recipient sample biobanks are a precious tool in hemovigilance studies as well as in epidemiological and biological research, in particular with regards to safety against blood-borne agents. This paper describes the main transfusion biobanks existing in France and gives their advantages and limits. The National blood donation biobank, organized for medicolegal reasons, preserves samples of each blood donation for a 5-year period. The biobank of the Blood and Organ Transmissible Infectious Agents (BOTIA) project stocks paired donor–recipient samples with a research objective. Preserved over a long period of time, such transfusion biobanks will be useful in terms of public health, as a reflection of the biological state of a population at a given moment.