前后交叉韧带同时重建固定角度实验研究

目的探讨采用自体半腱肌肌腱同时重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)和后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)移植肌腱固定时膝关节屈曲最佳角度。方法清洁级6～8月龄新西兰大白兔24只,雌雄不限,体重(2.5±0.2)kg,根据重建韧带固定时膝关节屈曲角度不同,随机分为3组(n=8)。取双侧后肢半腱肌肌腱,同时重建右后肢PCL及ACL,并分别于膝关节屈曲90°(A组)、60°(B组)、30°(C组)位固定。术后观察实验动物一般情况;术后3个月时,采用空气栓塞法处死实验动物,取膝关节远、近端各10 cm长肢体,行伸屈等长实验、前后位移实验、膝关节内外旋转实验。结果实验动物均存活至实验完成。3组间ACL及PCL最大位移比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组前、后方位移均<1 mm,提示前、后稳定性均良好;A组屈曲30°时前方位移及屈曲90°时后方位移均较C组大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组内、外旋转角度与C组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论同时重建兔ACL及PCL,以屈曲60°行韧带固定效果最佳。     

关节影像诊断系列讲座（五） 膝交叉韧带的MRI评估

交叉韧带位于膝关节中央稍后方,包括前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）和后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament,PCL）,为膝关节内、滑膜外结构,牢固连接股骨和胫骨,对维持膝关节稳定和运动具有重要作用。     

双螺旋CT在重建膝关节前后交叉韧带中的临床应用分析

膝关节外伤在临床较为常见,及时有效的治疗关系到膝关节功能的恢复,直接影响到患者的生活质量,其中,对交叉韧带损伤的早期诊断和修复是手术的关键。膝关节交叉韧带主要分为前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL）和后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament,PCL）,这两者是保持膝关节稳定的重要结构。     

股骨Blumensaat线的MRI测量及其对重建ACL的意义

目的应用MRI对股骨Blumensaat线的测量,为重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)提供参考。方法通过选择100例正常的膝关节伸直位磁共振检查结果,在适当的切面上绘制Blumensaat线延长线与胫骨平台的交点,测量其在胫骨矢状径位置及其与后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)的距离,并与ACL胫骨侧生理止点中心和PCL的距离比较。结果 Blumensaat线延长线与胫骨平台的交点在胫骨矢状径上距前缘(51.9±7.3)%,与PCL距离(14.2±2.5)mm,较ACL生理止点中心靠后。结论为避免髁间窝前方撞击,重建ACL胫骨侧止点定位于胫骨平台生理性止点中心后方或PCL前方8～10mm,个别人需更后方。     

前后交叉韧带同时重建固定角度实验研究

目的探讨采用自体半腱肌肌腱同时重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)和后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)移植肌腱固定时膝关节屈曲最佳角度。方法清洁级6～8月龄新西兰大白兔24只,雌雄不限,体重(2.5±0.2)kg,根据重建韧带固定时膝关节屈曲角度不同,随机分为3组(n=8)。取双侧后肢半腱肌肌腱,同时重建右后肢PCL及ACL,并分别于膝关节屈曲90°(A组)、60°(B组)、30°(C组)位固定。术后观察实验动物一般情况;术后3个月时,采用空气栓塞法处死实验动物,取膝关节远、近端各10 cm长肢体,行伸屈等长实验、前后位移实验、膝关节内外旋转实验。结果实验动物均存活至实验完成。3组间ACL及PCL最大位移比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组前、后方位移均<1 mm,提示前、后稳定性均良好;A组屈曲30°时前方位移及屈曲90°时后方位移均较C组大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组内、外旋转角度与C组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论同时重建兔ACL...     

女性前交叉韧带损伤危险因素研究进展

前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)是膝关节中最易受到损伤的韧带,膝关节韧带损伤中80%伴有ACL损伤.ACL损伤不仅治疗费用昂贵,而且需要长达6个月～1年的康复期,还可造成膝关节退行性病变发生,严重影响运动功能和缩短运动员运动寿命.Gomez等[1]调查发现女性的ACL损伤发生率是男性的5倍.     

LARS人工韧带在前交叉韧带重建中的应用

膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)断裂是一种严重的膝关节损伤,可导致膝关节不稳,并可继发关节内主要结构损伤,严重影响关节功能。ACL损伤后自愈能力较差,移植重建是目前治疗ACL损伤的主要手段[1]。使用的移植物分三种:自体移植物,同种异体移植物和人工韧带。     

组织工程化前交叉韧带支架材料研究进展

前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)断裂是最常见的膝关节损伤之一.ACL损伤后难以愈合,如果不予治疗将会导致膝关节不稳,继发软骨和半月板损伤,加速膝关节的退变,最终导致骨性关节炎,严重影响膝关节的功能[1].ACL的主要作用是维持膝关节稳定和协调膝关节运动,ACL纤维平行紧密排列,与弹性张力有关的主要有Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅱ型胶原、Ⅴ型胶原及其他成分,胶原成分和分布比例不同是决定移植物性能优劣的主要原因.ACL附着点结构牢固,韧带损伤多数发生在实质部或附着点的撕脱性骨折.ACL中为无血管组织,其营养通过滑膜组织及滑液供给,这可能与韧带损伤后愈合缓慢有关,因此损伤后的韧带必须通过手术治疗才能恢复其功能.     

前交叉韧带损伤的诊断与治疗

膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)在维持膝关节稳定上起到了至关重要的作用,ACL损伤后导致膝关节疼痛、活动障碍,如果诊治不当或延误治疗会导致膝关节的不稳定,并继发关节内结构的损伤,以致发生骨性关节炎,严重影响膝关节功能,为此ACL损伤后及时准确的诊治十分必要.     

前交叉韧带损伤手术技术的进展

<正>前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤是膝关节最常见的损伤之一，常导致胫骨近端相对于股骨远端的前方和旋转性松弛，大量ACL断裂患者会在中青年时期发展为症状性膝骨关节炎^[1]。在美国每年新增约25万的ACL损伤患者，其中需行前交叉韧带重建术(anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,ACLR)的患者12.5～17.5万人^[2]。目前，ACLR仍然是治疗ACL损伤的金标准，其目的是维持膝关节稳定性，     

Value of posterior cruciate ligament index in the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injuries

Assessment of the diagnostic value of the posterior cruciate ligament index (PCL index) for injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was done. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and knee joint arthroscopy of 170 patients were evaluated. The shortest distance between the femoral and tibial attachment of PCL (x) and the distance from that line to the tip of the arc marked by the PCL (y) on the sagittal plane images were measured. The quotient of these two parameters (x/y) defined the PCL index. In 100 patients, for whom arthroscopy ruled out ACL injury, the mean PCL index was 5.01 +/– 0.76. In 30 patients in whom arthroscopy showed total ACL rupture, the mean PCL index was 2.88 +/– 0.74, and in 10 patients with ACL partial rupture, 3.09 +/– 0.23. The conclusion is that injury to the ACL changes the PCL index markedly. In diagnostically unreliable MR images, deterioration of the PCL index could help in the diagnosis of ACL injury. Received: 19 July 1996     

膝关节后交叉韧带损伤的临床流行病学分析

目的:研究膝关节后交叉韧带损伤的临床特点及其分布规律.方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2013年6月确诊的326例膝关节后交叉韧带损伤患者临床资料,将病例按损伤类型分组,对性别、侧别、年龄、受伤原因、受伤至就诊时间、合并损伤等因素进行分析,同时比较不同类型后交叉韧带损伤的个体化因素及合并损伤情况.结果:后交叉韧带损伤患者男性占73％,30～50岁是发病高峰(59％),患者多于伤后1个月内就诊(62.6％);受伤原因以交通伤为主(59％);合并损伤中前交叉韧带损伤最多(46.9％),其次为内侧副韧带(29.8％)和后外侧角(26.1％);后交叉韧带实质部损伤较止点撕脱骨折多,发生合并损伤的概率也较后者高(P＜0.05),受伤原因差异也具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);单纯止点撕脱骨折与单纯实质部损伤在发生率和就诊时间方面差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:后交叉韧带损伤以实质部损伤为主,合并损伤率较高,以ACL损伤最常见;止点撕脱骨折以胫骨侧为主,多由低能量暴力导致,合并损伤较少;实质部损伤多由高能量暴力所致,多有合并损伤;单纯止点撕脱骨折发病率较单纯实质部损伤高.     

前交叉韧带损伤与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性分析

目的探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性。方法纳入我院2010年10月至2017年10月行膝关节MRI的门诊或住院病人581例,年龄为(45.72±11.38)岁(20~79岁);男362例,女219例。分析所有病人的膝关节MRI影像学资料,记录病人ACL损伤程度(轻度损伤/断裂/撕脱骨折)、胫骨平台后侧骨损伤程度(骨挫伤/骨折),以及股骨损伤、半月板和侧副韧带损伤情况,并分析其致伤原因。采用Spearman秩相关分析病人ACL损伤与胫骨平台骨损伤之间的关系,并分析可能的损伤机制。结果581例病人中,ACL轻度损伤440例(75.73%),ACL断裂122例(21.00%),ACL撕脱骨折19例(3.27%)。202例出现胫骨平台后侧骨挫伤,47例出现胫骨平台后侧骨折;152例(61.04%)发生在外侧平台,59例(23.69%)发生在内侧平台,38例(15.26%)发生在双侧平台。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示ACL损伤程度与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤程度呈正相关(r=0.344,P<0.0001)。结论随着ACL损伤程度增加,胫骨平台后侧骨损伤越重,且以胫骨平台后外侧骨损伤为主。     

胫骨骨道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建的影响

[目的]探讨胫骨骨隧道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建术后临床疗效的影响.[方法]将60例前交叉韧带断裂患者随机分为对照组和观察组.对照组胫骨骨隧道内口采用外侧半月板游离缘的切线与前后髁间突连线的交点定位;观察组选择原前内侧束和后外侧束中间位置定位.术后矢状位MRI测量胫骨骨道位置、胫骨纵向位移、后交叉韧带指数、膝关节功能评分进行分析评价.[结果]对照组和观察组胫骨骨道分别位于胫骨平台全长的前(38.67±4.23)％和(34.21±2.46)％.胫骨纵向位移为(11.14±2.64)mm和(14.34±2.23)mm,上倾角为(56.2±4.3)°和(44.6±5.2)°,后交叉韧带指数为(3.97±0.45)和(4.78±0.78);两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).术后1年,对照组与观察组IKDC膝关节主观评分分别为(79.63±4.67)分和(89.76±5.21)分;Lysholm评分分别为(85.61±4.92)分和(92.54±3.22)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).[结论]前交叉韧带单束重建能使患者的关节稳定性与功能均得到显著改善.膝关节MRI测量可较客观、准确地反映胫骨的骨道定位情况.理想的胫骨骨道在矢状位MRI上位于胫骨平台的前(34.21±2.46)％.     

膝骨关节炎胫骨髁间棘增生与前交叉韧带信号异常的相关性研究

目的：探讨膝骨关节炎患者胫骨髁间棘的增生是否会引起前交叉韧带损伤。方法：自2009年2月至2012年10月中国中医科学院广安门医院骨科收集58例（70膝）无外伤史的膝骨关节炎病例,均行膝关节MRI检查,并对符合纳入标准的病例在冠状位上测量内外侧髁间棘的高度、矢状位上测量前交叉韧带异常信号的面积,分析髁间棘的高度与前交叉韧带的异常信号面积是否存在相关性。结果：58例（70膝）中5膝有膝关节内游离体,其余65膝均符合纳入标准。其中男10例,女48例,平均年龄61岁（39～79岁）。内侧髁间棘高度（10．02±1．46）mm,外侧髁间棘高度（8．92±1．69）mm,前交叉韧带异常信号范围（318．42＋130．10）mm。。内侧髁间棘高度与前交叉韧带异常信号的面积存在相关性（P=0．00）,相关系数为0．60,二者呈正相关;外侧髁间棘高度与前交叉韧带异常信号的面积无相关性（P=0．10）。结论：内侧髁间棘高度与前交叉韧带的异常信号面积呈正相关,交叉韧带异常信号的临床意义需进一步研究．     

Knee morphometric risk factors for acute anterior cruciate ligament injury in skeletally immature patients

PurposeKnee morphometric risk factors for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been a popular topic with skeletally mature patients. Little research has focused on the skeletally immature, with conflicting conclusions. This study performs a comprehensive analysis of identified parameters thought to predispose to ACL injury in a skeletally immature cohort.MethodsA retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed over a 4-year period. Inclusionary criteria included mid-substance ACL disruption, skeletal immaturity, noncontact injury, without associated ligamentous disruption, and no medical condition associated with ligamentous laxity. MRI studies were analyzed by a pediatric musculoskeletal radiologist, measuring identified bony parameters, and compared with an age-matched control group without ligamentous injury. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-tests and logistic regression.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-eight patients sustained an ACL disruption, 39 met all inclusionary criteria (66 excluded for associated ligamentous disruption, 23 skeletally mature, three traumatic mechanisms, one with Marfan syndrome). When compared to an age-matched control cohort, the notch width index (NWI) was found to be significantly smaller in the ACL-injured group (p = 0.046). Subgroups analysis demonstrated significant differences in morphometric parameters between subjects with isolated ACL injuries and concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) strain.ConclusionsThe NWI was significantly smaller in the ACL injury group. Significant differences were noted between isolated ACL injuries and ACL injuries with an MCL strain. This study further highlights the need for incorporating associated injury patterns when investigating the influence of morphometric factors for ACL injury in the skeletally immature.

Level of evidence

Level III.     

Evaluation of anatomic risk factors using magnetic resonance imaging in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury

BackgroundThe purpose of our study was to compare the significance of the tibio-femoral morphological variables (notch width index, notch shape index, intercondylar notch angle, medial and lateral tibial slopes) in predicting non-contact ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injuries and to compare these factors between genders in South Asian population. The author hopes to provide a comprehensive analysis on the risk factors which would help in betterment of the patients at danger for anterior cruciate ligament injury.Materials and methodsA total of 110 MRI knees of patients with 55 subjects of noncontact ACL injury and 55 age and sex matched controls were included in a retrospective study. Notch width index, notch shape index, intercondylar notch angle were assessed in axial and coronal MR imaging along with medial and lateral posterior tibial slopes. Morphology of the notch was also assessed.ResultsACL injured group were found to have a statistically significant narrow notch width index and decreased intercondylar notch angle with increased lateral posterior tibial slope. Type-A notches were found to have increased risk of having ACL injuries. Gender comparative results showed no statistically significant differences.ConclusionACL tears are associated with decreased notch width index, intercondylar notch angle and increased lateral posterior tibial slope. Type-A notches are seen to have increased risk for ACL injuries.     

膝关节后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂的早期治疗

目的 探讨膝关节后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂进行早期手术的疗效.方法 2002年1月至2005年12月共治疗12例后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂患者,其中10例合并前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂,2例合并后交叉韧带(PCL)断裂.交叉韧带损伤术前Lysholm评分为50～60分(平均56.7分).关节镜下重建交叉韧带,开放修复后内侧结构.8例采用自体半腱肌、股薄重建ACL(transfix术式),2例采用骨.髌腱.骨重建ACL.2例采用一端带骨块的异体跟腱蓖建PCL.后内侧结构损伤修复:8例采用星状钢板螺钉同定,2例采用GⅡ锚钉固定.1例采用自体半肌腱、股薄肌移植重建,1 例采用端对端缝合.结果 12例中除2例随访4个月后失访外,其余10例患者术后获平均12个月(6～18个月)随访.交叉韧带损伤重建后Lysholm评分为74～94分(平均81.2分).后内侧结构修复后10例膝伸屈范围正常,2例伸直受限5.外翻应力试验于O啦时,9例正常,2例弱阳性(+),1例阳性(++).结论 膝后内侧结构损伤合并单一交叉韧带断裂时,早期重建交叉韧带同时一期修复膝后内侧结构可以较好地恢复膝关节稳定性.     

异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹是前交叉韧带撕裂的间接证据

目的:探讨股骨外侧髁压迹异常程度与前交叉韧带损伤之间的关系.方法:回顾研究2013年1月至2013年11月治疗的前交叉韧带损伤16例患者的X线片和MRI影像学资料,其中男14例,女2例;左膝关节5例,右膝关节11例;年龄19～52岁,平均28.3岁.膝关节侧位X线或MRI矢状位提示股骨外侧髁压迹有异常,使用影像PACS系统中测量工具测量压迹的深度,并分析患者病历资料、体格检查及关节镜术中影像学资料.结果:4例侧位X线片和MRI矢状位可见股骨外侧髁压迹异常并深度2.0 mm,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,前抽屉试验和拉姆征均阳性,关节镜探查手术证实前交叉韧带完全撕裂;2例侧位X线片股骨外侧髁压迹未见异常,但MRI矢状位示股骨外侧髁压迹异常并深度1.0 mm,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,前抽屉试验和拉姆征均阳性,MRI示前交叉韧带撕裂,其中1例关节镜探查手术证实前交叉韧带完全撕裂,另1例因未行手术探查而无法证实是否完全断裂.结论:膝关节侧位X线片上股骨外侧髁压迹异常加深与前交叉韧带撕裂有密切相关,异常加深的股骨外侧髁压迹是前交叉韧带撕裂的间接证据.     

Mucoid Degeneration of Both ACL and PCL

Unlike meniscal tears and chondral defects, the mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a rare cause of knee pain and there have been no case reports of mucoid degeneration of both the ACL and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). A 48-year-old-male patient presented with knee pain and limitation of motion. The patient''s magnetic resonance imaging, arthroscopic findings, and pathologic diagnosis confirmed a clinical diagnosis of mucoid degeneration of both the ACL and the PCL. The symptoms disappeared after arthroscopic partial excision of the ACL and PCL.