Maxillary sequels in labial-alveolar-velopalatine clefts. Role of distraction osteogenesis

A high rate of cleft patients present with maxillary hypoplasia. Most of the growth defects concern the anteroposterior axis of the maxilla. Before bone lengthening by distraction osteogenesis, orthognathic surgery was the only alternative treatment for maxillary hypoplasia. Several studies showed the lack of stability after conventional surgery. In this article reviewing the literature concerning all bone lengthening procedures, the authors discuss published data on maxillary distraction osteogenesis by external and internal devices. Indications of distraction in growing children as an interceptive step are discussed.     

Bidirectional and unidirectional distraction of defects of the alveolar process comparative clinical study]

AIM: The purpose of the retrospective study was to compare bidirectional distraction osteogenesis with the currently used unidirectional method of alveolar ridge distraction with regard to bone height attained and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall 21 patients were treated by distraction osteogenesis for localized defects of the alveolar ridge. Vertical augmentation of the mandible and maxilla was performed using 10 unidirectional (group A) and 12 bidirectional (group B) devices. The effect of therapy was evaluated by height of bone gain and observed complications. RESULTS: The average gain of vertical bone height was approximately 6 mm. No statistically significant differences occurred between the two treatment groups (p=0.09). For the entire study two complications were observed: beside breakage of a distractor device (unidirectional distraction) an infection during the retention time (bidirectional distraction) developed. CONCLUSIONS: It could be shown that osteodistraction is a potentially valuable therapy for the correction of alveolar defects. We observed complications in both groups. No statistical differences were noted in regard to gained bone height and complications between the two groups.     

Kieferh?hlenuntersuchung nach Sinusbodenelevation kombiniert mit autologer Onlay-Osteoplastik

BACKGROUND: Complication rates after sinus floor augmentation of up to 10% are mentioned in literature, often when heterologous bone implants are used. The aim of our retrospective study was to determine the complication rate involving the maxillary sinus of patients treated with autologous spongiosa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 46 patients with an absolute maxillary atrophy (61% female, 39% male, mean age 49 years), a sinus floor augmentation, if necessary combined with an onlay bone graft of the iliac crest, was performed. Implants (Br?nemark) were placed in a two-stage procedure after 3-6 months. Prior to surgery, a panoramic film was made for diagnosis and treatment planning; in addition, a sinus X-ray was taken when disease of the maxillary sinus was suspected. panoramic radiography was routinely taken after surgery. A clinical and radiological follow-up examination was performed after 6-12 months, and the patients answered a questionnaire. This study also included evaluation of operation reports and case histories. Ultrasound as well as magnetic resonance imaging to prevent radiation exposure were performed additionally. RESULTS: In spite of perforation of the maxillary sinus mucosa in about 25%, removal of the bone graft due to inflammation was not necessary. A transient sinusitis developed in 2%. The implant loss rate (3 out of 154) may be called small. DISCUSSION: Even though alternative heterologous graft materials exist, maxillary sinus floor elevation with autologous bone graft is still a safe option. Changes of the maxillary sinus are detectable in a small percentage, relatively often due to preexisting unrecognized or subclinical diseases of the maxillary sinus. Magnetic resonance imaging is, in spite of the high financial and technical effort required, a serious alternative to computed tomography. The combination of autologous bone graft with calcium phosphate ceramics, platelet-rich plasma, or synthetic bone growth factors should be tested as an alternative treatment method.     

The maxillary line: anatomic characterization and clinical utility of an important surgical landmark

OBJECTIVES: The maxillary line is a mucosal projection along the lateral nasal wall that serves as a landmark for endoscopic sinus and orbital procedures. The anatomic relations of this structure are not well described. We sought to define the anatomy of the maxillary line and explore its clinical utility. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaver dissection/case series. METHODS: Twenty-five cadaveric nasal specimens were dissected. Extranasal and intranasal measurements of structures including the lacrimal crests, sac and duct, the suture line between the maxillary and lacrimal bones, and the maxillary sinus ostium were taken. The mid-point of the maxillary line, termed the "M point," was used for reference. The distance from the nasal sill to the M point was measured in 30 consecutive clinic patients. RESULTS: The maxillary line corresponded intranasally to the junction of the uncinate and maxilla and extranasally to the suture line between the lacrimal bone and maxilla within the lacrimal fossa. This suture was approximately half way between the anterior and posterior crests. Axially, the plane of the M point corresponded to the superior margin of the maxillary sinus ostium posteriorly (average 10 mm) and was just inferior to the lacrimal sac-duct junction anteriorly. In live subjects, the M point was approximately 3.9 cm from the nasal sill in women and 4.8 cm in men. CONCLUSION: Understanding the conserved relationships of the maxillary line and M point with adjacent nasal and orbital structures will ensure the complete removal of the uncinate process during uncinectomy and promote safe and ample exposure of the lacrimal sac during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.     

Changes in the nasal airway by transverse distraction of the maxilla]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate nasal airway changes through transverse maxillary distraction osteogenesis by means of an objective, reliable, noninvasive investigation technique with special attention to nasal valve changes and widening of the posterior maxilla. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Eight patients with a severe maxillary transversal deficit underwent surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion in local or general anesthesia. Before and after the distraction process, a transnasal series of acoustic measurements of nasal airway profile was performed under topical decongestion. Nasal volume was calculated by integration of the area profile. The cross-sectional area of the nasal valve was also determined. RESULTS: A significant enlargement of nasal volume was recorded in all patients (P < 0.01: Wilcoxon signed rank test). The average increase measured 5 cm3 (23%). The increase in volume was recorded in all parts of the nasal cavity, indicating complete maxillary expansion even in the posterior segment. The nasal valve area raised from 0.56 to 0.70 cm2 (P < 0.01). Six out of eight patients reported striking improvement of nasal patency after maxillary distraction. CONCLUSION: Besides correction of the maxillary arch deformity, rapid palatal expansion contributes to improved nasal patency by resolving nasal valve constriction. Significant widening of the posterior nasal cavity was achieved, indicating a translational pattern of maxillary movement, although the pterygomaxillary junction was not touched in the osteotomy.     

3D打印辅助上颌骨切除术后缺损重建

目的：探讨3D打印技术在上颌窦恶性肿瘤外科治疗中的可行性和应用效果。方法对5例因上颌窦恶性肿瘤行手术治疗的患者,根据术前CT扫描数据,应用3 D打印技术打印出患侧上颌窦的树脂模型,在此模型上对钛网进行塑形,制备出个性化钛网,将个性化钛网植入缺损区。通过临床和CT检查,评价其颌面部外形与功能。结果所有病例手术顺利,颌面部外形恢复良好,两侧对称,未见复视及眼球内陷,植入的钛网与缺损周边骨床贴合紧密。术后随访8～30个月,经临床和CT检查未见肿瘤复发。结论3 D打印技术在上颌窦恶性肿瘤的外科治疗中具有较好的可行性和可靠性,可提高上颌窦恶性肿瘤手术治疗的精确性及临床治疗效果。     

柯-陆手术进路上颌窦成形术的实验与临床研究

目的：探讨提高上颌窦疾病疗效的方法。方法：在动物实验的基础上,应用鼻内窥镜和显微外科技术,对６８例良性上颌窦病变,循柯－陆手术进路,行前壁环钻术和中鼻道窦造口术及骨壁修复成形术。结果：术后第５周,犬窦腔粘膜再生和修复较完全,前臂骨瓣成形骨痂愈合,临床随访１８￣４２个月（平均２８个月）中鼻道窦口通畅９６％,结论：表明上颌窦成形术在彻底清除病灶的基础上,恢复窦腔解剖结构,保持生理性引流通道,有利于术后     

Patterns of innervation of the anterior maxilla: a cadaver study with relevance to canine fossa puncture of the maxillary sinus

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Complications from canine fossa puncture of the maxillary sinus are caused by damage to the anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN) and the middle superior alveolar nerve (MSAN). The aim of this study was to elucidate the pattern of ASAN and MSAN within the anterior maxilla and to secondly determine suitable surgical landmarks to aid in accurately localizing the area of the canine fossa least likely to produce complications when a trocar is passed into the maxillary sinus. METHODS: Anatomic dissection of the anterior face of the maxilla from 20 cadaver heads was performed. The pattern and presence of the ASAN and MSAN was identified on each side and tabulated. Landmarks for the safest entry point for canine fossa puncture were determined, and each side had a puncture placed using these landmarks. Any disruption of nerves was noted. RESULTS: Multiple differing patterns of ASAN were identified. The ASAN emerged from its foramen as a single trunk in 30 (75%) sides and in a double trunk in 10 (25%). In 24 (60%), single or multiple branches from the ASAN trunks were identified. A MSAN was identified in 9 (23%) maxillae. The safest entry point for a canine fossa puncture was where a vertical line drawn through the mid-pupillary line was bisected by a horizontal line drawn through the floor of the pyriform aperture. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variation in the pattern of ASAN and MSAN within the anterior face of the maxilla. By using the newly described landmarks when performing a canine fossa puncture, there is reduced risk of damage to these nerves and provides a reliable point to enter the maxillary sinus.     

Rhinologic computed tomographic evaluation in patients with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in relation to the presence of sinusitis in patients with cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-seven consecutive patients with cleft lip and alveolus with or without cleft palate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The patients underwent computed tomographic scans of the maxilla, and the following parameters were evaluated: nasal septal shift from the midline, soft tissue density shadow of the maxillary sinus, cross-sectional area of the maxillary sinus, and height of the floor of the maxillary sinus. RESULTS: The nasal septum was convex to the cleft side in most of the patients with unilateral clefts, and there was a significant correlation between the cleft side and the direction of nasal septal deviation (P<.001). Sinusitis was more severe in the noncleft side than in the cleft side (P =.04), and in the concave side than in the convex side (P= .02). The cross-sectional area of the maxillary sinus was not statistically different between the cleft side and noncleft side, nor between the septal concave side and convex side. The floor of the maxillary sinus was situated higher in the cleft side than in the noncleft side (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of maxillary sinusitis associated with cleft lip and palate is dependent on both the cleft side and the deviated nasal septum, but not on the size of the sinus. The cleft side is responsible for the direction of the septal deviation and the height of the floor of the maxillary sinus. A low-situated sinus floor may be in contact with the root of the teeth, and thus may be one of the etiologic factors of sinusitis in patients with clefts.     

Osteoplastische Kieferhöhlenoperation

Summary The conventional operation after Caldwell-Luc leaves a permanent osseous defect in the facial maxillary wall. Soft tissue can protrude through this defect and take part in occluding the opening to the inferior nasal meatus. Scarring can give rise to neuralgic pains in the infraorbital nerve; the statistics of the maxilla are impaired. An osteoplastic approach to the maxillary sinus, which avoids these drawbacks, is now feasible, due to the development of a reciprocating microsurgical saw, which has proven especially useful in osteoplastic ear-surgery. It is produced by Storz Company, Tuttlingen, West-Germany.The osteoplastic approach is demonstrated in a model and in patients. After exposure of the canine fossa two small holes are drilled in the medial superior and the lateral inferior angle of a quadrant 1,5 cm sqare. Starting from these holes a quadrangular lid is cut out with the saw. After completing the operations in the sinus the lid is reimplanted and fixed by 3 sutures of chromium catgut, which are threated through 3 pairs of small drill-holes at the medial, lateral and inferior border of the lid and the maxilla. Taking of the reimplanted bone does not present a problem, neither in polypous nor in suppurative sinusitis.     

小型猪上颌窦内提升穿破上颌窦粘膜同期植入种植体的骨结合情况的研究

目的 观察上颌窦内提升术中窦底粘膜穿通对同期植入的种植体骨结合的影响,以及生物膜的应用效果。方法 试验用小型猪3只,X线确定上颌窦底位置,全麻下拔除小型猪双侧上颌相应位置的牙,6个种植位点随机分为3组,实验A组穿破窦底同期植入种植体,实验B组穿破窦底粘膜加生物膜同期植入种植体,对照组窦底粘膜完整。术后6个月观察大体标本,做X线检查,做带种植体的骨磨片,观察种植体的骨结合情况及窦底的愈合情况。结果 大体标本显示种植体无松动, A组种植体暴露在上颌窦内,B组与对照组窦底粘膜完整。X线显示3组的种植体周围的骨质均匀,没有阴影。骨磨片镜下观察骨结合情况,3组没有差别。结论 上颌窦底粘膜的穿通对种植体骨结合没有影响,窦底粘膜穿通后加生物膜有利于窦底粘膜的愈合。     

Overview of the radiology,histology, and bone morphogenetic protein expression during distraction osteogenesis of the mandible

INTRODUCTION: Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a form of in vivo tissue engineering during which an osteotomy and controlled distraction are used to lengthen bone. The molecular signals that govern distraction-induced bone formation have not been fully elucidated. Specifically, the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in DO of the mandible remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the radiologic and histologic evolution of newly formed bone during DO of the mandible and to relate these changes to the expression of BMPs. METHODS: Fourteen skeletally mature male rabbits were used. A distractor device was surgically applied to one side of the mandible following osteotomy. After 1 week (latency period), distraction was started at a rate of 0.25 mm every 12 hours for 3 weeks (distraction period) and was followed by a 3-week consolidation period. Two animals were sacrificed each week after surgery (weeks 1 to 7). The mandible was resected and the new bone assessed by radiography and histology. The expression of BMPs was also analyzed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: There was radiographic and histologic evidence of bone formation during the distraction period. By week 6, there was mature woven bone within the distraction zone. Bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4 were strongly expressed in osteoblasts during distraction and in chondrocytes during consolidation. The expression of BMP-7 was relatively minor. CONCLUSION: The temporal and spatial pattern of BMP expression suggests that these proteins are important mediators of mandibular DO. Understanding the expression of BMPs may facilitate the use of recombinant proteins to enhance the rate and quality of bone generation during craniofacial DO.     

真菌性鼻窦炎CT的非特征性表现

目的：回顾分析真菌性鼻窦炎患者术前CT,提出非特征性的临床表现,以提高术前诊断的准确性。方法：术后病理诊断为真菌性鼻窦炎患者CT176例,术前均行鼻窦CT检查及鼻内镜检查。所有患者均经鼻内镜下鼻窦开放术,术中清理窦内病变并经病理检查证实为真菌感染。其中单纯蝶窦35例,单纯上颌窦84例,筛窦上颌窦49例,全组鼻窦3例,筛窦蝶窦5例。观察以上各组术前CT除病变钙化特征以外的非特征性表现。结果：本组患者共176例179侧,其中单侧173例,双侧3例（全组鼻窦感染）。CT的非特征性改变包括：窦内病变密度均匀增高,窦内病变密度不均匀增高,受累鼻窦内侧壁可有骨质吸收。病理证实179侧中,单纯蝶窦组CT病变钙化27侧,CT病变非特征性改变8侧,其中窦内均匀密度增高5侧,不均匀密度增高3侧;单纯上颌窦组病变钙化72侧,病变非特征性改变12侧,其中窦内均匀密度增高8侧,不均匀密度增高4侧,伴有骨质吸收5侧;筛窦上颌窦组病变钙化36侧,病变非特征性改变13侧,其中窦内均匀密度增高9侧,不均匀密度增高4侧,伴有骨质吸收6侧;全组鼻窦组病变钙化6侧;筛窦蝶窦组病变钙化5例。窦内病变钙化达81.56％。结论：窦内病变的钙化被视为真菌性鼻窦炎CT的特征性表现,但在临床工作中可观察到部分真菌性鼻窦炎术前CT的非特征性改变。当缺乏CT的特征性表现时,仅通过CT尚不能作出真菌性鼻窦炎的术前诊断,需其他检查手段来做鉴别诊断,甚至需经手术探查后的病理诊断来确诊。     

上颌窦恶性肿瘤侵及骨壁的CT影像与组织病理对比观察分析

目的　通过术前CT影像与术后组织病理检查对比分析,探索和评价CT诊断上颌窦恶性肿瘤的窦内外侵犯的应用价值和受累骨壁的准确性。方法　无淋巴结及远处转移的上颌窦鳞状细胞癌患者11例,术前给予组织病理学检查、增强CT扫描,根据CT影像特征和范围实施上颌骨部分切除或全切除,标记切下的骨组织标本的部位和方位,给予常规固定、脱钙、包埋、切片和HE染色,光镜下观察各壁上颌骨的骨组织病理学改变。结果　11例患者鼻腔鼻窦增强CT扫描显示上颌窦内侧壁均有破坏吸收（4例内壁缺失）,其中侵犯前壁6例,上壁7例,底壁3例,后外壁9例;组织病理学检查见除外内壁缺失患者外,上颌窦内壁均有肿瘤细胞侵犯,且前壁和底壁均有肿瘤细胞侵及,其中上壁4例,后外壁4例;术前CT表现为骨质内壁虫蚀样改变但骨壁连续无中断且伴有增厚硬化的骨壁,术后病理验证无肿瘤侵及。结论　术前CT骨壁的破坏并不意味着骨质被肿瘤侵犯,而且上颌骨各壁侵犯的机率是不同的;综合分析发现术前CT表现为骨质内壁呈虫蚀样改变但骨壁连续无中断且伴有增厚硬化的“改建性骨破坏”者,术后病理验证无肿瘤侵及骨壁;术后常规选取上颌骨骨组织病理分析,可以补充术前CT诊断上颌窦恶性肿瘤侵犯范围的不足,从而精确判断肿瘤的T分级,可能为选择微创的手术方式及术者术后评估手术效果、更科学的制定术后综合治疗提供更有力的依据。     

New bone formation in unilateral rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) frequently shows abnormal bone thickening in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The sinus bone may be not in a static state, and remodeling occurs in response to chronic inflammation. METHODS: Ostiomeatal unit CT scans were reviewed in 29 patients with unilateral rhinosinusitis (URS) undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. We defined new bone formation (NBF) as a remarkable bone thickening or hyperostosis of the intrinsic sinus walls in comparison with the normal side. Bony CT scores of sinus walls were expressed by the Hounsfield unit (HU) and soft tissue CT scores were measured by the Lund-Mackay system. RESULTS: Almost all of the NBF was located at the maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses (83.7%), and it was significantly increased in patients with higher Lund-Mackay scores (p = 0.043). The HU values were significantly different between NBF and non-NBF contralateral sides (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The HU may be helpful to diagnose and quantify the bone remodeling in URS.     

Bacteriology of endoscopically normal maxillary sinuses

The bacteriology of maxillary sinuses with normal endoscopic findings is reported in this study. When transantral sinoscopy was used to examine the maxillary sinuses, the whole maxillary sinus was inspected with different-angle endoscopes. If no lesion was seen over the whole maxillary sinus mucosa, no secretion existed in the maxillary sinus cavity, and the maxillary sinus ostium was wide open, the maxillary sinus was considered endoscopically normal. The bacteriology of these endoscopically normal maxillary sinuses was studied by passing cotton-tipped sticks through the cannula to collect swab specimens. In some cases, a biopsy forceps was also passed to obtain mucosal specimens. The specimens were sent to the laboratory for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Between July 1990 and May 1998, 83 swab and 31 mucosal specimens were collected from 69 patients who had not taken any antibiotic within 10 days before endoscopy. The culture rates were 62.3 per cent (35/53) from swab specimens and 57.1 per cent (eight out of 14) from mucosal specimens in patients with the diagnosis of chronic paranasal sinusitis, and were 46.7 per cent (14/30) from swab specimens and 41.2 per cent (seven out of 17) from mucosal specimens in patients without this diagnosis. This study shows that endoscopically normal maxillary sinuses are not sterile.     

Involvement of the maxillary sinus in Langerhans cell histiocytosis]

AIM: A clinical presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in the maxillary sinus of two patients is given. LCH in the maxillary sinus is a rare occurrence. Our aim was to compare the different treatment alternatives available and to suggest a classification as well as a therapeutic regime. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Records and clinical data of two patients treated between 1994 and 2001 were retrospectively evaluated. Both patients suffered from LCH in the maxillary sinus and the maxilla regions. Only surgical treatment was used. After resection, a large defect of the maxillary sinus, which did not allowing coverage, was seen in both cases. After reconstructive operations, closure was finally achieved. Both patients underwent follow-ups, whereby one suffered from a relapse after 15 months. RESULTS: Although one of the patients under investigation showed a recurrence of LCH, we are of the opinion that surgical treatment is very effective in the elimination of this condition. A proposal for a classification of LCH in the oral-maxillo-facial-region is made. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of our clinical study suggests that LCH is a disease that should be treated surgically. Only in very severe cases should the surgical treatment be complimented by either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In disseminated cases, especially chemotherapy seems to improve the outcome. Surgery offers the possibility of eliminating systemic side effects.     

Removal of unusual, large high-velocity metallic maxillary sinus foreign bodies by a modified free bone flap technique

Metallic foreign bodies are rarely found in the maxillary sinus, and usually they have a dental origin. Potential complications related to foreign bodies include recurrent sinusitis, rhinolith formation, cutaneous fistula, chemical poisoning, facial neuralgic pain and even malignancies. Two main surgical approaches are currently used for the removal of foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus: the bone flap and the endoscopic sinus techniques. We are reporting two unusual cases of large high-velocity foreign bodies removed by a modified maxillary lateral antrotomy, with free bone flap repositioning and fixation with a titanium miniplate.     

Maxillary sinus development and sinusitis in patients with cleft lip and palate

OBJECTIVE: Sinusitis is frequently associated with cleft lip and palate. The present study was performed in an attempt to investigate maxillary sinus development in relation to the occurrence of sinusitis in cleft patients. METHODS: Forty-seven consecutive patients with cleft lip and alveolus with or without cleft palate underwent computed tomographic scans of the maxilla. The cross-sectional area of the maxillary sinus at the level of the zygomatic arch was measured, and the soft tissue density shadow of the sinus was scored on a 4-point scale. RESULTS: The cross-sectional area of the sinus was significantly smaller in the child group (10 years or less) than in the adolescent group (11-20 years, P<0.001) and the adult group (over 20 years, P<0.02). The cross-sectional area significantly increased with age in the child group (r=0.552, P<0.001). The growth rate became slower in the adolescent group. The cross-sectional area then gradually decreased with age in the adult group (r=-0.64, P<0.05). Sinusitis was observed in 15 patients (32%) and in 20 sinuses (21%). Severe sinusitis was more common in the child group than in the patients over 10 years of age (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that maxillary sinusitis associated with cleft lip and palate occurs preferably in the developing sinuses of children.