脑室旁白质软化症患儿脑性视觉损伤的fMRI 和DTI研究

目的:探讨联合应用fMRI和DTI评价PVL患儿的脑性视觉损伤的价值.材料和方法:选取24名PVL患儿及24名无窒息史的健康儿童志愿者进行镇静的状态下fMRI及DTI检查,视觉刺激采用2HZ闪烁光,fMRI数据采用SPM2软件进行后处理(ROI),计算患儿组与对照组的激活像素数目.DTI数据采用MedINRIA软件进行后处理,根据矢量元素和部分各向异性值(FA值)生成彩色弥散张量图(DTI图),计算患儿与对照组视觉相关主要白质纤维束的FA值.将视觉激活图与彩色弥散张量图融合.结果:正常对照组的激活区位于初级视觉皮层,PVL患儿的激活区部分移位.PVL患儿枕叶平均激活像素数目较正常对照显著减少,视觉相关主要白质纤维束FA值较正常对照显著降低.PVL患儿视觉区激活像素数目与视觉相关主要白质纤维束FA值呈正相关.结论:联合应用BOLD-fMRI和DTI在评价缺氧缺血性脑损伤后视觉功能变化方面有较高的应用价值.     

MRI DTI联合血氧水平依赖功能成像在星形细胞瘤术前的研究

目的探讨3.0T磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)技术联合功能磁共振成像(fMRI)在星形细胞瘤与邻近脑白质纤维束解剖关系术前计划中的作用。方法对22例星形细胞瘤患者术前行常规MRI平扫,增强扫描及DTI技术fMRI检查,原始数据采集后进行图像分析处理,分别获得各项异性图(FA图),彩色编码张量图及脑白质纤维束图,并测定肿瘤的病灶区表观弥散系数(ADC值)及灶周水肿区各项异性分数(FA值)。分析肿瘤与相邻脑白质解剖关系,并对患者手术前后的临床症状进行评价。结果不同级别星形细胞瘤的肿瘤病灶区和灶周水肿区与正常白质区的ADC值和FA值存在差异,有统计学意义(P0.05﹚。白质纤维束可见受压、移位、浸润及破坏三种改变。4例Ⅰ~Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤推移相邻脑白质纤维束;8例Ⅱ~Ⅲ级星形细胞瘤侵润脑白质;10例Ⅲ~Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤破坏相邻脑白质纤维束。DTI图可以清晰显示运动区锥体束形态变化及与肿瘤之间的关系,在此基础上指导手术,效果满意。结论磁共振DTI技术联合fMRI是目前唯一在活体无创、三维清晰星形细胞瘤与周围白质纤维束的关系,由于二者的联合应用不仅能够显示大脑重要功能激活区在病理情况下的移位和改变,同时还能显示肿瘤与重要功能区和白质纤维束结构的关系,具有重要意义。     

磁共振弥散张量成像及脑功能成像在涉及运动通路脑肿瘤中的初步联合应用

目的:初步探讨联合磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)及脑功能成像(Bold-fMRI)在涉及运动通路脑肿瘤的应用价值,观察肿瘤与功能区及邻近锥体束的关系.材料和方法:采用GE3.0TMRI成像系统,对12例临近运动皮质及锥体束的肿瘤(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤5例,II级胶质瘤3例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脑膜瘤2例)进行检查,均行Bold-fMRI及DTI序列,fMRI应用手的对掌运动或足背屈运动作为任务刺激.所有数据进行离线后处理,应用SPM99软件处理fMRI图像,观察运动皮质激活,DTI采用DTV1.5软件进行纤维束的成像.结果:12例肿瘤FA图显示良好,肿瘤区FA值较健侧比较有明显下降(P<0.05).纤维束重建后7例可见锥体束的消蚀破坏,其中5例伴有变形及移位;3例可见锥体束的单纯变形及受压移位;2例锥体束未见破坏及移位;11例肿瘤患侧手或足运动均可见对侧初级运动皮质(M1)的激活(1例因肢体瘫痪而失败),其中7例并有辅助运动区(SMA)及同侧M1的激活.比较fMRI及纤维束重建图发现肿瘤、功能区及白质束三者之间关系可以清楚显示.3例肿瘤DTI及fMRI联合用于外科神经导航系统,成功的指导手术.结论:DTI及Bold-fMRI联合应用可以更好的观察瘤体、功能区及白质纤维三者关系,辅助术前手术方案的制定,指导手术切除.     

DTI对急性脑梗死白质纤维各向异性特征的初步研究

目的:利用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)研究健康成人和急性缺血性脑梗死患者大脑白质纤维束各向异性特征。方法:对16例健康志愿者和17例急性脑梗死患者进行T1WI、T2WI、DWI及DTI检查;对DTI数据离线后处理,采用Volume-one 1.64和dTVII-R1软件处理,获得部分各向异性(FA)图及方向编码彩色(DEC)图。对健康志愿者分别在内囊、胼胝体以及半卵圆中心选择兴趣区测量主要白质纤维束的FA值。测量脑梗死患者的梗死区及健侧对应白质区的FA值。结果:FA图和DEC图可显示脑内主要的白质纤维束。正常组不同部位脑白质的FA值不同;大脑半球两侧白质的FA值差异无统计学意义。超急性期脑梗死区白质FA值与对侧相比,可轻度升高或降低;急性期梗死区白质FA值显著低于健侧,差异有统计学意义(t=10.987,P<0.01);急性期梗死区白质FA值下降率与发病时间存在相关关系(相关系数r=0.841,P<0.05)。结论:DTI可显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布。FA图及DEC图可以显示梗死区白质纤维束的方向与各向异性的改变程度。急性期脑梗死区FA值下降率随病程延长而增大,该指标可用于反映脑梗死的病程。     

不同偏侧性Rolandic癫痫的同步EEG-fMRI研究

＿目的：采用同步脑电图联合功能磁共振（EEG-fMRI）分析Rolandic癫痫（RE）患者脑区激活区域偏侧性与脑电图（EEG）偏侧性的关系。方法：根据病例选择标准,共纳入19例RE患儿。采用EEG-fMRI技术采集患儿脑功能数据,排除无发作间期痫样放电（IED）的和头动过大的病例,获得12例患儿的fMRI数据。采用广义线性模型（GLM）方法分析IED相关血氧水平依赖（BOLD）信号改变,计算脑区激活偏侧系数及EEG偏侧系数,并分析两者的相关性。结果：左侧及右侧IED为主的组分析显示BOLD信号激活主要位于同侧外侧裂-中央区,个体分析显示10例患儿外侧裂-中央区范围内BOLD信号显著激活。中央后回和中央沟盖区、中央前回脑区激活偏侧系数与 EEG偏侧性显著相关（P＜0．01）。结论：fMRI上激活脑区和EEG信号偏侧性具有相关性,中央后回和中央沟盖区最适合作为描述RE偏侧性的目标脑区。     

成人视放射磁共振DTI和DTT研究及初步临床应用

目的应用MR扩散张量成像（DTI）和扩散张量纤维束示踪成像（DTT）研究正常成人视放射的各向异性程度和视放射纤维束的构象特征及其临床应用价值。资料与方法对30名健康志愿者和34例枕叶病变累及视放射的患者进行MR常规及DTI序列检查,重组FA图和三维彩色编码张量图,分别测量双侧视放射区的部分各向异性（FA）值和平均扩散率（MD）值。采用扩散张量纤维束追踪软件进行视放射纤维束成像。结果彩色编码张量图均清晰显示视放射,正常视放射的FA值分别为左侧0．509±0．027、右侧0．504±0．028,MD值分别为左侧（0．756±0．049）×10^-3mm^2／s和右侧（0．734±0．045）×10^-3mm^2／s,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DTT显示的视放射纤维束构像和走行特征符合经典神经解剖学研究。20例枕叶陈旧性梗死患者可见视放射继发Wallerian变性,FA明显降低,MD明显增高;3例脑膜瘤患者视放射完整无破坏,呈被推移改变,FA轻度降低,MD轻度增高;3例胶质瘤、1例淋巴瘤、6例转移瘤和1例结核性脑脓肿均显示视放射被破坏、中断,其各向异性消失。结论DTI、DTT可清晰显示视放射纤维束生理和病理条件下的各向异性特征,对提高视放射病变的显示和诊断具有重要意义,为了解视功能与视放射之间的关系提供了新的研究手段。     

DTI在急性缺血性脑卒中所致皮质脊髓束损伤中的应用研究

目的:利用DTI探讨急性缺血性脑卒中病人大脑白质纤维束各向异性特征和皮质脊髓束受损与肌力的关系。方法:对9例正常被试和9例急性期缺血性脑卒中病人进行常规MR T1WI、T2WI和DTI检查,对数据进行离线后处理,采用dTV.II软件处理,获得FA图及方向编码彩色(DEC)图,并重建双侧皮质脊髓束3D纤维束图。结果:在正常组双侧白质纤维束FA值无明显差异,重建FA值图与方向编码彩色图可显示大部分主要的白质纤维束。在脑卒中病人组梗死区FA值显著低于健侧,两侧相比差异有显著性意义(t=4.570,P<0.001)。病变侧皮质脊髓束受压、变形、移位、部分断裂,皮质脊髓束受累情况与肌力有相关性(rs=0.888,P<0.05)。结论:DTI可显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布,为大脑白质纤维束的研究开辟了新的广阔领域。DTI FA值图及DEC图可以显示卒中病人梗死区白质纤维的方向与各向异性程度。3D纤维束图可以更立体直观的显示锥体束状况,有利于探讨皮质脊髓束损伤程度与肌力的关系,对临床及判断预后有重要价值。     

正常老年人视空间任务的fMRI研究

目的　探讨正常老年人进行fMRI实验的可行性及视空间任务的激活脑区。方法　对 11例正常老年志愿者进行视空间任务的fMRI实验 ,以SPM99作后处理显示激活脑区。结果　 11例被试的视空间任务均完成较好 ,激活区域主要集中在左侧顶内沟周围皮质、左前额叶的背外侧皮层和双侧枕叶 ,任务相关的特定区域为左侧顶上小叶。结论　老年人进行fMRI实验具有可行性 ,左侧顶上小叶为视空间信息加工的特异性脑区     

视放射区纤维束MRI弥散张量成像及梗死后改变

目的：利用弥散张量成像不同成像参数探索正常视觉通路的显示情况和枕颞叶视放射区脑梗死纤维束的变化。方法对20例正常志愿者和45例枕颞叶视放射区脑梗死患者,分别行常规磁共振检查、弥散加权成像及弥散张量成像,显示枕颞叶视放射区的纤维束走行,并测量梗死侧及对侧视放射区的各向异性值、表观扩散系数值、体积相对各向异性值及指数各向异性值。结果在正常对照组不同区域设置感兴趣区,可以较好地显示视神经、视束、视放射的走行。枕颞叶视放射梗死区弥散加权成像及弥散扩散张量成像各参数值的变化,FA值在超急性期略升高,其余各期有不同程度的减低,ADC值在超急性期、急性期和亚急性期不同程度升高,慢性期减低;VRA与FA呈正相关关系（ r ＝0．789）, EA与ADC呈负相关关系（ r ＝-0．743）。结论弥散加权成像及弥散扩散张量成像可以较好显示视觉通路和枕颞叶视放射区纤维束的走行及梗死后的改变,有利于梗死预后的判断。     

前视觉通路病变患者双侧视放射的DTI研究

目的：应用DTI研究双侧视放射白质纤维束的异常,探讨前视路病变对双侧视放射结构的影响。方法：青光眼、垂体瘤及正常对照组各16例行DTI检查。分别测量双侧视放射的FA均值。对测量结果,应用SPSS13.0两样本-t检验统计分别分析患者组双侧视放射FA值并与正常对照组比较。结果：青光眼组及垂体瘤组左、右侧视放射FA值均比正常对照组显著下降。结论：前视路受损患者双侧视放射的白质纤维束受到损害,为进一步了解其神经病理学机制及评估预后提供新的思路。     

视放射DTI、DTT改变与视野缺损对照研究

目的 探讨视放射异常磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)、弥散张量纤维束追踪成像(diffusion tensor tractography,DTT)改变与视野缺损间的关系.方法 对37例脑内病变累及视放射的患者及20例正常对照组行3.0T磁共振DTI、DTT及视野检查,分析DTI的各向异性(FA)值、表观扩散系数(ADC)值与视野的平均光敏感度(MS)值及平均缺损(MD)值间的关系及视放射纤维束形态改变与视野缺损间的关系.结果 与对照组比较,病变组FA值降低,ADC值升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001);病变组FA值与MS值呈正相关(r=0.718),与MD值呈负相关(r=0.694);ADC值与MS值呈负相关(r=-0.625),与MD值呈正相关(r=0.538).9例视放射腹束受损表现为双侧视野同上象限偏盲,7例背束及侧束受损表现为双侧视野同下象限偏盲;21例视放射广泛受损表现为双侧视野对称性或不对称性同向偏盲.结论视放射DTI及DTT检查与视野检查结果有高度相关性,可成为评价视放射功能及形态改变的客观指标.     

Diffusion tensor eigenvector directional color imaging patterns in the evaluation of cerebral white matter tracts altered by tumor

PURPOSE: To categorize the varied appearances of tumor-altered white matter (WM) tracts on diffusion tensor eigenvector directional color maps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was obtained preoperatively in 13 patients with brain tumors ranging from benign to high-grade malignant, including primary and metastatic lesions, and maps of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and major eigenvector direction were generated. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn within identifiable WM tracts affected by tumor, avoiding grossly cystic and necrotic regions, known fiber crossings, and gray matter. Patterns of WM tract alteration were categorized on the basis of qualitative analysis of directional color maps and correlation analysis of ADC and FA. RESULTS: Four basic patterns of WM alteration were identified: 1) normal or nearly normal FA and ADC, with abnormal tract location or tensor directions attributable to bulk mass displacement, 2) moderately decreased FA and increased ADC with normal tract locations and tensor directions, 3) moderately decreased FA and increased ADC with abnormal tensor directions, and 4) near isotropy. FA and ADC were inversely correlated for Patterns 1-3 but did not discriminate edema from infiltrating tumor. However, in the absence of mass displacement, infiltrating tumor was found to produce tensor directional changes that were not observed with vasogenic edema, suggesting the possibility of discrimination on the basis of directional statistics. CONCLUSION: Tumor alteration of WM tracts tends to produce one of four patterns on FA and directional color maps. Clinical application of these patterns must await further study.     

Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity measurements on normal human brain: comparison between low- and high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging sequences

Non-invasive in vivo visualization of white matter fiber tracts is currently feasible by means of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques. DTI-derived metrics, like fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), have the potential to improve tissue characterization. Technical optimization of diffusion tensor sequences, including signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution, was performed for 20 normal subjects. High- and low-resolution DTI sequences were applied on all subjects and FA, MD parametric maps were reconstructed for both protocols. Voxel-based statistical analysis revealed regions with significantly different FA and MD values between the two sequences, while the same type of analysis was performed to illustrate regions with significantly different signal-to-noise ratio. In conclusion, optimized DTI sequences may be applied routinely in clinical practice with a standard MR scanner, while accurate quantification of FA and MD may improve lesion characterization.     

白血病脑实质浸润的弥散张量成像应用研究

目的探讨1．5T磁共振弥散张量成像（diffusiontensorimaging,DTI）,部分各向异性（fractionalanisotropy,FA）和表观扩散系数（apparentdiffusioncoefficient,ADC）及弥散张量纤维束成像（diffusiontensortractography,DTT）在成人白血病脑实质浸润的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经临床证实的8例白血病脑实质浸润病例DTI之ADC、FA参数图,分别测量病变、水肿及健侧相应部位FA值和ADC值;观察各例在DTT图的变化。结果白血病脑实质浸润的肿瘤实质部分FA值8例全部较健侧降低,ADC值5例减低,3例增高;周围水肿区FA值全部降低,ADC值全部增高;脑白质纤维束DTT显示有中断、移位、浸润。结论DTI对脑侵犯神经纤维束损伤具有独特诊断价值;DTI的参数变化能够量化神经纤维受压后微细结构的变化,DTT图像重建能直观显示脑白质纤维束的完整性及损伤程度,DTI联合DTT可更加准确地评估白血病脑侵犯的损害程度。     

3T MR with diffusion tensor imaging and single-voxel spectroscopy in giant axonal neuropathy

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and MR spectroscopy (MRS) data were obtained in a patient with giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) and compared to a control group. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent coefficient diffusion (ADC) data were obtained from specific white matter tracts including the corticospinal tracts (CST), corpus callosum (CC), optic radiations (OR), and middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP). Analysis of the MRS was performed. DTI parameters and MRS results were correlated with the neuropathological findings described for GAN. No significant difference between the FA of the CC of the patient and the control group was found. However, there was a significant difference between the FA of the CST, OR, and MCP of the patient and the control group. The ADC values for all tracts of the patient were significantly increased. N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and N-acetylaspartate to choline (NAA-Cho) (choline) metabolite ratios were slightly decreased and choline to creatine (Cho/Cr) and myo-inositol to creatine (Ins/Cr) metabolite ratios were increased in the parietal gray and white matter of the patient as compared to the control group. Cerebellar involvement was less evident. The DTI and MRS findings suggest myelin and axonal damage.     

磁共振弥散张量成像对正常大脑白质纤维束构象的初步研究

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)研究正常成人脑内各部位各向异性程度及正常白质纤维束构象特征.方法对25名正常志愿者进行常规MR及DTI序列检查,重建FA图及三维彩色编码张量图.分别在半卵圆中心、基底节区和大脑脚层面测量主要白质束的FA值.结果DTI显示灰质与白质区各向异性存在显著差异,不同部位的白质纤维束各向异性程度亦不相同,且左右两侧基本对称,重建FA图和三维彩色编码张量图可显示白质内大部分主要的白质纤维束.结论DTI可清晰显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布,为了解脑功能与白质通路间关系提供了有力研究手段.     

In vivo visualization of white matter fiber tracts of preterm- and term-infant brains with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of visualizing a 3-dimensional structure of cerebral white matter fiber tracts in preterm infants, postconceptional age (PCA) 28 weeks to term, by using volumetric diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) data. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We combined tractography algorithms and visualization methods, currently available for adult DTI data, to trace the pixelated principal direction of a diffusion tensor originating from regions-of-interest with high fractional anisotropy. Consequently, white matter fiber bundles from the genu and the splenium of corpus callosum, the corticospinal tracts, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculi, and optic radiations were visualized. RESULTS: Our results suggest that major white matter tracts of preterm infant brains, with PCAs ranging from 28 weeks to term (40 weeks old), can be successfully visualized despite the small brain volume and low anisotropy. CONCLUSION: The feasibility of fiber tractography in preterm neonates with DTI may add a new dimension in detection and characterization of white matter injuries of preterm infants.